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Exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH) is characterized as the pain reduction after an exercise session and it seems to be related to the release of plasma ß-endorphin. In this sense, the core stabilization training (CT) has been suggested for patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNSLBP), but it is unclear whether it induces EIH. Patients with CNSLBP have neuromotor dysfunctions that can affect the performance of functional tasks, thus, performing functional training (FT) could improve motor control and promote EIH, since functional training uses multi-joint exercises that aim to improve the functionality of actions performed in daily life. EIH is usually assessed using quantitative sensory tests (QST) such as conditioned pain modulation, pressure pain threshold, and temporal summation. Thus, the sum of parameters from quantitative sensory tests and plasma ß-endorphin would make it possible to understand what the neuroendocrine effects of FT and CT session are. Our study compared the acute effect of CT and FT on the EIH and plasma ß-endorphin release, and correlated plasma ß-endorphin with quantitative sensory testing in patients with CNSLBP. Eighteen women performed two training sessions (CT and FT) with an interval of 48 h between sessions. EIH was assessed by QST and plasma ß-endorphin levels. Results showed that only FT significantly increased plasma ß-endorphin (FT p < 0.01; CT p = 0.45), which correlated with pain pressure threshold (PPT) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM). However, QST values were not different in women with CNSLBP after CT or FT protocols. Plasma ß-endorphin correlated with PPT and CPM, however, the same did not occur with a temporal summation.
Assuntos
Dor Lombar , Estudos Cross-Over , Feminino , Humanos , Dor Lombar/terapia , Percepção da Dor , Limiar da Dor , beta-EndorfinaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There are a limited number of tests for the assessment of shoulder and pelvic girdle stability. Reliable instruments are important to evaluate movement dysfunction at these joints in order to provide more objective parameters. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the inter-day reliability of the Upper Body Test in young adults. METHODS: A reliability study was carried out with three assessments of the shoulder and pelvic girdle stability within 48-h intervals (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday). The OctoBalance® platform was used to perform the Upper Body Test in 31 active young adults (24.5±8 years). Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC2,2) two-way mixed model, Coefficient of Variation, and Bland-Altman plots were used to verify the reliability of the test. The standard error of measurement (SEM) and the minimum detectable difference (MDD95%) were calculated for clinical applicability. RESULTS: The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient ranged from 0.87 to 0.94 - Featuring a mean difference of 0.89 (95%CI=-0.19-1.97) to left and 0.95 (95%CI=-0.38-2.27) for the right side, with a low variation coefficient (3.31-5.91%) between the second and third days of assessment. There was a statistically significant difference between the first assessment day and the other test sessions. The Bland-Altman analyses revealed low bias with scores within the limits of agreement. Minimum detectable difference scores were between 4.02 and 5.10, and standard error of measurement between 1.75 and 2.72, depending on the movement side. CONCLUSION: The Upper Body Test presented good inter-day reliability for assessing the stability of the shoulder and pelvic girdle in young active healthy adults.
Assuntos
Extremidade Inferior/fisiopatologia , Dor da Cintura Pélvica/fisiopatologia , Ombro/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Movimento , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Research regarding the relationship between core muscle endurance and performance is limited. The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between core/trunk endurance and athletic performance. Seventy-four healthy participants between 18 and 45 years old participated in this study (Age: 26.0 ± 6.5 years; Mass: 74.6 ± 12.8 kg; Height: 1.74 ± 0.08 m; BMI: 19.0 ± 6.8 kg/m2). The core endurance was measured using the McGill protocol, consisting of the following tests: trunk flexion, back extension, and side-bridge. Functional performance was evaluated with push-ups, sit to stand, T-run test, countermovement jump (CMJ), Yo-Yo test, maximum dynamic strength-one repetition maximum (1RM) and muscle power on the bench press, pull row, and leg press. The regression results between the McGill protocol (proxy for core/trunk endurance) and the dependent variables were: 1RM pull row: r 2 = 0.109 with p = 0.046; RM bench press: r 2 = 0.149 with p = 0.012; RM leg press: r 2 = 0.144 with p = 0.013 and power pull row: r 2 = 0.151 with p = 0.016; power bench press: r 2 = 0.136 with p = 0.026; power leg press: r 2 = 0.122 with p = 0.013), push-ups: r 2 = 0.157 with p < 0.001, sit to stand: r 2 = 0.198 with p < 0,001), functional movement score: r 2 = 0.209 with p < 0.001). Nevertheless, core endurance scores were not able to predict jump ability (r 2 = 0.014, p = 0.807) or agility (T-test: 0.036 with p = 0.497). In conclusion, core endurance exerted no significant influence the agility and jump performance but influenced the ability to run intermittently, exert maximum power and strength in different actions (push, pull, and lift exercises) related to the better quality of movement (FMS).
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Several strength training protocols have been tested in the search for systemic adaptations to improve functionality in the elderly. For this purpose, integrated exercises aimed at improving essential movements can be an interesting strategy to improve the performance of activities of the daily living. Objective: To compare the effects of eight weeks of functional training with traditional strength training on the physical fitness of sedentary elderly women. Methods: Thirty-two elderly women were divided into functional training group (FT, n=16) and traditional training group (TT, n=16). For the verification of functional responses, the Senior Fitness Test battery was used, as well as complementary tests of strength and muscular power. The data were analyzed using a 2x2 ANOVA with post hoc Sidak test to verify the differences between the groups. Results: At the end of eight weeks, when compared to TT group, the FT group showed significant increases in balance/agility variables (p=0.01; +7.6%), lower limbs strength (p=0.04; +15.3%), upper limbs strength (p=0.05; +11.7%), and cardiorespiratory power (p=0.05; +10.7%). However, in relation to flexibility tests and conventional tests of maximum dynamic force and muscular strength, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups. Conclusions: Both interventions are efficient to improve physical fitness of sedentary elderly women; however, functional training induces better adaptive responses to functionality when compared with traditional training. Level of Evidence I; Randomized clinical trial.
RESUMO Introdução: Atualmente diversos protocolos de treinamento de força vêm sendo testados na busca de adaptações sistêmicas para melhorar a funcionalidade em idosos. Com esse propósito, exercícios integrados e direcionados para o aprimoramento de movimentos essenciais podem ser uma estratégia interessante para melhorar o desempenho das atividades da vida diária. Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos de oito semanas de treinamento funcional com exercícios de força tradicionais sobre a aptidão física de idosas sedentárias. Métodos: Trinta e duas idosas foram divididas nos grupos treinamento funcional (TF, n = 16) e treinamento tradicional (TT, n = 16). Para a verificação das respostas funcionais foi utilizada a bateria Senior Fitness Test, além de testes complementares de força e de potência muscular. Os dados foram analisados a partir de uma ANOVA 2x2 com teste post hoc de Sidak para verificar as diferenças entre os grupos. Resultados: Ao final das oito semanas, quando comparado com o grupo TT, o grupo TF apresentou aumentos significativos nas variáveis equilíbrio/agilidade (p = 0,01; +7,6%), força de membros inferiores (p = 0,04; +15,3%), força de membros superiores (p = 0,05; +11%) e capacidade cardiorrespiratória (p = 0,05; +10,7%). Entretanto, com relação aos testes de flexibilidade e testes convencionais de força dinâmica máxima e potência muscular não se verificaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos. Conclusões: Ambas as intervenções são eficientes para melhorar a aptidão física de idosas sedentárias; entretanto, o treinamento funcional induz melhores respostas adaptativas à funcionalidade quando comparado com o treinamento tradicional. Nível de Evidência I; Ensaio clínico randomizado.
RESUMEN Introducción: Actualmente varios protocolos de entrenamiento de fuerza vienen siendo probados en la búsqueda de adaptaciones sistémicas para mejorar la funcionalidad en adultos mayores. Con este propósito, ejercicios integrados y dirigidos hacia el perfeccionamiento de movimientos esenciales pueden ser una estrategia interesante para mejorar el rendimiento en las actividades diarias. Objetivo: Comparar los efectos de ocho semanas de entrenamiento funcional con ejercicios de fuerza tradicional sobre la aptitud física de ancianas. Métodos: Treinta y dos ancianas fueron divididas en los grupo entrenamiento funcional (EF, n = 16) y entrenamiento tradicional (ET n = 16). Para la verificación de las respuestas funcionales se utilizó la batería Senior Fitness Test, además de pruebas complementarias de fuerza y de potencia muscular. Los datos fueron analizados a partir de una ANOVA 2x2 con prueba post hoc de Sidak para verificar las diferencias entre los grupos. Resultados: Al final de las ocho semanas, cuando se comparó con el grupo ET, el grupo EF mostró aumentos significativos en las variables equilibrio/agilidad (p = 0,01; +7,6%), fuerza de las extremidades inferiores (p = 0,04; +15,3%), la fuerza de las extremidades superiores (p = 0,05; +11%) y la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria (p = 0,05; +10,7%). No obstante, con respecto a las pruebas de flexibilidad, pruebas convencionales de fuerza dinámica máxima y potencia muscular no fueran verificadas diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos. Conclusiones: Ambas intervenciones son eficientes para mejora de la aptitud física de las personas mayores sedentarias; sin embargo, el entrenamiento funcional induce mejores respuestas adaptativas a la funcionalidad en comparación con el entrenamiento tradicional. Nivel de Evidencia I; Ensayo clínico Aleatorizado.
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Abstract Physical training with the use of instability generator devices has become popular in the health area, in sport training and clinical practice (mainly in the prevention and treatment of injuries). To understand how the process of using these devices occurs and the results of their acute effects is important to guide professionals in choosing the appropriate device. The aim of this review was to present the main features of instability devices and analyze their acute effects on core muscle activation, neuromuscular performance and activation of lower and upper limbs. Studies have shown that the main acute effects of exercises performed with these devices are: 1) increased activation / muscular recruitment (especially in the middle zone or core); 2) greater co-activation of antagonist muscles (trunk, upper and lower limbs), with increased stiffness and joint stability; 3) lower force output, power and speed in extremities.
Resumo O treinamento físico com utilização de dispositivos geradores de instabilidade tem se popularizado na área da saúde, no treinamento desportivo e na prática clínica (principalmente na prevenção e tratamento de lesões). Entender como ocorre o processo de utilização desses dispositivos e quais são os resultados sobre os efeitos agudos é importante para nortear profissionais da área na escolha do dispositivo adequado. O objetivo desta revisão foi apresentar as principais características dos dispositivos desestabilizadores e analisar os efeitos agudos da utilização sobre a ativação da musculatura do core, rendimento neuromuscular e ativação das extremidades inferiores e superiores. Estudos têm demonstrado que os principais efeitos agudos dos exercícios realizados com estes dispositivos são: 1) maior ativação/recrutamento muscular (especialmente da zona média ou core); 2) maior coativação da musculatura antagonista (do tronco, membros superiores e inferiores), com aumento da rigidez e estabilidade articular; 3) diminuição da produção de força, potência e velocidade das extremidades.