RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study's goal was to determine the perceived risks of infection as well as the perceived risks of hospitalization and death from COVID-19 in Ecuador and Kenya. It also assessed the factors associated with the risk-related perceptions. METHODS: Cross-sectional studies with samples from the adult populations in both countries were conducted to assess the perceived risks of contracting COVID-19. Data were collected online using the Qualtrics platform (Qualtrics, Provo, Utah, United States) from samples of 1050 heads of households, aged 18 years or older, in each country. A total of 3 statistical analyses were conducted: summary statistics, correlation, and linear regression. RESULTS: The average perceived risks of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and death in the Kenyan sample were 27.1%, 43.2%, and 17.2%, respectively, and the values for the Ecuadorian sample were 34%, 32.8%, and 23.3%, respectively. The Pearson's correlation coefficients between the risk measures in each country were less than 0.38. Risk measures were associated with several sociodemographic variables (e.g., income, gender, location), but not with age. CONCLUSIONS: The perceived risks of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and death in Kenya and Ecuador were significantly higher relative to the statistics reported; however, no strong association existed between perceived risk and age, which is a key factor in adverse health outcomes, including death, among COVID-19 infected individuals.
RESUMO
In Latin America, the country of Ecuador was one of the first and most severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to evaluate the demand for a COVID-19 vaccine in Ecuador by estimating individuals' willingness to pay (WTP) for the vaccine, and by assessing the effect of vaccine attributes (duration of protection and efficacy) and individuals' characteristics on this valuation. The sample used (N = 1,050) was obtained through an online survey conducted from April 2 to April 7, 2020. Two levels of vaccine efficacy (70% and 98%) and two levels of vaccine duration of protection (1 and 20 years) were considered. The willingness to pay estimates were obtained using a double-bounded dichotomous-choice contingent valuation format. Survey results show that a very large proportion of individuals (at least 97%) were willing to accept a COVID-19 vaccine, and at least 85% of individuals were willing to pay a positive amount for that vaccine. Conservative estimates of the average WTP values ranged from USD 147.61 to 196.65 and the median WTP from USD 76.9 to 102.5. Only the duration of protection was found to influence individuals' WTP for the vaccine (p < 0.01). On average, respondents were willing to pay 30% more for a COVID-19 vaccine with 20 years of protection relative to the vaccine with 1 year of protection. Regression results show that WTP for the vaccine was associated with income, employment status, the perceived probability of needing hospitalization if contracting the virus causing COVID-19, and region of residence.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra COVID-19/economia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/imunologia , Adulto , Equador , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pandemias/economia , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Vacinação/economiaRESUMO
En este artículo la aplicación del modelo de "Análisis de la dinámica enunciativa" desarrollado por María Cristina Martínez (2005; 2007; 2008), en relación con los problemas que afrontan mujeres jóvenes y niñas trabajadoras informales, conlleva a efectuar varios tipos de reflexión. Se examinan las condiciones históricas de valoración y ubicación social del trabajo femenino y sus condiciones actuales. Es analizada la pertinencia y aportes que algunas perspectivas de análisis histórico del discurso pueden ofrecer para el análisis de este tipo de situaciones. Finalmente, se efectúan observaciones en cuanto a alcances y límites de un artículo sobre el tema, e igualmente del modelo en mención. Sobre dicho modelo, se llama la atención acerca de las posibilidades de ampliar sus alcances, enriqueciéndolo con miradas críticas, reflexivas, que contemplen el carácter histórico y contextual y principalmente político que afecta las situaciones consideradas.
In this article the application of the "Analysis of the Dynamics Declarative" model, developed by Martínez (2005; 2007; 2008), to the problems faced by young women and girls doing informal work, leads to various types of reflection. Historical conditions of evaluation and the social placement of female labor and its present conditions are examined. The relevance and contributions of historical discourse analysis offered by some viewpoints in the analysis of this type of situation are analyzed. Finally, observations are made on the scope and limitations of an article on the subject and of the model under discussion. With regard to this model, attention is required to the possibilities of broadening its scope, enriching it with critical, reflexive viewpoints, which contemplate the historical and contextual, and mainly political, character which affects the situations under discussion.
Em este artigo, a aplicação do modelo de "Análise da dinâmica enunciativa", desenvolvido por Martínez (2005; 2007; 2008), em relação com os problemas que afrontam mulheres jovens e meninas trabalhadoras informais, conduz a efetuar várias formas de reflexão. São examinadas as condições históricas de valoração e localização social do trabalho feminino e suas condições atuais. É analisada a pertinência e aportes que algumas perspectivas de analise histórico do discurso podem oferecer para a análise de estas situações. Finalmente, foram efetuadas observações em quanto a os alcances e limites de um artigo sobre o tema, e igualmente do modelo mencionado. Sobre este modelo, chamam à atenção as possibilidades de ampliar seus alcances, enriquecendo ele com observações críticas, reflexivas, que contemplem o caráter histórico, contextual e principalmente político que afeta as situações consideradas.