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BACKGROUND: Extensor hallucis longus (EHL) tendon injuries often occur in the setting of lacerations to the dorsum of the foot. End-to-end repair is advocated in acute lacerations, or in chronic cases when the tendon edges are suitable for tension free repair. Reconstruction with allograft or autograft is advocated for cases not amenable to a primary direct repair. This is often seen in cases with tendon retraction and more commonly in the chronic setting. In many countries the use of allograft is very limited or unavailable making reconstruction with autograft and tendon transfers the primary choice of treatment. Tendon diameter mismatch and diminished resistance are common issues in other previously described tendon transfers. METHODS: We present the results of a new technique for reconstruction of non-reparable EHL lacerations in three patients using a dynamic double loop transfer of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) of the second toe that addresses these issues. RESULTS: At one-year follow up, all patients recovered active/passive hallux extension with good functional (AOFAS Score) and satisfaction results. No reruptures or other complications were reported in this group of patients. No second toe deformities or dysfunction were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Second EDL-to-EHL Double Loop Transfer for Extensor Hallucis Longus reconstruction is a safe, reproducible and low-cost technique to address EHL ruptures when primary repair is not possible. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV (Case Series).

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BACKGROUND: Irreparable peroneus brevis tendon tears are uncommon, and there is scant evidence on which to base operative treatment. Options include tendon transfer, segmental resection with tenodesis to the peroneus longus tendon, and allograft reconstruction. However, the relative effectiveness of the latter 2 procedures in restoring peroneus brevis function has not been established. METHODS: Custom-made strain gage-based tension transducers were implanted into the peroneus longus and brevis tendons near their distal insertions in 10 fresh-frozen cadaver feet. Axial load was applied to the foot, and the peroneal tendons and antagonistic tibialis anterior and posterior tendons were tensioned to 50% and 100% of physiologic load. Distal tendon tension was recorded in this normal condition and after sequential peroneus brevis-to-longus tenodesis and peroneus brevis allograft reconstruction. Measurements were made in 5 foot inversion/eversion and plantarflexion/dorsiflexion positions. RESULTS: Distal peroneus brevis tendon tension after allograft reconstruction significantly exceeded that measured after tenodesis in all tested loading conditions (P ≤ 0.022). With 50% of physiologic load applied, peroneus brevis tension was 1% to 28% of normal (depending on foot position) after tenodesis and 73% to 101% of normal after allograft reconstruction. Under the 100% loading condition, peroneus brevis tension was 6% to 43% of normal after tenodesis and 88% to 99% of normal after reconstruction with allograft. Distal peroneus longus tension remained within 20% of normal under all operative and loading conditions. CONCLUSION: Allograft reconstruction of a peroneus brevis tendon tear in this model substantially restored distal tension when the peroneal tendons and their antagonists were loaded to 50% and 100% of physiologic load. Tenodesis to the peroneus longus tendon did not effectively restore peroneus brevis tension under the tested conditions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Because tenodesis was demonstrated to be ineffective for restoration of peroneus brevis function, this procedure may result in an imbalanced foot clinically.

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INTRODUCTION: Although conversion of the painful ankle arthrodesis to total ankle arthroplasty remains controversial, this surgical modality has satisfactorily expanded the treatment armamentarium for addressing this pathology. STEP 1 PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION AND SURGICAL PLANNING: Preoperative preparation and planning is similar to that for a primary total ankle arthroplasty, and implants designed for primary arthroplasty can be used in most patients managed with conversion to total ankle replacement. STEP 2 PATIENT POSITIONING: Position the patient as for a primary total ankle replacement. STEP 3 REMOVE HARDWARE AND INSERT PROPHYLACTIC MALLEOLAR SCREWS: Preserve exsanguination time by removing hardware prior to inflating the tourniquet. STEP 4 RECREATE THE TIBIOTALAR JOINT: Recreate the native joint line, which can be relatively easy in selected patients and challenging in others. STEP 5 SET THE OPTIMAL TALAR SLOPE: Set the optimal talar slope, which can be challenging, particularly when the ankle arthrodesis is malunited in equinus. STEP 6 RECREATE THE MEDIAL AND LATERAL GUTTERS: Because the former medial and lateral articulations between the talus and the malleoli can be difficult to define, use careful surgical technique to avoid compromise of the malleoli and excessive talar resection. STEP 7 MOBILIZE THE ANKLE AND USE BONE GRAFT IN DEFECTS FROM PREVIOUS HARDWARE: To avoid potential malleolar fractures, mobilize the ankle only after the prophylactic malleolar screws have been placed; the tibial and talar cuts, completed; the gutters, reestablished; all resected bone, removed; and scar tissue from the posterior aspect of the ankle, excised; thereafter, conversion total ankle arthroplasty is similar to a primary total ankle replacement, with the exception of potential bone defects where prior hardware was positioned. STEP 8 TALAR PREPARATION: Perform the routine steps for primary total ankle arthroplasty, often ignoring bone defects from the ankle arthrodesis hardware, but plan to repair the defects with bone-grafting before implanting the final talar component. STEP 9 TIBIAL PREPARATION AND DEFINITIVE COMPONENTS: Perform tibial preparation in a manner similar to that used for primary total ankle arthroplasty. RESULTS: We performed 23 conversion total ankle arthroplasties in patients who had an ankle arthrodesis, including those with pain despite successful fusion and those with painful nonunions9.

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BACKGROUND: A number of operative approaches have been described to perform a tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) arthrodesis. Here we present the largest reported series of a posterior Achilles tendon-splitting approach for TTC fusion. METHODS: With institutional review board approval, a retrospective review of the TTC fusions performed at a single academic institution was carried out. Orthopedic surgeons specializing in foot and ankle surgery performed all procedures. Eligible patients included all those who underwent a TTC fusion via a posterior approach and had at least a 2-year follow-up. Forty-one patients underwent TTC arthrodesis through a posterior Achilles tendon-splitting approach. Mean age at surgery was 56.9±15.0 years. There were 21 female and 20 male patients. Preoperative diagnoses included arthritis (n = 13 patients), failed total ankle arthroplasty (9), avascular necrosis of the talus (9), prior nonunion of the ankle and/or subtalar joint (6), Charcot neuro-arthropathy (2), and stage IV flatfoot deformity (2). In 37 patients (90.2%), a hindfoot intramedullary arthrodesis nail was used, with posterior plate or supplemental screw augmentation in 17 patients. Posterior plate stabilization alone was utilized in 4 cases (9.8%). RESULTS: The fusion rate was 80.4%. Eight patients developed a nonunion of the subtalar, tibiotalar, or both joints. Complications were observed in 17 patients (41.4%). Of these, ankle nonunion (19.5%), tibial stress fracture (17%), postoperative cellulitis and superficial wound breakdown (9.7%), subtalar nonunion (4.8%), and TTC malunion (2.4%) were the most frequently identified. One patient eventually underwent amputation (2.4%). CONCLUSION: We believe that posterior Achilles tendon-splitting approach for tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis was a safe and effective method, with similar union and complications rates to some previously described techniques. We believe the posterior approach is advantageous as it provides simultaneous access to both the ankle and subtalar joints and allows for dissection to occur between angiosomes, which may preserve blood supply to the skin. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, retrospective case series.

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