RESUMO
The northern region of Minas Gerais has limited milk production, mainly due to drought, however, this is the economic base of family agriculture that sustains the region. Thus, a study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the thermal environment on the physiological responses of Holstein-Zebu cows in the semi-arid region of Minas Gerais in order to verify the adaptability of these animals. The experiment was conducted in the summer and winter at the Bela Vista farm located in the Verdelândia city (MG), where 10 cows ¾ Holstein x Zebu (HxZ) were evaluated in each season. The thermal environment was characterized by means of daily measurements of air temperature, relative humidity, air temperature index and humidity and radiant thermal load. The physiological parameters: respiratory and heart rate, body surface temperature and rectal temperature, thickness, hair color and density, and hair length were measured before morning milking, as a function of the seasons of the year for 15 days. Climatic variables and indexes were higher in the summer and in the afternoon. The respiratory rate and the pelt thickness did not differ statistically, however the other variables were higher in the summer.Climatic variables induced differences in the physiological parameters, but were assimilated by the animals, which leads to the conclusion that ¾ HxZ cows adapt to the climate of the semi-arid region of Minas Gerais without showing a situation of thermal stress.
A região Norte de Minas possui a produção de leite limitada, principalmente em função da seca, no entanto, esta é a base econômica da agricultura familiar que sustenta a região. Assim, realizou-se um estudo com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do ambiente térmico sobre as respostas fisiológicas de vacas ¾ Holandês-Zebu, na região do semiárido mineiro a fim de se verificar a adaptabilidade destes animais. O experimento foi conduzido no verão e inverno, na fazenda Bela Vista localizada no município de Verdelândia (MG), onde foram avaliadas 10 vacas ¾ Holandês x Zebu (HxZ), em cada época. O ambiente térmico foi caracterizado por meio de medições diárias da temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar, índice de temperatura de globo e umidade e carga térmica radiante. Os parâmetros fisiológicos: frequência respiratória e cardíaca, temperatura de superfície corporal e temperatura retal, espessura, cor e densidade do pelame, e comprimento dos pelos foram mensurados antes da ordenha matutina, em função das estações do ano, diariamente, durante 15 dias. As variáveis e índices climáticos foram superiores no verão e no período da tarde. A frequência respiratória e a espessura do pelame não diferiram estatisticamente, no entanto as demais variáveis foram superiores no verão. As variáveis climáticas induziram diferenças nos parâmetros fisiológicos, mas foram assimiladas pelos animais, o que permite concluir que as vacas ¾ HxZ adaptam-se ao clima do semiárido mineiro sem manifestarem situação de estresse térmico.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Bovinos , Bovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bovinos/fisiologia , Bovinos/genética , Cruzamentos Genéticos , Clima , Complacência (Medida de Distensibilidade)RESUMO
The northern region of Minas Gerais has limited milk production, mainly due to drought, however, this is the economic base of family agriculture that sustains the region. Thus, a study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the thermal environment on the physiological responses of Holstein-Zebu cows in the semi-arid region of Minas Gerais in order to verify the adaptability of these animals. The experiment was conducted in the summer and winter at the Bela Vista farm located in the Verdelândia city (MG), where 10 cows ¾ Holstein x Zebu (HxZ) were evaluated in each season. The thermal environment was characterized by means of daily measurements of air temperature, relative humidity, air temperature index and humidity and radiant thermal load. The physiological parameters: respiratory and heart rate, body surface temperature and rectal temperature, thickness, hair color and density, and hair length were measured before morning milking, as a function of the seasons of the year for 15 days. Climatic variables and indexes were higher in the summer and in the afternoon. The respiratory rate and the pelt thickness did not differ statistically, however the other variables were higher in the summer.Climatic variables induced differences in the physiological parameters, but were assimilated by the animals, which leads to the conclusion that ¾ HxZ cows adapt to the climate of the semi-arid region of Minas Gerais without showing a situation of thermal stress.(AU)
A região Norte de Minas possui a produção de leite limitada, principalmente em função da seca, no entanto, esta é a base econômica da agricultura familiar que sustenta a região. Assim, realizou-se um estudo com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do ambiente térmico sobre as respostas fisiológicas de vacas ¾ Holandês-Zebu, na região do semiárido mineiro a fim de se verificar a adaptabilidade destes animais. O experimento foi conduzido no verão e inverno, na fazenda Bela Vista localizada no município de Verdelândia (MG), onde foram avaliadas 10 vacas ¾ Holandês x Zebu (HxZ), em cada época. O ambiente térmico foi caracterizado por meio de medições diárias da temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar, índice de temperatura de globo e umidade e carga térmica radiante. Os parâmetros fisiológicos: frequência respiratória e cardíaca, temperatura de superfície corporal e temperatura retal, espessura, cor e densidade do pelame, e comprimento dos pelos foram mensurados antes da ordenha matutina, em função das estações do ano, diariamente, durante 15 dias. As variáveis e índices climáticos foram superiores no verão e no período da tarde. A frequência respiratória e a espessura do pelame não diferiram estatisticamente, no entanto as demais variáveis foram superiores no verão. As variáveis climáticas induziram diferenças nos parâmetros fisiológicos, mas foram assimiladas pelos animais, o que permite concluir que as vacas ¾ HxZ adaptam-se ao clima do semiárido mineiro sem manifestarem situação de estresse térmico.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Bovinos , Bovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bovinos/fisiologia , Bovinos/genética , Cruzamentos Genéticos , Complacência (Medida de Distensibilidade) , ClimaRESUMO
AIM: Delay in commencing adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer seems to impair survival in some retrospective studies. This study was planned to evaluate its impact on survival. METHODS: This was a retrospective study enrolling patients registered from 2000 to 2012 in two large cancer-dedicated institutions in Brazil. The primary outcome was overall survival according to early vs late chemotherapy initiation. The interval between the primary surgery and the start of adjuvant chemotherapy was calculated. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the impact of multiple prognostic factors on survival by Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: By the end of 2012, a total of 1963 Stage II and III colorectal patients were identified and 1318 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy, with 22% and 46% of those starting adjuvant chemotherapy within 6 weeks and 8 weeks of surgery. The median period of follow-up was 41 months. Patients starting chemotherapy within 6-8 weeks of surgery had longer overall survival compared with those who started after (6 weeks vs later, hazard ratio 0.76, 95% CI 0.57-0.99, P = 0.046; 8 weeks vs later, hazard ratio 0.74, 95% CI 0.59-0.93, P = 0.011). In the multivariate analysis, age, stage, histological grade, angiolymphatic invasion, emergency surgery and preoperative therapy were independent prognostic factors, but the interval between surgery and start of adjuvant therapy was not. CONCLUSION: In this large retrospective study, the standard prognostic factors impacted on survival whereas the timing of adjuvant therapy did not. Patients with delayed adjuvant chemotherapy may have worse prognostic factors which could play a major role in their poor outcome.
Assuntos
Quimioterapia Adjuvante/métodos , Neoplasias Colorretais/tratamento farmacológico , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos do Sistema Digestório , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Brasil , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Feminino , Fluoruracila/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Terapia Neoadjuvante , Invasividade Neoplásica , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Compostos Organoplatínicos/uso terapêutico , Oxaliplatina , Prognóstico , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Taxa de Sobrevida , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The objective this study was to assess ergonomic factors, posture and biomechanics of workers of a broiler egg hatchery. The analysis of ergonomic factors was based on physical work load, thermal environment, and exposure to light and noise. The posture of workers was analyzed using photographic records which were evaluated by the software program OWAS (Ovako Working Posture Analysing System). A biomechanics analysis was also performed based on the photographs taken of the employee at various angles, which were used as inputs to the Michigan two-dimensional biomechanical model software program. The results show that certain activities can be considered unhealthy due to the exposure of employees to physical and thermal overload. The continuous noise levels and lighting were outside the range considered adequate by the regulations of the Brazilian Ministry of Labor. The manner in which certain activities are carried out when associated with weight and poor posture can result in body lesions in broiler hatchery employees. It is therefore necessary to apply specific ergonomic programs, including scheduled breaks, training, and other measures in order to reduce or to eliminate the risks involved in these activities.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Galinhas/metabolismoRESUMO
The objective this study was to assess ergonomic factors, posture and biomechanics of workers of a broiler egg hatchery. The analysis of ergonomic factors was based on physical work load, thermal environment, and exposure to light and noise. The posture of workers was analyzed using photographic records which were evaluated by the software program OWAS (Ovako Working Posture Analysing System). A biomechanics analysis was also performed based on the photographs taken of the employee at various angles, which were used as inputs to the Michigan two-dimensional biomechanical model software program. The results show that certain activities can be considered unhealthy due to the exposure of employees to physical and thermal overload. The continuous noise levels and lighting were outside the range considered adequate by the regulations of the Brazilian Ministry of Labor. The manner in which certain activities are carried out when associated with weight and poor posture can result in body lesions in broiler hatchery employees. It is therefore necessary to apply specific ergonomic programs, including scheduled breaks, training, and other measures in order to reduce or to eliminate the risks involved in these activities.
Assuntos
Animais , Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Galinhas/metabolismoRESUMO
A conceptual and integrated analysis of the UASB/Polishing Pond system is presented in relation to the removal of specific constituents not normally covered in the pond's literature, namely surfactants (linear alkylbenzene sulphonate, LAS), micropollutants (phthalates and bisphenol A) and sulfide. Experimental studies carried out on a small full-scale UASB/PP system have shown limited overall removal efficiencies for some constituents (53% to 70% for phthalates and 50% for LAS), but excellent removal levels for bisphenol A (around 99%) and sulfide (no trace concentrations were detected in the second and third ponds of the series). Further research is needed to investigate possible limitations and to identify means to improve the performance of the UASB/PP system.
Assuntos
Reatores Biológicos , Gases , Tensoativos/isolamento & purificação , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/isolamento & purificação , Purificação da Água/métodos , Ácidos Alcanossulfônicos/isolamento & purificação , Anaerobiose , Compostos Benzidrílicos , Biodegradação Ambiental , Desenho de Equipamento , Água Doce , Sulfeto de Hidrogênio/química , Fenóis/isolamento & purificação , Ácidos Ftálicos/química , Sulfetos/química , Sulfetos/isolamento & purificação , Tensoativos/química , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
The hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST) has proved to be a good tool for evaluating the membrane integrity of spermatozoa of various domestic animals including cattle, horses, and swine. However, the best approach for using this technique in rabbit semen has not been tested. The present study aimed to establish the best hypoosmotic solution (HS) for testing membrane integrity in fresh rabbit semen. Sucrose solutions with the following osmolarities were used: 50, 60, 75, 100, 125 and 150mOsm/L. Semen samples (n=30) were collected from five mature White New Zealand rabbits (six collections per rabbit) at 72h intervals. After macroscopic evaluation, 10microL of semen was immediately added to 2mL of each solution and incubated for 1h at 37 degrees C. Sequentially, 20microL of semen diluted in HS were evaluated with oil immersion using a phase-contrast microscope. A total of 200 spermatozoa were counted in at least five different fields, and sperm tails were classified as non-coiled, coiled, and strongly coiled. The respective percentages of spermatozoa with coiled tails (coiled plus strongly coiled) in the six solutions listed above were 54.8, 65.2, 54.3, 53.9, 38.9 and 29.4%. Percentage of strongly coiled spermatozoa was: 40.2, 51.0, 43.2, 41.5, 32.7 and 26.9 for the six solutions, respectively. According to total and strong coiling 60mOsm/L was superior to others treatments (P<0.05). Results suggest that the 60mOsm/L solution would be most desirable for use in HOST in fresh rabbit spermatozoa.
Assuntos
Membrana Celular/fisiologia , Coelhos/fisiologia , Espermatozoides/fisiologia , Animais , Masculino , Microscopia de Contraste de Fase/veterinária , Concentração Osmolar , Motilidade dos Espermatozoides/fisiologia , Sacarose/farmacologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Prosthetic reconstruction of the chest wall may yield several respiratory changes. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, no comprehensive analysis of respiratory mechanics under this condition has been hitherto performed. METHODS: Respiratory mechanics were evaluated in two groups of rats. In one group (n=8), a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) patch was used; in another group (n=8), a polypropylene mesh (Marlex) associated with methylmethacrylate (PPMM) was employed. All animals were sedated, anesthetized, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated before and after the prosthetic reconstruction of the chest wall. After airway occlusion at end inspiration, respiratory system, pulmonary, and chest wall resistive pressures (deltaP1rs, deltaP1L, and deltaP1cw, respectively) and viscoelastic/inhomogeneous pressures (deltaP2rs, deltaP2L, and deltaP2cw, respectively) were determined. Respiratory system, lung, and chest wall static (Est(rs), EstL, and Est(cw), respectively), and dynamic elastances (Edyn(rs), EdynL, and Edyn(cw), respectively), and the corresponding delta elastances (deltaE, calculated as Edyn-Est) were also obtained. RESULTS: In both groups, significant increases in deltaP2rs, deltaP2cw, deltaErs, deltaEcw, Est(rs), EstL, and Est(cw) were observed after chest wall reconstruction. However, deltaP2rs, deltaP2cw, deltaErs, deltaEcw, Est(rs), and EstL were significantly higher in the PPMM group than in the PTFE group. CONCLUSIONS: Prosthetic reconstruction of the chest wall yields not only elastic changes, but also there is also an important increase of pressure dissipated against viscoelastic/inhomogeneous segments of the chest wall. Furthermore, taking into account respiratory mechanics, the PTFE patch might be preferred to the PPMM patch.
Assuntos
Implantação de Prótese , Mecânica Respiratória , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Torácicos , Animais , Materiais Biocompatíveis , Elasticidade , Masculino , Polietilenos , Polipropilenos , Politetrafluoretileno , Pressão , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Telas Cirúrgicas , Tórax/fisiologiaRESUMO
This study was performed to evaluate the role of diethylcarbamazine (DEC), the drug of choice for treating Lymphatic Filariasis and Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia, on respiratory mechanics of higid rats. Thus, during 30 days two groups of six rats each received intraperitoneally either isotonic saline solution, or 12 mg/kg per day of DEC. Thereafter, they were sedated, anesthetized, paralysed and mechanical ventilation followed. After airway occlusion at end inspiration, respiratory system, pulmonary and chest wall resistive pressures (delta P1,rs, delta P1,L, and delta P1,w, respectively) and viscoelastic/inhomogeneous pressures (delta P2,rs, delta P2,L and delta P2,w, respectively) were determined in each group. Total delta pressures (delta Ptot) were calculated as the sum of delta P1 and delta P2, yielding the values of delta Ptot,rs, delta Ptot,L, and delta Ptot,w, respectively. Respiratory system, lung and chest wall static (Est,rs, Est,L, and Est,w, respectively) and dynamic elastances (Edyn,rs, Edyn,L, and Edyn,w, respectively), and the corresponding delta elastances (calculated as Edyn-Est) were also obtained. DEC therapy significantly decreased delta Ptot,rs, delta P tot,L, delta P2,rs, delta P2,L, Est,ts, Est,L, delta Ers and delta EL, in relation to the respective control values. It can be concluded that DEC decreases respiratory system impedance, being potentially useful for allowing airway dilation at the lung periphery.