RESUMO
A criocirurgia é uma técnica de vasto conhecimento e uso entre dermatologistas. A aplicação intralesional já é utilizada no tratamento de queloides e tem como vantagem restringir a zona de ação das baixas temperaturas do nitrogênio líquido. O uso da criocirurgia de contato em lesões vasculares é relatado, mas não há publicações sobre a técnica intralesional nesses tipos de lesões. Aqui, relatamos dois casos: 1- Hamartomas sobre mancha vinho do Porto em um paciente de 61 anos; e 2 - Angioma rubi em um paciente de 70 anos, ambos tratados de forma satisfatória e segura com criocirurgia intralesional.
Cryosurgery is a technique widely known and used among dermatologists. Intralesional application is already used to treat keloids and has the advantage of restricting the zone of action of low temperatures of liquid nitrogen. The use of contact cryosurgery in vascular lesions is well reported in the literature, but there are no intralesional technique publications on these types of lesions. Here, we report two cases, one of port-wine stain hamartomas in a 61-year-old patient and another of a cherry angioma in a 70-year-old patient, safely and satisfactorily treated with intralesional cryosurgery
RESUMO
The exposure of pancreatic islets to high glucose is believed to be one of the causal factors of the progressive lowering of insulin secretion in the development of type 2 diabetes. The progression of beta cell failure to type 2 diabetes is preceded by an early positive increase in the insulin secretory response to glucose, which is only later followed by a loss in the secretion capacity of pancreatic islets. Here we have investigated the electrophysiological mechanisms underlying the early glucose-mediated gain of function. Rodent pancreatic islets or dispersed islet cells were cultured in medium containing either 5.6 (control) or 16.7 (high-glucose) mM glucose for 24 h after isolation. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was enhanced in a concentration-dependent manner in high glucose-cultured islets. This was associated with a positive effect on beta cell exocytotic capacity, a lower basal KATP conductance and a higher glucose sensitivity to fire action potentials. Despite no changes in voltage-gated Ca2+ currents were observed in voltage-clamp experiments, the [Ca2+]I responses to glucose were drastically increased in high glucose-cultured cells. Of note, voltage-dependent K+ currents were decreased and their activation was shifted to more depolarized potentials by high-glucose culture. This decrease in voltage-dependent K+ channel (Kv) current may be responsible for the elevated [Ca2+]I response to metabolism-dependent and independent stimuli, associated with more depolarized membrane potentials with lower amplitude oscillations in high glucose-cultured beta cells. Overall these results show that beta cells improve their response to acute challenges after short-term culture with high glucose by a mechanism that involves modulation not only of metabolism but also of ion fluxes and exocytosis, in which Kv activity appears as an important regulator.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Cultura de Células , Glucose/toxicidade , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Animais , Cálcio/metabolismo , Canais de Cálcio/metabolismo , Capacitância Elétrica , Exocitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Secreção de Insulina/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Secretoras de Insulina/efeitos dos fármacos , Espaço Intracelular/metabolismo , Canais KATP/metabolismo , Canais de Potássio/metabolismo , Ratos Wistar , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
High glucose-induced oxidative stress and increased NADPH oxidase-2 (NOX2) activity may contribute to the progressive decline of the functional ß-cell mass in type 2 diabetes. To test that hypothesis, we characterized, in islets from male NOX2 knockout (NOX2-KO) and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice cultured for up to 3 weeks at 10 or 30 mmol/l glucose (G10 or G30), the in vitro effects of glucose on cytosolic oxidative stress using probes sensing glutathione oxidation (GRX1-roGFP2), thiol oxidation (roGFP1) or H2O2 (roGFP2-Orp1), on ß-cell stimulus-secretion coupling events and on ß-cell apoptosis. After 1-2 days of culture in G10, the glucose stimulation of insulin secretion (GSIS) was â¼1.7-fold higher in NOX2-KO vs. WT islets at 20-30 mmol/l glucose despite similar rises in NAD(P)H and intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and no differences in cytosolic GRX1-roGFP2 oxidation. After long-term culture at G10, roGFP1 and roGFP2-Orp1 oxidation and ß-cell apoptosis remained low, and the glucose-induced rises in NAD(P)H, [Ca2+]i and GSIS were similarly preserved in both islet types. After prolonged culture at G30, roGFP1 and roGFP2-Orp1 oxidation increased in parallel with ß-cell apoptosis, the glucose sensitivity of the NADPH, [Ca2+]i and insulin secretion responses increased, the maximal [Ca2+]i response decreased, but maximal GSIS was preserved. These responses were almost identical in both islet types. In conclusion, NOX2 is a negative regulator of maximal GSIS in C57BL/6J mouse islets, but it does not detectably contribute to the in vitro glucotoxic induction of cytosolic oxidative stress and alterations of ß-cell survival and function.
Assuntos
Glucose/toxicidade , Células Secretoras de Insulina/enzimologia , Células Secretoras de Insulina/patologia , NADPH Oxidase 2/metabolismo , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Citosol/metabolismo , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 2/genética , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 2/metabolismo , Glutarredoxinas/metabolismo , Glutationa/metabolismo , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/metabolismo , Heme Oxigenase-1/genética , Heme Oxigenase-1/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismo , Secreção de Insulina , Células Secretoras de Insulina/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , NADPH Oxidase 2/deficiência , Oxirredução , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Compostos de Sulfidrila/metabolismo , Técnicas de Cultura de TecidosRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Identificar as características epidemiológicas de pacientes vítimas de queimaduras internados em um Centro de Tratamento de Queimaduras da Bahia. MÉTODO: Estudo epidemiológico retrospectivo, transversal, realizado em um hospital público de referência em queimaduras. Foram incluídos 112 pacientes adultos e idosos de ambos os sexos, por amostragem de conveniência, vítimas de qualquer tipo de queimadura. A amostra foi caracterizada quanto ao sexo, idade, comorbidades, à profundidade, localização, etiologia e extensão da superfície corporal queimada (SCQ). RESULTADOS: A maioria dos pacientes avaliados era do sexo masculino (58,9%, n=66), adultos (91,9%, n=103) e idosos (8,1%, n=9), previamente hígidos (77,7%, n=87) e entre aqueles com comorbidades, 21,4% (n=24) eram hipertensos e 6,3% (n=7) diabéticos. Cerca de 50% (n=53) dos pacientes tinham queimadura em graus diferentes, atingindo até 10% de SCQ. O principal agente etiológico foi queimadura por líquido quente (66%, n=74), com maior prevalência nos membros superiores (70,5%, n=79), seguida da região da cabeça (46,4%, n=52) e membros inferiores (45,5%, n=51). CONCLUSÃO: Houve predomínio de pacientes adultos, do sexo masculino, previamente hígidos, com queimadura de segundo grau, decorrente de algum líquido, acometendo principalmente os membros superiores e atingindo até 10% da SCQ. Programas educacionais contínuos em prol da prevenção são necessários, pois muitos acidentes com queimaduras poderiam ser evitados.
OBJECTIVE: To identify the epidemiological characteristics of patients who are victims of burns hospitalized at a Burn Treatment Center in Bahia. METHODS: Retrospective, cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted at a public hospital burn reference. We included 112 adult and elderly patients of both sexes, by convenience sampling, victims of any type of burn. The sample was characterized by sex, age, comorbidities, depth, location, etiology and extent of burned body surface (BBS). RESULTS: The majority of the patients were male (58.9%, n=66), adults (91.9%, n=103) and elderly (8.1%, n=9), previously healthy (77.7%, n=87) and among those with comorbidities, 21.4% (n=24) were hypertensive and 6.3% (n=7) were diabetic. About 50% (n=53) of the patients had burns in different degrees, reaching up to 10% BBS. The main etiological agent was hot liquid burn (66%, n=74), with a higher prevalence in the upper limbs (70.5%, n=79) followed by the head region (46.4%, n=52) and lower limbs (45.5%, n=51). CONCLUSION: There was a predominance of adult, male patients, previously healthy, with second degree burns, due to some liquid, mainly affecting the upper limbs and reaching up to 10% of SCQ. Continued educational programs for prevention are needed, as many accidents with burns could be avoided.
Objetivo: Identificar las características epidemiológicas de las víctimas de quemaduras ingresados en un Centro de Tratamiento de Quemaduras de Bahía. Método: Estudio epidemiológico transversal, retrospectivo, realizado en un hospital público de referencia para las quemaduras. Se incluyeron 112 pacientes adultos y ancianos de ambos sexos, para la muestra de conveniencia, víctimas de cualquier tipo de quemadura. La muestra se caracterizó cuanto al género, la edad, comorbilidades, la profundidad, la ubicación, la etiología y la extensión de la superficie corporal quemada (SCQ). Resultados: La mayoría de los pacientes eran hombres (58,9%, n=66), adultos (91,9%, n=103) y ancianos (8,1%, n=9), previamente sanos (77,7%, n=87) y entre aquellos con comorbilidades, 21,4% (n=24) eran hipertensos 6,3% (n=7) y diabéticos. Aproximadamente el 50% (n=53) de los pacientes tenían quemaduras en distintos grados, alcanzando el 10% de SCQ. El principal agente etiológico fue quemada por el líquido caliente (66%, n=74), con la más alta prevalencia en las extremidades superiores (70,5%, n=79), seguido por la región de la cabeza (46,4%, n=52) y las extremidades inferiores (45,5%, n=51). Conclusión: Se encontró un predominio de pacientes adultos, varón, previamente sano, con quemadura de segundo grado, derivado de cualquier líquido, que afecta principalmente a las extremidades superiores y hasta el 10% de la SCQ. Se necesitan programas educativos continuos para la prevención, porque muchos accidentes con quemaduras podrían evitarse.
Assuntos
Humanos , Perfil de Saúde , Unidades de Queimados , Queimaduras/epidemiologia , Queimaduras/prevenção & controle , Estudos Epidemiológicos , Estudos Transversais , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of training in surgical techniques in pig feet during medical school. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study with 87 volunteer medical students from different graduation semesters, who attended a basic workshop for incisions, sutures, biopsies, flaps, grafts, under direct supervision. Pre and post-training self-administered questionnaires were used. RESULTS: The teaching of sutures, biopsies and ear correction was effective for learning of the minimal skills required for the proposed techniques (p <0.005), as well as excisions and flaps, except grafting (p> 0 97). CONCLUSION: The methodological approach and monitoring of techniques' reproduction were adequate. The training offered complemented cutaneous surgical skills of undergraduate medicine students.
Assuntos
Educação Médica/normas , Especialidades Cirúrgicas/educação , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Faculdades de Medicina , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Avaliar a efetividade de um treinamento de técnicas cirúrgicas em pata de porco durante a graduação em medicina. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 87 acadêmicos de medicina voluntários, provenientes de diferentes períodos da graduação, que participaram de uma oficina básica para realização de incisões, suturas, biópsias, retalhos, enxertos, sob supervisão direta. Foram utilizados questionários autoaplicáveis pré e pós-treinamento. RESULTADOS: O ensino de suturas, biópsias e correção de orelha mostrou-se efetivo para o aprendizado de habilidades mínimas exigidas para as técnicas propostas (p<0,005), bem como, das excisões e retalhos exercitados, à exceção do enxerto (p>0,97). CONCLUSÃO: A abordagem metodológica e o monitoramento de reprodução das técnicas mostraram-se adequados. O treinamento oferecido complementou as habilidades cirúrgicas cutâneas dos graduandos de medicina.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of training in surgical techniques in pig feet during medical school. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study with 87 volunteer medical students from different graduation semesters, who attended a basic workshop for incisions, sutures, biopsies, flaps, grafts, under direct supervision. Pre and post-training self-administered questionnaires were used. RESULTS: The teaching of sutures, biopsies and ear correction was effective for learning of the minimal skills required for the proposed techniques (p <0.005), as well as excisions and flaps, except grafting (p> 0 97). CONCLUSION: The methodological approach and monitoring of techniques' reproduction were adequate. The training offered complemented cutaneous surgical skills of undergraduate medicine students.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Educação Médica/normas , Especialidades Cirúrgicas/educação , Estudos Transversais , Faculdades de MedicinaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Loss of ß-cell function hastens deterioration of metabolic control in type 2 diabetes patients. Besides amyloid deposit and glucolipotoxicity, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) acting through their receptors (RAGE) seem to contribute to this process by promoting islet apoptosis. In order to investigate the role of AGEs in ß-cell deterioration, we evaluated the temporal and dose effects of AGE compounds on apoptosis rate, reactive oxygen species generation and expression of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes in cultured islets. METHODS: Rat pancreatic islets were exposed or not for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h to albumin modified by glycoaldehyde. Apoptosis, reactive oxygen species and superoxide content and NADPH oxidase activity were evaluated as well as RNA expression of the genes Ager (codes for RAGE), Bax, Bcl2 and Nfkb1. RESULTS: In 24 and 48 h, glycoaldehyde elicited a decrease in apoptosis rate in comparison with the control condition concomitantly with a reduction in Bax/Bcl2 RNA ratio and in Nfkb1 RNA expression. In contrast, after 72 and 96 h, glycoaldehyde promoted an increase in apoptosis rate concomitantly with an increase in Bax/Bcl2 RNA ratio and in Nfkb1 RNA expression. In 24 h, glycoaldehyde elicited a decrease in the islet content of reactive oxygen species, whereas after 48 and 72 h, it promoted an opposite effect, increasing superoxide generation. The NADPH oxidase inhibitor VAS2870 attenuated superoxide production, implicating NADPH oxidase as an important source of reactive oxygen species in islets exposed to AGEs. CONCLUSIONS: Albumin modified by glycoaldehyde exerted a dual effect in cultured pancreatic islets, being protective against apoptosis after short exposure but pro-apoptotic after prolonged exposure.
Assuntos
Apoptose , Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada/metabolismo , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/patologia , NADPH Oxidases/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Superóxidos/metabolismo , Albuminas/metabolismo , Animais , Western Blotting , Proliferação de Células , Células Cultivadas , Glucose/metabolismo , Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada/genética , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Luminescência , Proteínas de Transporte da Membrana Mitocondrial , Poro de Transição de Permeabilidade Mitocondrial , Subunidade p50 de NF-kappa B/genética , Subunidade p50 de NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Receptor para Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada , Receptores Imunológicos/genética , Receptores Imunológicos/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2/genética , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2/metabolismoRESUMO
This study investigated the potentially detrimental effects of copper and elevated aquatic CO(2) (hypercarbia), alone or in combination, on pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. Fish were exposed for 48 h to control (no copper addition in normocarbia), to 400 µg Cu(2+)L(-1), to hypercarbic (1% CO(2); PCO(2) = 6.9 mm Hg) water and to 400 µg Cu(2+)L(-1) + hypercarbia. In liver the single factors caused an increase in lipid hydroperoxide concentration that was not observed when the factors were combined. Copper exposure elicited increased hepatic superoxide dismutase activity, irrespective of aquatic CO(2) level. On the other hand, the effects of copper on hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity were dependent on water CO(2) levels. The two stressors combined did not affect hepatic catalase activity. Hypercarbic water caused a decline in plasma glucose concentration, but this was not observed when hypercarbia was combined with copper exposure. Copper caused a decrease in branchial Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity that was independent of water CO(2) level. Copper caused an increase in branchial metallothionein concentration that was independent of water CO(2) level. Thus, branchial metallothionein and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase were effective biomarkers of copper exposure that were not affected by water CO(2) level.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Dióxido de Carbono/metabolismo , Characidae/metabolismo , Cobre/toxicidade , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Animais , Análise Química do Sangue/métodos , Catalase/metabolismo , Brânquias/efeitos dos fármacos , Brânquias/enzimologia , Brânquias/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/enzimologia , Fígado/metabolismo , Metalotioneína/metabolismo , Oxirredução , ATPase Trocadora de Sódio-Potássio/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Testes de Toxicidade/métodos , Poluentes da Água/toxicidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Shift work was recently described as a factor that increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, rats born to mothers subjected to a phase shift throughout pregnancy are glucose intolerant. However, the mechanism by which a phase shift transmits metabolic information to the offspring has not been determined. Among several endocrine secretions, phase shifts in the light/dark cycle were described as altering the circadian profile of melatonin production by the pineal gland. The present study addresses the importance of maternal melatonin for the metabolic programming of the offspring. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Female Wistar rats were submitted to SHAM surgery or pinealectomy (PINX). The PINX rats were divided into two groups and received either melatonin (PM) or vehicle. The SHAM, the PINX vehicle and the PM females were housed with male Wistar rats. Rats were allowed to mate and after weaning, the male and female offspring were subjected to a glucose tolerance test (GTT), a pyruvate tolerance test (PTT) and an insulin tolerance test (ITT). Pancreatic islets were isolated for insulin secretion, and insulin signaling was assessed in the liver and in the skeletal muscle by western blots. We found that male and female rats born to PINX mothers display glucose intolerance at the end of the light phase of the light/dark cycle, but not at the beginning. We further demonstrate that impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and hepatic insulin resistance are mechanisms that may contribute to glucose intolerance in the offspring of PINX mothers. The metabolic programming described here occurs due to an absence of maternal melatonin because the offspring born to PINX mothers treated with melatonin were not glucose intolerant. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The present results support the novel concept that maternal melatonin is responsible for the programming of the daily pattern of energy metabolism in their offspring.
Assuntos
Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Melatonina/fisiologia , Animais , Feminino , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Insulina/sangue , Resistência à Insulina , Gravidez , Resultado da Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Thyroid hormones (THs) are known to regulate protein synthesis by acting at the transcriptional level and inducing the expression of many genes. However, little is known about their role in protein expression at the post-transcriptional level, even though studies have shown enhancement of protein synthesis associated with mTOR/p70S6K activation after triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) administration. On the other hand, the effects of TH on translation initiation and polypeptidic chain elongation factors, being essential for activating protein synthesis, have been poorly explored. Therefore, considering that preliminary studies from our laboratory have demonstrated an increase in insulin content in INS-1E cells in response to T3 treatment, the aim of the present study was to investigate if proteins of translational nature might be involved in this effect. METHODS: INS-1E cells were maintained in the presence or absence of T3 (10(-6) or 10(-8) M) for 12 hours. Thereafter, insulin concentration in the culture medium was determined by radioimmunoassay, and the cells were processed for Western blot detection of insulin, eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2), p-eIF2, eIF5A, EF1A, eIF4E binding protein (4E-BP), p-4E-BP, p70S6K, and p-p70S6K. RESULTS: It was found that, in parallel with increased insulin generation, T3 induced p70S6K phosphorylation and the expression of the translational factors eIF2, eIF5A, and eukaryotic elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1A). In contrast, total and phosphorylated 4E-BP, as well as total p70S6K and p-eIF2 content, remained unchanged after T3 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Considering that (i) p70S6K induces S6 phosphorylation of the 40S ribosomal subunit, an essential condition for protein synthesis; (ii) eIF2 is essential for the initiation of messenger RNA translation process; and (iii) eIF5A and eEF1A play a central role in the elongation of the polypeptidic chain during the transcripts decoding, the data presented here lead us to suppose that a part of T3-induced insulin expression in INS-1E cells depends on the protein synthesis activation at the post-transcriptional level, as these proteins of the translational machinery were shown to be regulated by T3.
Assuntos
Fator de Iniciação 2 em Eucariotos/metabolismo , Células Secretoras de Insulina/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismo , Fatores de Iniciação de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases S6 Ribossômicas 70-kDa/metabolismo , Tri-Iodotironina/farmacologia , Animais , Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Células Secretoras de Insulina/patologia , Insulinoma/metabolismo , Insulinoma/patologia , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular , Modelos Animais , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Biossíntese de Proteínas , Ratos , Fator de Iniciação de Tradução Eucariótico 5ARESUMO
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [NAD(P)H] oxidase complex has been shown to be involved in the process of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). In this study, we examined the effect of palmitic acid on superoxide production and insulin secretion by rat pancreatic islets and the mechanism involved. Rat pancreatic islets were incubated during 1 h with 1 mM palmitate, 1% fatty acid free-albumin, 5.6 or 10 mM glucose and in the presence of inhibitors of NAD(P)H oxidase (DPI--diphenyleneiodonium), PKC (calphostin C) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I (CPT-I) (etomoxir). Superoxide content was determined by hydroethidine assays. Palmitate increased superoxide production in the presence of 5.6 and 10 mM glucose. This effect was dependent on activation of PKC and NAD(P)H oxidase. Palmitic acid oxidation was demonstrated to contribute for the fatty acid induction of superoxide production in the presence of 5.6 mM glucose. In fact, palmitate caused p47(PHOX) translocation to plasma membrane, as shown by immunohistochemistry. Exposure to palmitate for 1 h up-regulated the protein content of p47(PHOX) and the mRNA levels of p22(PHOX), gp91(PHOX), p47(PHOX), proinsulin and the G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40). Fatty acid stimulation of insulin secretion in the presence of high glucose concentration was reduced by inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase activity. In conclusion, NAD(P)H oxidase is an important source of superoxide in pancreatic islets and the activity of NAD(P)H oxidase is involved in the control of insulin secretion by palmitate.
Assuntos
Insulina/metabolismo , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/enzimologia , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/metabolismo , NADPH Oxidases/metabolismo , Palmitatos/farmacologia , Superóxidos/metabolismo , Animais , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Secreção de Insulina , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/citologia , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Biológicos , NADPH Oxidases/genética , Oxirredução/efeitos dos fármacos , Proinsulina/genética , Proinsulina/metabolismo , Proteína Quinase C/metabolismo , Transporte Proteico/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismoRESUMO
Copper sulfate is widely used in aquaculture. Exposure to this compound can be harmful to fish, resulting in oxidative metabolism alterations and gill tissue damage. Pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, (wt = 43.4 +/- 3.35 g) were distributed in experimental tanks (n = 10; 180 l) and exposed for 48 h to control (without copper addition), 0.4Cu (0.4 mg l(-1)), 0CupH (without copper addition, pH = 5.0) and 0.4CupH (0.4 mg l(-1), pH = 5.0). In liver and red muscle, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) was responsive to the increases in the aquatic copper. The plasmatic intermediary metabolites and hematological variables in the fish of group 0.4Cu were similar to those of the control group. Conversely, the exposure to 0.4CupH caused an increase in the plasmatic lactate, number of red blood cells (RBC) and hemoglobin (Hb). Plasmatic copper concentration [Cu(p)] increased in group 0.4Cu and 0.4CupH, which is higher in group 0.4CupH, suggests an effect of water pH on the absorbed copper. Exposure to 0.4Cu and 0.4CupH resulted in a reduction in the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity and an increase in metallothionein (MT) in the gills. Exposure to 0CupH caused a decrease in glucose and pyruvate concentrations and an increase in RBC, Hb, and the branchial Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity. These responses suggest that the fish triggered mechanisms to revert the blood acidosis, save energy and increase the oxygen uptake. MT was an effective biomarker, responding to copper in different pHs and dissolved oxygen. Combined-factors caused more significant disturbance in the biomarkers than single-factors.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Sulfato de Cobre/toxicidade , Peixes , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Brânquias/efeitos dos fármacos , Brânquias/metabolismo , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Ácido Pirúvico/sangue , ATPase Trocadora de Sódio-Potássio/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
O artigo descreve o perfil epidemiológico dos casos de tétano acidental notificados à Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Minas Gerais. Os dados analisados são do período de 2001 a 2006, totalizando 225 casos confirmados da doença, obtidos pelo Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do Sistema Único de Saúde (Sinan/SUS). A maior parte ocorreu entre homens (0,30 casos por 100.000 habitantes/ano), sendo o tipo de lesão mais observada a perfuro cortante (39,1 por cento) e os membros inferiores a região mais acometida (62,2 por cento). A faixa etária com maior incidência foi acima de 65 anos (0,89 casos por 100.000 habitantes) e o maior coeficiente de incidência ocorreu na área rural (0,31 casos por 100.000 habitantes/ano). Somente 6,3 por cento tinham esquema vacinal completo, enquanto 21,3 por cento informaram nunca terem sido vacinados. A letalidade no período estudado foi de 36,9 por cento. Conclui-se que, apesar de ser imunoprevenível, o tétano ainda constitui-se um importante problema de saúde pública em Minas Gerais.
This article describes the epidemiological features of injury-related tetanus cases notified by the Health Department of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil at the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (Sinan). Data from 2001 to 2006 were analyzed, which includes 225 confirmed cases of the disease. Most cases occurred in men (0.30 cases per 100,000 population per year). The main source of infection were cut and puncture wounds (39.1 percent). Legs were the most frequently injured body part (62.2 percent). The highest incidence occurred in the age group of >65 years old (0.89 cases per 100,000 population per year) and in people living in rural areas (0.31 cases per 100,000 population per year). Only 6.3 percent of patients stated having completed their vaccination schedule and 21.3 percent informed that they had never been vaccinated against tetanus. The lethality rate found in this study was 36.9 percent. Results show that, despite being a vaccine-preventable disease, injury-related tetanus is an important public health problem in the State of Minas Gerais.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Notificação de Doenças/métodos , Tétano/diagnóstico , Tétano/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Relatos de Casos , Incidência , Sistemas de Informação , Saúde Pública , Tétano/prevenção & controleRESUMO
The physiological responses to air exposure were analyzed in jeju, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus at 1, 6 and 12 hours of exposure and 1 e 6 hours after returning to water environment. Plasma cortisol and glucose were significantly higher than those of control group after 1, 6 and 12 hours of air exposure, respectively. Acid-base and ionic unbalances during air exposure were evidenced by plasma pH and Na+ and K+ concentration following pH recovery as fish returned to water environment. Ammonia accumulation was found in all experimental groups increasing continuously during air exposure. During the recovery period in water there was a reduction in plasma ammonia concentration but it was significantly higher than the controls. Plasma lactate showed a slightly increase during air exposure and was significantly higher than the controls only 1 hour after recovery in water while piruvate increased after 6 hour in water. Hematocrit, red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration increased significantly during air exposure. Air exposure can be characterized as an stressor agent to H. unitaeniatus and imply in physiological adjustments to keep the O2 transfer from air to tissue and homeostasis as well as energy mobilization.
As respostas fisiológicas de jeju, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus a exposição ao ar foram analisadas após 1, 6 e 12 horas de exposição ao ar e 1 e 6 horas após o retorno ao ambiente aquático. As concentrações plasmáticas de cortisol e glicose foram significativamente maiores que as do grupo controle em 1, 6 e 12 horas de exposição ao ar, respectivamente. Desequilíbrio iônico e ácido-base durante exposição aérea foram evidenciados pela redução do Na+ e K+ plasmático e pH com subseqüente restauração do equilíbrio ácido-base quando o animal retornou ao meio aquático. Acúmulo de amônia foi observado em todos os grupos experimentais, aumentando progressivamente durante a exposição ao ar. Durante recuperação em meio aquático, a amônia mostrou tendência a diminuir, mas ainda foi significativamente maior do que a do grupo controle. A concentração de lactato mostrou tendência a aumento durante a exposição aérea, mais foi significativamente maior apenas após 1h de recuperação em meio aquático enquanto que o piruvato aumentou após 6 horas de recuperação no meio aquático. O hematócrito, número de eritrócitos, concentração de hemoglobina e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média aumentaram significativamente nos animais expostos ao ar atmosférico. A exposição ao ar atmosférico pode ser caracterizada como um agente estressor para H. unitaeniatus e implica em ajustes fisiológicos para man
RESUMO
The physiological responses to air exposure were analyzed in jeju, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus at 1, 6 and 12 hours of exposure and 1 e 6 hours after returning to water environment. Plasma cortisol and glucose were significantly higher than those of control group after 1, 6 and 12 hours of air exposure, respectively. Acid-base and ionic unbalances during air exposure were evidenced by plasma pH and Na+ and K+ concentration following pH recovery as fish returned to water environment. Ammonia accumulation was found in all experimental groups increasing continuously during air exposure. During the recovery period in water there was a reduction in plasma ammonia concentration but it was significantly higher than the controls. Plasma lactate showed a slightly increase during air exposure and was significantly higher than the controls only 1 hour after recovery in water while piruvate increased after 6 hour in water. Hematocrit, red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration increased significantly during air exposure. Air exposure can be characterized as an stressor agent to H. unitaeniatus and imply in physiological adjustments to keep the O2 transfer from air to tissue and homeostasis as well as energy mobilization.
As respostas fisiológicas de jeju, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus a exposição ao ar foram analisadas após 1, 6 e 12 horas de exposição ao ar e 1 e 6 horas após o retorno ao ambiente aquático. As concentrações plasmáticas de cortisol e glicose foram significativamente maiores que as do grupo controle em 1, 6 e 12 horas de exposição ao ar, respectivamente. Desequilíbrio iônico e ácido-base durante exposição aérea foram evidenciados pela redução do Na+ e K+ plasmático e pH com subseqüente restauração do equilíbrio ácido-base quando o animal retornou ao meio aquático. Acúmulo de amônia foi observado em todos os grupos experimentais, aumentando progressivamente durante a exposição ao ar. Durante recuperação em meio aquático, a amônia mostrou tendência a diminuir, mas ainda foi significativamente maior do que a do grupo controle. A concentração de lactato mostrou tendência a aumento durante a exposição aérea, mais foi significativamente maior apenas após 1h de recuperação em meio aquático enquanto que o piruvato aumentou após 6 horas de recuperação no meio aquático. O hematócrito, número de eritrócitos, concentração de hemoglobina e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média aumentaram significativamente nos animais expostos ao ar atmosférico. A exposição ao ar atmosférico pode ser caracterizada como um agente estressor para H. unitaeniatus e implica em ajustes fisiológicos para man
RESUMO
The effect of combined-factors (hypoxia+copper) on the biochemical parameters and antioxidant defenses were studied in the neotropical fish Piaractus mesopotamicus. Fish were exposed for 48 h to 0.4 mg Cu(2+) L(-1) (0.4Cu), hypoxia=50 mm Hg (Hpx), and 0.4 mg Cu(2) L(-1)+hypoxia=50 mm Hg (0.4CuHpx). The exposure to 0.4Cu increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the liver, accompanied by increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and decreases in catalase (CAT) activity, showing the influence of copper in this protection. The exposure to Hpx decreased the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and CAT. Exposure to a combined-factor caused an increase in the ROS production followed by an increase in SOD and a decrease in GSH-Px and CAT. At 0.4Cu, fish presented a reduction in CAT, while in Hpx decreases in SOD, CAT and GSH-Px were observed in red muscles. Single-factors were insufficient to cause ROS production. In combined-factors, increased ROS formation and decreased SOD, CAT and GSH-Px were observed. RBC increased in all groups, but only under combined-factors was there an increase in hemoglobin. Copper plasma concentration increased in groups exposed to copper. Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity in gills decreased in 0.4Cu and 0.4CuHpx, and increased in Hpx. Metallothionein concentration in gills increased under combined-factors. Combined-factors caused significant disturbances in the antioxidant defenses and biochemical parameters than single-factors.