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Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most frequent tumors in the world. Stomach adenocarcinoma is a heterogeneous tumor, turning the prognosis prediction and patients' clinical management difficult. Some diagnosis tests for GC are been development using knowledge based in polymorphisms, somatic copy number alteration (SCNA) and aberrant histone methylation. This last event, a posttranslational modification that occurs at the chromatin level, is an important epigenetic alteration seen in several tumors including stomach adenocarcinoma. Histone methyltransferases (HMT) are the proteins responsible for the methylation in specific amino acids residues of histones tails. Here, were presented several HMTs that could be relating to GC process. We use public data from 440 patients with stomach adenocarcinoma. We evaluated the alterations as SCNAs, mutations, and genes expression level of HMTs in these aforementioned samples. As results, it was identified the 10 HMTs most altered (up to 30%) in stomach adenocarcinoma samples, which are the PRDM14, PRDM9, SUV39H2, NSD2, SMYD5, SETDB1, PRDM12, SUV39H1, NSD3, and EHMT2 genes. The PRDM9 gene is among most mutated and amplified HMTs within the data set studied. PRDM14 is downregulated in 79% of the samples and the SUV39H2 gene is down expressed in patients with recurred/progressed disease. Several HMTs are altered in many cancers. It is important to generate a genetic atlas of alterations of cancer-related genes to improve the understanding of tumorigenesis events and to propose novel tools of diagnosis and prognosis for the cancer control.

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We report the case of a 42-year-old woman who was diagnosed with breast cancer that recurred 3 years later, with supraclavicular lymphadenopathy and dermal involvement. The main drug used in the therapy was trastuzumab; however, the association of this drug with docetaxel was not able to decrease or cease the effect of the inflammatory BCA component with erythema and thickening of the skin as well as the supraclavicular lymphadenopathy previously diagnosed. Thus, a combined therapy was required. The patient was started on 6 cycles (1 per month) of trastuzumab subcutaneous 600 mg, pertuzumab intravenous 840 mg (as an attack dose, later on 420 mg), and xeloda oral 1000 mg. As a result, the patient showed a significant improvement in erythema and thickening of the skin in the neck and the right part of her trunk, besides decrease in supraclavicular lymphadenopathy. After 6 cycles, her skin was almost restored. Intravenous trastuzumab can be an effective single agent; however, its association with other chemotherapies-such as pertuzumab-can present a synergic effect, which can increase the survival expectations of metastatic HER2+ patients. Additionally, as reported in the literature, the use of xeloda plays a key role in restoring the skin health of patients with breast cancer presenting with skin metastasis. Our findings suggest that trastuzumab, pertuzumab, and xeloda combined therapy, following the schedule and posology handled in this study, can be a good treatment for recurrent HER2+ breast cancer with signs of supraclavicular lymphadenopathy and severe inflammatory BCA component with erythema and thickening of the skin.

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El cáncer de mama es la neoplasia más frecuente en el sexo femenino, se diagnostican aproximadamente un millón de casos nuevos y 400 000 muertes en un año a nivel mundial.Caso clínico: se presenta el caso de una paciente con diagnóstico y tratamiento de cáncer de mama en el Hospital Oncológico Universitario María Curie de Camagüey. Se logró identificar el cáncer a través de la técnica de ganglio centinela, la cual se realiza hace varios años en el mundo como estándar en el tratamiento de cáncer mamario. Esta técnica puede realizarse con colorantes de azul de metileno, isosulfano ó por radio fármacos de medicina nuclear, lo que conlleva a evitar la disección radical axilar y con ello disminuye la morbilidad sin cambiar ó influir en el estadiamiento, tratamiento o sobrevida de la enfermedad

Breast cancer is the most frequent neoplasia in the female sex; approximately one million new cases are diagnosed and 400.000 annual deaths in woman worldwide.Clinical case: the case of a patient with diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer is presented in the University Oncological Hospital María Curie, Camagüey. Cancer has been identified through the sentinel node technique, which is performed for several years in the world as standard in breast cancer treatment. This technique may be done with colorings of methylene blue, isosulfan or by radiopharmaceuticals of nuclear medicine, which leads to avoid the axillary radical dissection and thereby decreases morbidity without changing or influencing in staging, treatment or disease survival

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This paper presents an exploratory study of pulp mill bleaching effluent treatment by a biological-photocatalytic coupled system. A fungus, Trametes pubescens, immobilized on polyurethane foam was used to inoculate the biological pre-treatment system. The pretreated effluent was then exposed to a photocatalytic treatment in which two catalysts (TiO(2) and ZnO) and two supports (aluminum foil and Luffa cylindrica) were tested. Catalyst characterization was carried out by means of X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Information about crystalline structure, chemical composition, morphology, homogeneity and distribution on the support surface area was obtained. The overall biological-photocatalytic coupled system achieved degradation of 96% of initial total organic carbon (TOC), 97% of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 90% of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-CP) and 99% of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP). This approach of synergistic coupling of T. pubescens and a semiconductor photocatalyst appears to be a viable alternative for the treatment of these non-biodegradable effluents.

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In this study, the biodegradation of a mixture of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) using the laccase produced by the white-rot fungus Trametes pubescens CBS 696.94 was evaluated. Two laccase isoenzymes with molecular weights of about 60 and 120 kDa were identified in the enzymatic crude extract. The highest laccase activity with syringaldazine was observed with pH 6.0 and 60°C, while with 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6) sulphonic acid the highest activity was observed between 50 and 60°C and 3.0-4.0 pH. A biodegradation of 100%, 99%, 82.1% and 41.1% for 2-CP, 2,4-DCP, 2,4,6-TCP and PCP, respectively, was observed after 4h of reaction. The reduction in chlorophenols concentration allowed 90% reduction in mixture toxicity. In summary, these results show the feasibility of a laccase enzymatic crude extract from T. pubescens for the reduction of concentration and toxicity of chlorophenols.

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Fundamento: el cáncer mamario en una problemática creciente y desafiante para los servicios de salud en todo el mundo. Casos clínicos: se presenta la experiencia del diagnóstico y tratamiento del cáncer oculto de mama en tres pacientes en el Hospital Provincial Docente de Oncología de Camagüey. Esta enfermedad representa alrededor del 1 por ciento de todos los cánceres mamarios. Se muestra como una adenopatía ipsilateral sin nódulo mamario demostrable, el estadiamiento se hace dentro del sistema TNM tradicional con estadios que van desde una etapa IIb, hasta una IIIb. Hoy día se aplica una conducta quirúrgica diferente más centrada en el tratamiento de la axila, que evoluciona desde una mastectomía radical en cualquiera de sus variantes hasta sólo un vaciamiento axilar homolateral. En el Hospital Oncológico de Camagüey se diagnosticaron tres casos nuevos de carcinoma oculto de mama en los últimos dos años siendo tratadas diferente, debido a que la conducta frente a esta enfermedad sigue siendo controversial. Conclusiones: el presente trabajo demuestra la experiencia en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta enfermedad.

Background: breast cancer is a growing and defiant problem for health services in the entire world. Development: it is presented the experience on diagnosis and treatment of occult cancer of the breast at the Educational Provincial Oncology Hospital of Camagüey. This disease represents around 1 percent of all breast cancers. It is shown like an ipsilateral adenopathy without demonstrable mammary nodule; the staging is made inside the traditional TNM system with stages that goes from a IIb, until a IIIb. Nowadays a different surgical behavior is applied more centred in the treatment of the axilla that evolves from a radical mastectomy in any of its variants until only an homolateral axillary évidement. In the Oncological Hospital of Camagüey three new cases of occult carcinoma of the breast were diagnosed in the last two years which receive a different treatment, because the behavior in the face of this disease is still controversial. Conclusions: the present work demonstrates the experience in diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

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The degradation of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) via biological, advanced oxidative process (AOP) and sequential biological-AOP was investigated in this work. The white-rot fungus Trametes pubescens was used for the biodegradation of chlorophenols, while in AOP TiO(2)/UV was used. In the biological degradation, the effect of glucose as a cofactor was also evaluated. The highest degradations were obtained when the reaction medium was supplemented with glucose, ranging from 94.6% to 37.8%, with degradation activity for 2-CP>2,4-DCP>PCP>2,4,6-TCP. During the AOP the removal initial rate increased in the following order 2-CP>2,4,6-TCP>2,4-DCP>PCP, and the obtained degradation range from 82.0% to 24.0%. When biological removal process, supplemented with glucose, was followed for an AOP process, 100% degradation was obtained for all the chlorophenols tested. These results suggest that the white-rot fungi T. pubescens could be used for the degradation of xenobiotic compounds, and its use with an advanced oxidative process, in a sequential mode, may be considered to obtain a complete removal of them.

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Con la creciente presión hacia un uso más racional del recurso hídrico, el desarrollo de tecnologías apropiadas de tratamiento de aguas es cada vez más urgente. Debido a ello, en los últimos años se han propuesto procesos de oxidación fotoquímicos y electroquímicos como alternativa para el tratamiento de aguas contaminadas con sustancias antropogénicas difícilmente biodegradables, así como para eliminar bacterias en aguas destinadas al consumo humano. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar algunas de nuestras más recientes investigaciones que demuestran que tanto la electroquímica como la fotoquímica, al igual que el acople de estos procesos con tratamientos biológicos, son alternativas muy prometedoras para aumentar la calidad del agua.

With the increasing pressure on a more effective use of water resources, the developpement of appropriate water treatment technologies become more and more important. Photochemical and electrochemical oxidation processes have been proposed in recent years as an attractive alternative for the treatment of contaminated water containing anthropogenic substances hardly biodegradable as well as to purify and disinfect drinking waters. The aim of this paper is to present some of our last results demonstrating that electrochemical, photochemical, and the coupling of these processes with biological systems are very promising alternativesfor the improvement of the water quality.