RESUMO
In this work, a separation/preconcentration method is proposed for the determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in swimming pool waters, using ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) as a complexing agent and unloaded polyurethane foam (PUF) as a sorbent. The proposed method was optimized, and the defined optimal conditions were a pH of 7, 30 min of shaking time, 400 mg of PUF, and 0.5% (m/v) of the APDC solution. The release of Cd(II) and Pb(II) from the solid phase was achieved through the total digestion of PUF using a microwave-assisted acid approach with a 10.5 mol·L-1 HNO3 solution. The methodology was applied to four samples of swimming pool water for the determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF AAS). The limits of detection and quantification obtained were 0.02 and 0.06 µg·L-1 for Cd(II) and 0.5 e 1.8 µg·L-1 for Pb(II), respectively. We analyzed four samples of swimming pool waters, finding Cd concentrations between 0.22 and 1.37 µg·L-1. On the other hand, only one sample presented Pb concentration above the limit of quantification (11.4 µg·L-1). Recovery tests were performed by spiking the samples with known concentrations of the analytes, and recovery percentages between 82% and 105% were obtained.
RESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the prevalence and distribution of cases of self-reported spinal disorders by persons who are 18 years or older living in Brazil according to sociodemographic variables. Methods: We used the Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS, national health research), developed by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in partnership with the Ministry of Health. The data obtained from the website of IBGE System of Automatic Recovery - SIDRA were analyzed using the SPSS Statistics software version 20.0, IBM. Results: In Brazil 19% of the adult population report chronic spinal pain, 15.26% (± 4.56) men and 20.08% (+/- 4.11) women. After the age of 60, the prevalence is higher. Regarding skin color 18.26% (± 3.53) are white, 17.27% (± 6.65) are black and 17.93% (± 4.05) are brown, with no statistical difference. As for education, 23.55% (±5.70) had low or absent schooling (p < 0.001). The southern region of Brazil has the highest percentage (23.3%) of adults with chronic problems in the spine, and the state with the highest percentage is Paraná, with 26%. Conclusions: The results showed that there is a relationship between spinal pain and sociodemographic characteristics, pointing to the southern region as the most affected by spinal disorders when compared to other regions of the country.
RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência e a distribuição de casos de distúrbios da coluna vertebral autorreferidos por pessoas com 18 anos de idade ou mais, residentes no Brasil de acordo com variáveis sociodemográficas. Métodos: Utilizou-se a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), desenvolvida pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) em parceria com o Ministério da Saúde. Os dados obtidos no site do Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática - SIDRA foram analisados com o software SPSS Statistics versão 20.0 da IBM. Resultados: No Brasil, 19% da população adulta relatam dor crônica na coluna vertebral, sendo 15,26% (± 4,56) homens e 20,08% (± 4,11) mulheres. Após os 60 anos de idade, a prevalência é maior. Com relação à cor da pele 18,26% (± 3,53) são brancos, 17,27% (± 6,65) são negros e 17,93% (± 4,05) são pardos, sem diferença estatística. Quanto à escolaridade 23,55% (± 5,70) não tinham nenhum nível de instrução ou tinham ensino fundamental incompleto (p < 0,001). A região sul do Brasil é a que apresenta o maior percentual (23,3%) de adultos com problema crônico na coluna, e o estado com maior percentual é o Paraná, com 26%. Conclusões: Os resultados mostraram que há uma relação entre dor na coluna e características sociodemográficas, apontando a região sul como a mais afetada pelos distúrbios da coluna vertebral, em comparação com as outras regiões do país.
RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar la prevalencia y distribución de los casos de trastornos auto-reportados de la columna vertebral por personas con 18 años de edad o mayores, que viven en Brasil según variables sociodemográficas. Métodos: Se utilizó la Pesquisa Nacional da Saúde (PNS, investigación nacional de salud), desarrollada por el Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE) en colaboración con el Ministerio de Salud. Los dados en el sitio web del Sistema IBGE de Recuperación Automática - SIDRA se analizaron con el software SPSS Statistics versión 20.0 de IBM. Resultados: En Brasil 19% de los adultos reporta dolor crónico en la columna vertebral, 15,26% (± 4,56) hombres y 20,08% (± 4,11) mujeres. Después de los 60 años, la prevalencia es más alta. Con respecto al color de la piel 18,26% (± 3,53) son de color blanco, 17,27% (± 6,65) son de color negro y 17,93% (± 4,05) son de color marrón, sin diferencia estadística. En cuanto a la educación 23,55% (± 5,70) no tenían ningún nivel de educación o tenían educación primaria incompleta (p < 0,001). El sur de Brasil es el que tiene el porcentaje más alto (23,3%) de adultos con problema crónico de la columna, y el estado con el porcentaje más alto es el Paraná con 26%. Conclusiones: Los resultados mostraron que existe una relación entre el dolor de la columna y las características sociodemográficas, señalando la región sur como la más afectada por trastornos de la columna vertebral, en comparación con otras regiones del país.