RESUMO
Background: Breast cancer (BC) is a complex disease in which susceptibility and clinical course depend on multiple factors. Evidence suggests that a mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-homolog may be present in human BCs; however, little is known about its clinical implications. Methods: MMTV-like env nucleotide-sequence was searched in tumor and tumor-adjacent tissues from 217 Brazilian BC patients through nested-PCR and confirmed through PCR-sequencing. Blood samples were also tested for patients with MMTV-like env gene-positive tumors. Correlations with clinicopathological parameters were evaluated. Results: MMTV-like env sequence was detected in tumor and tumor-adjacent tissue samples from 41/217 and 30/196 patients, respectively. In blood, MMTV-like was detected in 17/32 patients. In Luminal-B tumors, MMTV-like in tumor tissue was negatively correlated with tumor size and disease stage, whereas in HER2 tumors it anti-correlated with lymph node metastasis (LNM) and disease stage. Considering blood, MMTV-like env gene positivity negatively correlated with age in general BC, while in Luminal-A tumors it positively correlated with Ki67 but negatively correlated with age and LNM. The associations with decreased LNM frequency were independent of other prognostic factors. Conclusion: MMTV-like env positivity is associated with better prognostic parameters in BC subtypes, which might be explainable by its anti-metastatic potential and by putative activation of immune milieu.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Vírus do Tumor Mamário do Camundongo , Brasil , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/virologia , Feminino , Genes env/genética , Humanos , Vírus do Tumor Mamário do Camundongo/genética , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
Ethanol consumption is associated with spermatogenesis damage and testosterone level alterations. Alcohol remains the most commonly used substance among athletes and sports enthusiasts. This study evaluated whether resistance physical exercise can reduce the testicular damage caused by ethanol exposure. A total of 36 ethanol drinking (UChB) rats were divided into four groups: C (control rats), ETOH (ethanol consumption), ETOH + T (ethanol consumption + physical training), and T (group physical training). The physical training component of the T and ETOH + T groups was based on a resistance training model consisting of four sets of 10 jumps, with an increasing overload of 50-70% of the body weight attached to the chest three times per week. Rats in the ETOH and ETOH +T groups received 10% ethanol. At postnatal day 90, the rats were sacrificed. Blood sample was collected for hormonal analysis, and the testicles were weighed and processed for histopathological, morphometric, and immunohistochemical analyses. The ETOH group showed an increase in testosterone levels. The immunohistochemical of androgen receptor and the absolute weight of the testes were higher in the ETOH and ETOH + T groups, while the ETOH animals showed a decreased weight gain index. The number of abnormal seminiferous tubules increased in the ETOH and T groups compared to those in the control group (C); however, the association with treatment (ETOH + T group) prevented this effect and decreased caspase-3 production. In conclusion, these findings show that the combination of ethanol consumption and resistance physical exercise can prevent testicular damage in adult UChB rats.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/efeitos adversos , Etanol/toxicidade , Treinamento Resistido , Túbulos Seminíferos/patologia , Espermatogênese/fisiologia , Transtornos Induzidos por Álcool/patologia , Alcoolismo/patologia , Animais , Caspase 3/análise , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Receptores Androgênicos/análise , Espermatogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Testosterona/sangueRESUMO
Puberty is characterized by psychosomatic alterations, whereas chronic ethanol consumption is associated with morphophysiological changes in the male reproductive system. The purpose of this study was to show the toxic effects on testis and epididymal morphophysiology after ethanol administration during peripuberty. To this end, male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: ethanol (E) group: received a 2 g dose of ethanol/kg in 25% (v/v); and control (C) group: received the same volume of filtered water; both were treated by gavage for 54 days. On the 55th day of the experiment, epididymis, and testis were collected for sperm count, histopathology, mast cell count, and morphometry. The vas deferens was collected for sperm motility analysis. The femur and testicle were used for cytogenetic analysis. Ethanol exposure caused reduction in daily sperm production (DSP) and in sperm motility, multinucleated cells or those having no chromosomal content, and late chromosome migrations. No changes were observed in the number of chromosomes in the mitotic analysis. However, some alterations could be seen in meiocytes at different stages of cell division. Stereological analysis of the epididymis indicated reorganization of its component in the 2A and 5A/B regions. The epididymal cauda had greater recruitment, and both degranulated and full mast cells showed an increase in the initial segment, in the ethanol group. In conclusion, ethanol administration during the pubertal phase affects epididymis and testis in adult rats, as indicated mainly by our new findings related to mast cell number and meiotic impact. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:541-549, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.