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Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of training using loads from a repetition maximum value (%1RM) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in elderly women. Methods: Twenty-five elderly women (60-75 years old) were randomly assigned to a group that trained using loads determined by 1RM test (G%; n = 12) or to a group that trained using loads determined by RPE (GPE; n = 13). Elderly women trained for 12 weeks using five exercises performed with 2-3 sets of 8-15 repetitions. Loads progressed from 45% to 75% of 1RM (G%) and from 13 to 18 from Rating Perceived Exertion of Borg Scale (GPE). The outcome measures, 1RM and maximum repetitions (RMs with 70% 1RM), were assessed before, between and after training programs. Results: Increased 1RM value and RMs were observed in both groups (20-42%, p < 0.001 and 56-76%, p < 0.001, respectively, for %G; and 17-56%, p < 0.001 and 47-106%, p < 0.001, respectively, for GPE), without differences between them. Conclusions: Prescribing loads using the RPE and 1RM might be similarly effective for training elderly women in order to promote strength gains. As a practical application, RPE could be an additional method to determine training loads. In spite of the promising results of the present study, it is not possible to state that the use of RPE is effective in monitoring loads during sub maximal strength training in elderly and more research must be carried out to confirm it.

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Energy expenditure in strength training has been the subject of several studies over the last decades. However, the evaluated protocols present important and significant differences, mak-ing it impossible to compare them and reach definitive conclusions. The use of work units (sets x repetitions x load), adding the exercise execution and recovery phase, seems to allow for a better for the understanding of energy expenditure in strength training, being that energy expenditure increases with increasing work level. This, together with the use of observed ab-solute values (kcal or liters of O2) instead of relative values (kcal/min), may allow for a better understanding of the influence on different variables.

El gasto energético en el entrenamiento de resistencia ha sido objeto de varios estudios en las últimas décadas. Sin embargo, los protocolos evaluados presentan diferencias importantes y significativas, por lo que es imposible compararlos y llegar a conclusiones definitivas. El uso de unidades de trabajo (conjuntos x repeticiones x carga), sumando la ejecución del ejercicio y la fase de recuperación, parece permitir una mejor comprensión del gasto energético en el entrenamiento de resistencia, siendo que el gasto energético aumenta con el nivel de trabajo.Ello, junto con el uso de valores absolutos observados (kcal o litros de O2) en lugar de valores relativos (kcal/ min), puede permitir una mejor comprensión de la influencia en diferentes variables.

O gasto energético no treinamento de resistência tem sido objeto de vários estudos nas últimas décadas. Todavia, os protocolos avaliados apresentam diferenças importantes e significativas, pelo que é impossível compará-los e chegar a conclusões definitivas. O uso de unidades de trabalho (conjuntos x repetições x carga), somando a execução do exercício e a fase de recu-peração, parece permitir uma melhor compreensão do gasto energético no treinamento de re-sistência, sendo que o gasto energético aumenta com o nível de trabalho. Isso, junto ao uso de valores absolutos observados (kcal ou litros de O2) em lugar de valores relativos (kcal/ min), pode permitir uma melhor compreensão da influência em diferentes variáveis.

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O objetivo do presente estudo foi conduzir uma revisão sistemática com metanálise de ensaios clínicos randomizados para avaliar o efeito do treinamento em meio aquático no consumo de oxigênio máximo (VO2máx) de idosos. Os estudos elegíveis foram identificados a partir das bases de dados MEDLINE, PEDro, Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde (BVS), Scopus e SportDiscus até o dia 23 de agosto de 2016. Os dados foram extraídos de estudos randomizados que incluíram idosos (maior ou igual a 60 anos) e que compararam treinamento no meio aquático, na posição vertical, com o grupo controle que não realizou treinamento ou realizou treinamento em meio terrestre. A metanálise foi conduzida utilizando as diferenças entre as médias dos valores pós-intervenção dos grupos controle e experimental com o modelo de efeitos randômicos e a heterogeneidade estatística foi avaliada pelo teste Q de Cochran e inconsistência (I2). De um total de 2200 artigos, sete ensaios clínicos randomizados foram incluídos com 227 sujeitos. Os resultados do desfecho principal indicaram um efeito significativo do VO2máx a favor do exercício no meio aquático em comparação ao grupo controle (95%IC: 7,04 (3,29; 10,79); I2 98%; p<0,05). A partir destes resultados, conclui-se que a hidroginástica é um exercício efetivo para a melhora do condicionamento cardiorrespiratório e pode ser indicada como uma forma de melhorar a capacidade aeróbia de idosos.

The aim of the present study was to conduct a systematic review with meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials to evaluate the effect of a water-based exercise training in the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2máx) in elderly. The eligible studies were identified in the databases MEDLINE, PEDro, Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde (BVS), Scopus and SportDiscus up to August 23rd 2016. Data were extracted from randomized controlled trials that included elderly people (greater or equal than 60 years old) and that compared water-based exercise training, in the upright position, with a control group that did not trained or that performed a land-based exercise training. Meta-analyses were conducted using the differences between the averages of the post-intervention values of intervention and control groups, using the random effect model and the statistical heterogeneity was assessed by Cochran's Q test and inconsistency (I2). Of a total of 2200 trials, seven were included with a total of 227 subjects. The results of the primary outcome indicated a significant effect of the VO2máx in favor to the water-based exercise compared to control group (95%CI: 7.04 (3.29; 10.79); I2 98%; p<0.05). It can be concluded that water-based exercise training is an effective exercise to improve cardiorespiratory conditioning and can be indicated as a modality to improve aerobic capacity in elderly people.

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The present study compared the effects of 12 weeks of traditional resistance training and power training using rated perceived exertion (RPE) to determine training intensity on improvements in strength, muscle power, and ability to perform functional task in older women. Thirty healthy elderly women (60-75 years) were randomly assigned to traditional resistance training group (TRT; n = 15) or power training group (PT; n = 15). Participants trained twice a week for 12 weeks using six exercises. The training protocol was designed to ascertain that participants exercised at an RPE of 13-18 (on a 6-20 scale). Maximal dynamic strength, muscle power, and functional performance of lower limb muscles were assessed. Maximal dynamic strength muscle strength leg press (≈58 %) and knee extension (≈20 %) increased significantly (p < 0.001) and similarly in both groups after training. Muscle power also increased with training (≈27 %; p < 0.05), with no difference between groups. Both groups also improved their functional performance after training period (≈13 %; p < 0.001), with no difference between groups. The present study showed that TRT and PT using RPE scale to control intensity were significantly and similarly effective in improving maximal strength, muscle power, and functional performance of lower limbs in elderly women.

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The aim of this study was to compare the effects of single vs. multiple sets water-based resistance training on maximal dynamic strength in young men. Twenty-one physically active young men were randomly allocated into 2 groups: a single set group (SS, n=10) and a multiple sets group (MS, n=11). The single set program consisted of only 1 set of 30 s, whereas the multiple sets comprised 3 sets of 30 s (rest interval between sets equaled 1 min 30 s). All the water-based resistance exercises were performed at maximal effort and both groups trained twice a week for 10 weeks. Upper (bilateral elbow flexors and bilateral elbow extensors, peck deck and inverse peck deck) as well as lower-body (bilateral knee flexors and unilateral knee extensors) one-repetition maximal tests (1RM) were used to assess changes in muscle strength. The training-related effects were assessed using repeated measures two-way ANOVA (α=5%). Both SS and MS groups increased the upper and lower-body 1RM, with no differences between groups. Therefore, these data show that the maximal dynamic strength significantly increases in young men after 10 weeks of training in an aquatic environment, although the improvement in the strength levels is independent of the number of sets performed.

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The study investigated the effects of different intrasession exercise sequences on the cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular adaptations induced by water-based concurrent training in young subjects. Twenty-six healthy young women (25.1 ± 2.9 years) were placed into 2 water-based concurrent training groups: resistance before (RA, n = 13) or after (AR, n = 13) aerobic training. Subjects trained resistance and aerobic training during 12 weeks, 2 times per week performing both exercise types in the same training session. Peak oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak), rate of force development (RFD) obtained during an isometric peak torque knee extension protocol, jump height, and neuromuscular economy (normalized electromyography at 80% of pretraining knee extension isometric peak torque) in young women were determined. After training, there was a significant increase (p < 0.001) in both RA and AR in the V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak, with no differences between groups (7 vs. 5%). The maximal isometric knee extension RFD showed significant increases (p = 0.003) after training (RA: 19 vs. AR: 30%), and both groups presented similar gains. In addition, the countermovement jump height also increased (p = 0.034) after training (RA: 5% vs. AR: 6%), with no difference between groups. After training, there were significant improvements on vastus lateralis (p < 0.001) (RA: -13% vs. AR: -20%) and rectus femoris (p = 0.025) (RA: -17% vs. AR: -7%) neuromuscular economy, with no difference between groups. In conclusion, 12 weeks of water-based concurrent training improved the peak oxygen uptake, RFD, jump height, and neuromuscular economy in young women independent from the intrasession exercise sequence.

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Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a prevalência de hábitos posturais inadequados de escolares do Ensino Fundamental da cidade de Teutônia, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, a partir de um estudo de base populacional. Os 1597 escolares participantes responderam o questionário autoaplicável denominado Back Pain and Body Posture Evaluation Instrument (BackPEI). Os resultados demonstraram alta prevalência de hábitos posturais inadequados nas seguintes posturas: sentar para escrever e para utilizar o computador, sentar em um banco, além de pegar objeto do solo. Verificou-se também que os escolares permanecem por muito tempo na posição sentada em frente ao computador e à televisão, e não dormem a quantidade de horas necessária por dia. Estudos desta natureza podem subsidiar o trabalho preventivo dos professores de Educação Física, no ambiente escolar.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of inadequate habits of Elementary students of the city of Teutônia, state of Rio Grande do Sul from a population study. The 1597 school participants completed the Back Pain and Body Posture Evaluation Instrument (BackPEI) self-administered questionnaire. The results showed a high prevalence of inappropriate postural habits in the following positions: sitting to write and to use the computer, sitting on a bench, and picking up objects from the ground. It was also found that students remain long time sitting in front of the computer and television, and that they do not sleep the required hours per day. Studies like this are important because their results provide direct educational work.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia de hábitos posturales inadecuados de los estudiantes primarios de la ciudad de Teutônia, Estado de Rio Grande do Sul, a partir de un estudio de la población. El 1597 los participantes de la escuela completaron lo cuestionario auto-administrado Back Pain and Body Posture Evaluation Instrument (BackPEI). Los resultados mostraron alta prevalencia de malos hábitos posturales en las siguientes posiciones: sentarse a escribir y usar la computadora, sentarse em uno banco y recoger objetos del suelo. También se encontró que los estudiantes permanecen mucho tiempo sentados frente al computador y la televisión, y no duermen la cantidad de horas requeridas por día. Estudios como este son importantes debido a que sus resultados permiten dirigir el trabajo educativo.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi relacionar os escores dos testes abdominais de um minuto, de dois minutos com banco, de uma repetição máxima (1RM), de repetições máximas com 70% de 1RM e teste de contração isométrica voluntária máxima (CIVM) e verificar a reprodutibilidades dos mesmos em mulheres jovens. A amostra foi composta de 15 mulheres (26,22 ± 4,67 anos) fisicamente ativas. Os testes foram realizados em dias alternados e randomizados, com intervalos mínimos de 48 horas. Após um intervalo de 7 a 10 dias, os testes foram reaplicados. Os resultados sugeriram que os testes abdominais apresentam boa capacidade de reprodutibilidade. Além disso, os testes de um minuto e de dois minutos apresentaram boa relação com o teste de força máxima (1RM), sendo que os testes de CIVM e de repetições máximas a 70% de 1RM não apresentaram correlação com os demais.

The purpose of this study was to investigate possible correlations between the values of 1 minute abdominal tests, 2 minutes with bench, a repetition maximum, a repetition maximum with 70% of 1RM and maximum voluntary isometric contraction test and then, to verify the reproducibility of them in young women. The study was composed by 15 trained women (26.22 ± 4.67 ages). The tests were randomly performed in different days with minimum of 48 hours of interval between collections. After of 7-10 days interval, the tests were performed again. The present results suggested it is possible to conclude that abdominal tests present a good capacity of reproducibility. Besides this, the 1min and 2min tests have presented a good relation with the maximum strength test (1RM), however the maximum voluntary isometric contraction and repetition maximum with 70% of 1RM tests did not presented any correlation with the other tests.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue relacionar la puntuación de los resultados de los siguientes tests abdominales: abdominal en un minuto, abdominal en dos minutos en la banca, una repetición máxima (1RM), repeticiones máximas a 70% de 1RM y test de contracción isométrica voluntaria máxima (CIVM); y evaluar la reproducibilidad de los mismos en mujeres jóvenes. La muestra estuvo constituída por 15 mujeres (26,22 ± 4,67 años) físicamente activas. Los tests se realizaron en días distintos y al azar, con intervalos de 48 horas. Después de 7-10 días los tests fueron aplicados nuevamente. Los resultados sugieren que los ejercicios abdominales muestran una buena capacidad de reproducibilidad. Además, los tests de un minuto y dos minutos mostraron buena relación con la prueba de 1RM, pero los testes de CIVM y repeticiones máximas a 70% de 1RM no mostraron ninguna correlación con los demás.

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A proporção de idosos na população é cada vez maior nos diferentes países, tornado fundamental o seu estudo em diferentes perspectivas. Desta forma, o objetivo da presente revisão é compreender como o envelhecimento atua no sistema neuromuscular, em especial na força muscular, e como este declínio atua nos aspectos funcionais, ou seja, nas tarefas do dia a dia. Além disso, será abordado como o treinamento de força, em específico visando à melhora da potência muscular, pode ser uma estratégia segura e efetiva no combate aos efeitos adversos do envelhecimento no sistema neuromuscular.

The proportion of elderly in the population is growing in different countries, which makes essential to examine this part of the population in different perspectives. In this way, the objective of this review is to understand how aging affects the neuromuscular system, especially muscle strength, and how this decline works on functional aspects, i.e. on everyday tasks. In addition, it is investigated how strength training, specifically aimed at improving muscle strength, can be a safe and effective strategy in combating the adverse effects of aging on neuromuscular system.

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OBJECTIVES: to investigate the prevalence of back pain during a prior three-month period; to identify postural and behavioral habits; to assess whether a relationship exists between back pain and the postural and behavioral habits of elementary school students in the municipal school network in the city of Teutônia, Rio Grande do Sul (RS). METHODS: this was an epidemiological population study in which 833 5th to 8th grade students from schools in the municipal school network in Teutônia participated. The students completed a Back Pain and Body Posture Evaluation Instrument (BackPEI) questionnaire that assessed back pain and postural and behavioral habits. The analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, calculating prevalence ratios (PR) and confidence intervals at the 95% level. The dependent variable was back pain, and the independent variables were postural and behavioral habits. The PR was calculated using a multivariate analysis with robust variance (α = 0.05). RESULTS: the prevalence of back pain in the previous three months was 54.1%. The majority of students reported feeling pain once per month, and 17.4% of the students reported that pain impaired their performance of daily activities. The multivariate analysis showed a correlation between back pain and time spent per day watching television (p = 0.046), sleeping posture (p = 0.048) and sitting Down to write (p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS: these results demonstrate a high prevalence of back pain in schoolchildren, suggesting an urgent need to develop educational and preventative programs in schools...

OBJETIVOS: verificar a prevalência de dor nas costas nos últimos três meses; identificar os hábitos posturais e comportamentais; e verificar se existe relação entre a dor nas costas e os hábitos de escolares do Ensino Fundamental da Rede Municipal de Ensino da cidade de Teutônia/RS. MÉTODO: trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico populacional, em que participaram 833 escolares de 5ª a 8ª séries de todas as Escolas da Rede Municipal de Ensino da cidade de Teutônia. Os escolares responderam o questionário BackPEI que avaliou a dor nas costas e os hábitos comportamentais e posturais. A análise foi feita a partir de estatística descritiva, do cálculo das razões de prevalência (RP) e dos intervalos de confiança de 95%. A variável dependente foi a dor nas costas e as variáveis independentes foram as questões posturais e comportamentais. As RP foram realizadas por meio da análise multivariada, com variância robusta (a=0,05). RESULTADOS: a prevalência de dor nas costas nos últimos três meses foi de 54,1%, a maioria referiu sentir dor uma vez por mês e 17,4% dos escolares referiram impedimento da realização das suas atividades diárias devido à dor. A análise multivariada demonstrou associação entre dor nas costas e tempo diário assistindo televisão (p = 0,046), postura adotada para dormir (p = 0,048) e sentar para escrever (p = 0,032). CONCLUSÕES: estes resultados são instigantes ao demonstrarem uma alta prevalência de dor nas costas em escolares, sugerindo ser urgente a necessidade do desenvolvimento de programas educativos e preventivos no âmbito escolar...

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OBJECTIVES: to investigate the prevalence of back pain during a prior three-month period; to identify postural and behavioral habits; to assess whether a relationship exists between back pain and the postural and behavioral habits of elementary school students in the municipal school network in the city of Teutônia, Rio Grande do Sul (RS). METHODS: this was an epidemiological population study in which 833 5th to 8th grade students from schools in the municipal school network in Teutônia participated. The students completed a Back Pain and Body Posture Evaluation Instrument (BackPEI) questionnaire that assessed back pain and postural and behavioral habits. The analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, calculating prevalence ratios (PR) and confidence intervals at the 95% level. The dependent variable was back pain, and the independent variables were postural and behavioral habits. The PR was calculated using a multivariate analysis with robust variance (α = 0.05). RESULTS: the prevalence of back pain in the previous three months was 54.1%. The majority of students reported feeling pain once per month, and 17.4% of the students reported that pain impaired their performance of daily activities. The multivariate analysis showed a correlation between back pain and time spent per day watching television (p = 0.046), sleeping posture (p = 0.048) and sitting Down to write (p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS: these results demonstrate a high prevalence of back pain in schoolchildren, suggesting an urgent need to develop educational and preventative programs in schools.(AU)

OBJETIVOS: verificar a prevalência de dor nas costas nos últimos três meses; identificar os hábitos posturais e comportamentais; e verificar se existe relação entre a dor nas costas e os hábitos de escolares do Ensino Fundamental da Rede Municipal de Ensino da cidade de Teutônia/RS. MÉTODO: trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico populacional, em que participaram 833 escolares de 5ª a 8ª séries de todas as Escolas da Rede Municipal de Ensino da cidade de Teutônia. Os escolares responderam o questionário BackPEI que avaliou a dor nas costas e os hábitos comportamentais e posturais. A análise foi feita a partir de estatística descritiva, do cálculo das razões de prevalência (RP) e dos intervalos de confiança de 95%. A variável dependente foi a dor nas costas e as variáveis independentes foram as questões posturais e comportamentais. As RP foram realizadas por meio da análise multivariada, com variância robusta (a=0,05). RESULTADOS: a prevalência de dor nas costas nos últimos três meses foi de 54,1%, a maioria referiu sentir dor uma vez por mês e 17,4% dos escolares referiram impedimento da realização das suas atividades diárias devido à dor. A análise multivariada demonstrou associação entre dor nas costas e tempo diário assistindo televisão (p = 0,046), postura adotada para dormir (p = 0,048) e sentar para escrever (p = 0,032). CONCLUSÕES: estes resultados são instigantes ao demonstrarem uma alta prevalência de dor nas costas em escolares, sugerindo ser urgente a necessidade do desenvolvimento de programas educativos e preventivos no âmbito escolar.(AU)

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Verificar a prevalência de dor nas costas em escolares do ensino fundamental da rede municipal de ensino do município de Teutônia e verificar a associação com fatores demográficos, comportamentais e hereditários. MÉTODOS: estudo epidemiológico transversal em que participaram 743 escolares. Os dados, coletados a partir de um questionário composto de questões sobre dor nas costas nos últimos três meses, e de questões demográficas, comportamentais e here-ditárias, foram analisados a partir análise multiva-riável e do cálculo das Razões de Prevalência (RP). RESULTADOS: a prevalência de dor nas costas foi de 54,1 por cento (n=402), sendo que destes, 17,4 por cento referiram que esta dor impossibilitou a realização de atividades do dia-a-dia. Os escolares do sexo feminino (RP=1,08; p=0,002), os praticantes de exercício físico (RP=1,11; p=0,006) e os escolares cujos pais referem dor nas costas (RP=1,19; p=0,001) apresentam maior prevalência de dor nas costas. CONCLUSÕES: os achados indicam alta prevalência de dor nas costas em escolares, associada ao sexo, à prática de exercício físico e à hereditariedade. Informações dessa natureza poderão ser utilizadas no planejamento de programas de educação postural nas escolas municipais de Teutônia...

To determine the prevalence of back pain in elementary school students in the Teutônia school district and examine the association of demographic, behavioral and hereditary factors. METHODS: a cross-section of 743 students was examined in the course of research. The data was collected from a questionnaire composed of questions about back pain over the preceding 3 months as well as demographic, behavioral and hereditary questions, which were then analyzed using multivariate analysis and prevalence ratio (PR) calculations. RESULTS: the prevalence of back pain was 54.1 percent (n = 402), 17.4 percent of which reported that the pain made it impossible to carry out common everyday activities. Female students (PR=1.08; p=0.002), students active in physical exercise (PR=1.11; p=0.006) and students whose parents reported back pain (PR=1.19; p=0.001) all had a higher prevalence of back pain. CONCLUSIONS: the findings indicate that the high prevalence of back pain in students can be linked to gender, the practice of physical exercise and heredity. This information can be used in planning posture education programs in the Teutônia public school system...

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