RESUMO

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.826039.].

RESUMO

Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in Latin America progress with hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and weight loss and maybe lethal mainly in untreated cases. miRNAs are important regulators of immune and inflammatory gene expression, but their mechanisms of action and their relationship to pathogenesis in leishmaniasis are not well understood. In the present study, we sought to quantify changes in miRNAs associated with immune and inflammatory pathways using the L. (L.) infantum promastigote infected- human monocytic THP-1 cell model and plasma from patients with visceral leishmaniasis. We identified differentially expressed miRNAs in infected THP-1 cells compared with non-infected cells using qPCR arrays. These miRNAs were submitted to in silico analysis, revealing targets within functional pathways associated with TGF-ß, chemokines, glucose metabolism, inflammation, apoptosis, and cell signaling. In parallel, we identified differentially expressed miRNAs in active visceral leishmaniasis patient plasma compared with endemic healthy controls. In silico analysis of these data indicated different predicted targets within the TGF-ß, TLR4, IGF-I, chemokine, and HIF1α pathways. Only a small number of miRNAs were commonly identified in these two datasets, notably with miR-548d-3p being up-regulated in both conditions. To evaluate the potential biological role of miR-548d-3p, we transiently transfected a miR-548d-3p inhibitor into L. (L.) infantum infected-THP-1 cells, finding that inhibition of miR-548d-3p enhanced parasite growth, likely mediated through reduced levels of MCP-1/CCL2 and nitric oxide production. Further work will be required to determine how miR-548d-3p plays a role in vivo and whether it serves as a potential biomarker of progressive leishmaniasis.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is one of the most important virus in dairy cattle. The infection behavior follows what we call the iceberg phenomenon: 60% of infected animals do not show clinical signs; 30% develop persistent lymphocytosis (PL); and the remaining 10%, die due to lymphosarcoma. BLV transmission depends on infected cell exchange and thus, proviral load is determinant. Understanding the mechanisms by which cattle governs the control of viral dissemination will be desirable for designing effective therapeutic or preventive strategies for BLV. The development of high proviral load (HPL) or low proviral load (LPL) might be associated to genetic factors and humoral immune responses, however cellular responses are not fully described. It is known that BLV affects cellular homeostasis: proliferation and apoptosis. It is also known that the BLV tropism is directed towards B lymphocytes, and that lymphocytotic animals have elevated amounts of these cells. Usually, when an animal is infected by BLV, the B markers that increase are CD21, CD5 and CD11b. This increase could be related to the modulation of apoptosis in these cells. This is the first work in which animals infected with BLV are classified according to their proviral load and the subpopulations of B and T lymphocytes are evaluated in terms of their percentage in peripheral blood and its stage of apoptosis and viability. PBMCs from HPL animals proliferated more than LPL and non-infected animals. CD11b+/CD5+ lymphocytes in LPL animals presented greater early and late apoptosis than HPL animals and cells of HPL animals had increased viability than LPL animals. Our results confirm that BLV alters the mechanism of apoptosis and proliferation of infected cells.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Several factors can affect bovine mammary gland health and although bacterial mastitis is the most studied and reported cause, viral infections may also have negative effects on bovine udder health. Viral infections can indirectly damage the papillary duct of the teat, and induce or exacerbate signs of bovine mastitis due to viral-induced immunosuppressive effects that may lead to a greater susceptibility to bacterial mastitis and even intensify the severity of established bacterial infections. Some viruses (Bovine alphaherpesvirus2, cowpox, pseudocowpox, foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis and papillomavirus) affect the integrity of the udder skin, leading to teat lesions, favoring the entry of mastitis-causing pathogens. It is therefore possible that the association between mastitis and viruses is underestimated and may, for example, be associated with negative bacterial culture results. Few milk samples are tested for the presence of viruses, mainly because of the more laborious and expensive procedures required. Furthermore, samples for virus testing would require specific procedures in terms of collection, handling and storage. Thus, there is a knowledge gap in regard to the actual impact of viruses on bovine udder health. Despite the fact that serum anti-virus antibodies can be detected, there is not enough evidence to confirm or exclude the effect of viruses on udder health. However, any expectation of milk production from healthy animals should consider the possible impact of viral infections in mastitis development and not underestimate the importance of actions to diagnose and control the disease. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to describe the association of diagnosis and control of viral diseases and their effect on bovine udder health.(AU)

Diversos fatores podem afetar a saúde da glândula mamária bovina e embora a mastite bacteriana seja a causa mais estudada e relatada, as infecções virais também podem ter efeitos negativos sobre a saúde da glândula mamária bovina. De forma indireta as infecções virais podem danificar o ducto papilar do teto ou ainda, induzir ou agravar a mastite bovina, devido aos seus efeitos imunossupressores que podem levar a uma maior susceptibilidade para casos de mastite bacteriana e até mesmo intensificar a severidade das infecções bacterianas já estabelecidas. Alguns vírus (Alphaherpesvirus bovino 2, cowpox, pseudocowpox, febre aftosa, estomatite vesicular e papilomavírus) afetam a integridade da pele do úbere, levando a lesões no teto, favorecendo a entrada de patógenos causadores de mastite. Portanto é possível que a associação entre mastites e viroses seja subestimada e podem, por exemplo, estar associada às amostras de diagnóstico de mastite bacteriana com resultados de cultura bacteriana negativa. Além disso, as amostras de leite de vacas com mastite não são coletadas, tratadas e armazenadas adequadamente para pesquisa de vírus que requer cuidados específicos, além de um diagnóstico mais trabalhoso e caro. Desse modo, há lacunas a serem preenchidas quanto ao real impacto das viroses sobre a saúde da glândula mamária bovina. Apesar da possibilidade de detecção de anticorpos séricos contra os vírus, não existem evidências suficientes para incluir ou excluir os efeitos das viroses a saúde da glândula mamária bovina. Porém, a expectativa de produção de leite por meio de animais saudáveis deve considerar os possíveis impactos das infecções virais no desenvolvimento de mastites, não se pode, portanto, subestimar a importância de ações para o diagnóstico e controle das mesmas. Sendo assim, o propósito desta revisão é descrever as relações entre o diagnóstico de controle das doenças virais e seus potenciais impactos sobre a saúde da glândula mamária bovina.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Several factors can affect bovine mammary gland health and although bacterial mastitis is the most studied and reported cause, viral infections may also have negative effects on bovine udder health. Viral infections can indirectly damage the papillary duct of the teat, and induce or exacerbate signs of bovine mastitis due to viral-induced immunosuppressive effects that may lead to a greater susceptibility to bacterial mastitis and even intensify the severity of established bacterial infections. Some viruses (Bovine alphaherpesvirus2, cowpox, pseudocowpox, foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis and papillomavirus) affect the integrity of the udder skin, leading to teat lesions, favoring the entry of mastitis-causing pathogens. It is therefore possible that the association between mastitis and viruses is underestimated and may, for example, be associated with negative bacterial culture results. Few milk samples are tested for the presence of viruses, mainly because of the more laborious and expensive procedures required. Furthermore, samples for virus testing would require specific procedures in terms of collection, handling and storage. Thus, there is a knowledge gap in regard to the actual impact of viruses on bovine udder health. Despite the fact that serum anti-virus antibodies can be detected, there is not enough evidence to confirm or exclude the effect of viruses on udder health. However, any expectation of milk production from healthy animals should consider the possible impact of viral infections in mastitis development and not underestimate the importance of actions to diagnose and control the disease. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to describe the association of diagnosis and control of viral diseases and their effect on bovine udder health.(AU)

Diversos fatores podem afetar a saúde da glândula mamária bovina e embora a mastite bacteriana seja a causa mais estudada e relatada, as infecções virais também podem ter efeitos negativos sobre a saúde da glândula mamária bovina. De forma indireta as infecções virais podem danificar o ducto papilar do teto ou ainda, induzir ou agravar a mastite bovina, devido aos seus efeitos imunossupressores que podem levar a uma maior susceptibilidade para casos de mastite bacteriana e até mesmo intensificar a severidade das infecções bacterianas já estabelecidas. Alguns vírus (Alphaherpesvirus bovino 2, cowpox, pseudocowpox, febre aftosa, estomatite vesicular e papilomavírus) afetam a integridade da pele do úbere, levando a lesões no teto, favorecendo a entrada de patógenos causadores de mastite. Portanto é possível que a associação entre mastites e viroses seja subestimada e podem, por exemplo, estar associada às amostras de diagnóstico de mastite bacteriana com resultados de cultura bacteriana negativa. Além disso, as amostras de leite de vacas com mastite não são coletadas, tratadas e armazenadas adequadamente para pesquisa de vírus que requer cuidados específicos, além de um diagnóstico mais trabalhoso e caro. Desse modo, há lacunas a serem preenchidas quanto ao real impacto das viroses sobre a saúde da glândula mamária bovina. Apesar da possibilidade de detecção de anticorpos séricos contra os vírus, não existem evidências suficientes para incluir ou excluir os efeitos das viroses a saúde da glândula mamária bovina. Porém, a expectativa de produção de leite por meio de animais saudáveis deve considerar os possíveis impactos das infecções virais no desenvolvimento de mastites, não se pode, portanto, subestimar a importância de ações para o diagnóstico e controle das mesmas. Sendo assim, o propósito desta revisão é descrever as relações entre o diagnóstico de controle das doenças virais e seus potenciais impactos sobre a saúde da glândula mamária bovina.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The bronchopneumonia of calves represents a risk to national supply chain because it is an ecopathy and weakens the more intensive production systems. It is characterized by inflammatory changes in the bronchi, bronchioles, lung parenchyma, and pleura. It is a disease of multifactorial traits called Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD). The association of infectious agents with host defense and management to which the animal is subjected leads to the emergence of major clinical manifestations of the disease. The clinical evolution of BRD can also have serious secondary changes such as pulmonary edema, sepsis, and pulmonary hypertension, or even be consequent to the involvement of other structures, such as in cases of myocarditis leading to congestive heart failure. Although this report refers to a non-experimental framework, the circumstances that caused the calf to be subjected to a protocol-specific respiratory assessment involving non-routine reviews has made it possible to associate circulatory and respiratory conditions, rarely considered in ruminant clinic. The focus of this report was pulmonary edema. Modern clinical vision requires of the veterinarian work with cost-benefit relation, so that the more accurate and the earlier the clinical diagnosis the less expensive the treatment.(AU)

A broncopneumonia dos bezerros representa um risco à cadeia produtiva nacional por ser uma ecopatia e fragilizar os sistemas mais intensivos de produção. É caracterizada por alterações inflamatórias de brônquios, bronquíolos, parênquima pulmonar e pleura. Por ser uma doença de características multifatoriais é denominada Complexo Doença Respiratória de Bovinos (CDRB). A interação dos agentes infecciosos, a defesa do hospedeiro e o manejo ao qual o animal é submetido determinam as principais manifestações clínicas da doença. A evolução clínica do CDRB também pode apresentar alterações secundárias graves como o edema pulmonar, septicemia e a hipertensão pulmonar, ou mesmo ser consequente ao acometimento de outras estruturas, como nos casos de miocardite que levam à insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. Apesar deste relato referir-se a um quadro não experimental, as circunstâncias de submissão a um protocolo de avaliação respiratória específico, envolvendo avaliações não rotineiras, permitiu a o estabelecimento da associação entre as interações circulatórias e o quadro respiratório, pouco consideradas na clínica de ruminantes. A referência do presente relato foi o edema pulmonar. A visão clínica moderna obriga o médico veterinário a trabalhar a relação custo-benefício e, quanto mais acurado e precoce é o diagnóstico clínico, menos dispendioso é o tratamento.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The bronchopneumonia of calves represents a risk to national supply chain because it is an ecopathy and weakens the more intensive production systems. It is characterized by inflammatory changes in the bronchi, bronchioles, lung parenchyma, and pleura. It is a disease of multifactorial traits called Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD). The association of infectious agents with host defense and management to which the animal is subjected leads to the emergence of major clinical manifestations of the disease. The clinical evolution of BRD can also have serious secondary changes such as pulmonary edema, sepsis, and pulmonary hypertension, or even be consequent to the involvement of other structures, such as in cases of myocarditis leading to congestive heart failure. Although this report refers to a non-experimental framework, the circumstances that caused the calf to be subjected to a protocol-specific respiratory assessment involving non-routine reviews has made it possible to associate circulatory and respiratory conditions, rarely considered in ruminant clinic. The focus of this report was pulmonary edema. Modern clinical vision requires of the veterinarian work with cost-benefit relation, so that the more accurate and the earlier the clinical diagnosis the less expensive the treatment.(AU)

A broncopneumonia dos bezerros representa um risco à cadeia produtiva nacional por ser uma ecopatia e fragilizar os sistemas mais intensivos de produção. É caracterizada por alterações inflamatórias de brônquios, bronquíolos, parênquima pulmonar e pleura. Por ser uma doença de características multifatoriais é denominada Complexo Doença Respiratória de Bovinos (CDRB). A interação dos agentes infecciosos, a defesa do hospedeiro e o manejo ao qual o animal é submetido determinam as principais manifestações clínicas da doença. A evolução clínica do CDRB também pode apresentar alterações secundárias graves como o edema pulmonar, septicemia e a hipertensão pulmonar, ou mesmo ser consequente ao acometimento de outras estruturas, como nos casos de miocardite que levam à insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. Apesar deste relato referir-se a um quadro não experimental, as circunstâncias de submissão a um protocolo de avaliação respiratória específico, envolvendo avaliações não rotineiras, permitiu a o estabelecimento da associação entre as interações circulatórias e o quadro respiratório, pouco consideradas na clínica de ruminantes. A referência do presente relato foi o edema pulmonar. A visão clínica moderna obriga o médico veterinário a trabalhar a relação custo-benefício e, quanto mais acurado e precoce é o diagnóstico clínico, menos dispendioso é o tratamento.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Several factors can affect bovine mammary gland health and although bacterial mastitis is the most studied and reported cause, viral infections may also have negative effects on bovine udder health. Viral infections can indirectly damage the papillary duct of the teat, and induce or exacerbate signs of bovine mastitis due to viral-induced immunosuppressive effects that may lead to a greater susceptibility to bacterial mastitis and even intensify the severity of established bacterial infections. Some viruses (Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2, cowpox, pseudocowpox, foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis and papillomavirus) affect the integrity of the udder skin, leading to teat lesions, favoring the entry of mastitis-causing pathogens. It is therefore possible that the association between mastitis and viruses is underestimated and may, for example, be associated with negative bacterial culture results. Few milk samples are tested for the presence of viruses, mainly because of the more laborious and expensive procedures required. Furthermore, samples for virus testing would require specific procedures in terms of collection, handling and storage. Thus, there is a knowledge gap in regard to the actual impact of viruses on bovine udder health. Despite the fact that serum anti-virus antibodies can be detected, there is not enough evidence to confirm or exclude the effect of viruses on

Diversos fatores podem afetar a saúde da glândula mamária bovina e embora a mastite bacteriana seja a causa mais estudada e relatada, as infecções virais também podem ter efeitos negativos sobre a saúde da glândula mamária bovina. De forma indireta as infecções virais podem danificar o ducto papilar do teto ou ainda, induzir ou agravar a mastite bovina, devido aos seus efeitos imunossupressores que podem levar a uma maior susceptibilidade para casos de mastite bacteriana e até mesmo intensificar a severidade das infecções bacterianas já estabelecidas. Alguns vírus (Alphaherpesvirus bovino 2, cowpox, pseudocowpox, febre aftosa, estomatite vesicular e papilomavírus) afetam a integridade da pele do úbere, levando a lesões no teto, favorecendo a entrada de patógenos causadores de mastite. Portanto é possível que a associação entre mastites e viroses seja subestimada e podem, por exemplo, estar associada às amostras de diagnóstico de mastite bacteriana com resultados de cultura bacteriana negativa. Além disso, as amostras de leite de vacas com mastite não são coletadas, tratadas e armazenadas adequadamente para pesquisa de vírus que requer cuidados específicos, além de um diagnóstico mais trabalhoso e caro. Desse modo, há lacunas aserem preenchidas quanto ao real impacto das viroses sobre a saúde da glândula mamária bovina. Apesar da possibilidade de detecção de anticorpos séricos c

RESUMO

The bronchopneumonia of calves represents a risk to national supply chain because it is an ecopathy and weakens the more intensive production systems. It is characterized by inflammatory changes in the bronchi, bronchioles, lung parenchyma, and pleura. It is a disease of multifactorial traits called Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD). The association of infectious agents with host defense and management to which the animal is subjected leads to the emergence of major clinical manifestations of the disease. The clinical evolution of BRD can also have serious secondary changes such as pulmonary edema, sepsis, and pulmonary hypertension, or even be consequent to the involvement of other structures, such as in cases of myocarditis leading to congestive heart failure. Although this report refers to a non-experimental framework, the circumstances that caused the calf to be subjected to a protocol-specific respiratory assessment involving non-routine reviews has made it possible to associate circulatory and respiratory conditions, rarely considered in ruminant clinic. The focus of this report was pulmonary edema. Modern clinical vision requires of the veterinarian work with cost-benefit relation, so that the more accurate and the earlier the clinical diagnosis the less expensive the treatment.

A broncopneumonia dos bezerros representa um risco à cadeia produtiva nacional por ser uma ecopatia e fragilizar os sistemas mais intensivos de produção. É caracterizada por alterações inflamatórias de brônquios, bronquíolos, parênquima pulmonar e pleura. Por ser uma doença de características multifatoriais é denominada Complexo Doença Respiratória de Bovinos (CDRB). A interação dos agentes infecciosos, a defesa do hospedeiro e o manejo ao qual o animal é submetido determinam as principais manifestações clínicas da doença. A evolução clínica do CDRB também pode apresentar alterações secundárias graves como o edema pulmonar, septicemia e a hipertensão pulmonar, ou mesmo ser consequente ao acometimento de outras estruturas, como nos casos de miocardite que levam à insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. Apesar deste relato referir-se a um quadro não experimental, as circunstâncias de submissão a um protocolo de avaliação respiratória específico, envolvendo avaliações não rotineiras, permitiu a o estabelecimento da associação entre as interações circulatórias e o quadro respiratório, pouco consideradas na clínica de ruminantes. A referência do presente relato foi o edema pulmonar. A visão clínica moderna obriga o médico veterinário a trabalhar a relação custo-benefício e, quanto mais acurado e precoce é o diagnóstico clínico, menos dispendioso é o tratamento.

RESUMO

Several factors can affect bovine mammary gland health and although bacterial mastitis is the most studied and reported cause, viral infections may also have negative effects on bovine udder health. Viral infections can indirectly damage the papillary duct of the teat, and induce or exacerbate signs of bovine mastitis due to viral-induced immunosuppressive effects that may lead to a greater susceptibility to bacterial mastitis and even intensify the severity of established bacterial infections. Some viruses (Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2, cowpox, pseudocowpox, foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis and papillomavirus) affect the integrity of the udder skin, leading to teat lesions, favoring the entry of mastitis-causing pathogens. It is therefore possible that the association between mastitis and viruses is underestimated and may, for example, be associated with negative bacterial culture results. Few milk samples are tested for the presence of viruses, mainly because of the more laborious and expensive procedures required. Furthermore, samples for virus testing would require specific procedures in terms of collection, handling and storage. Thus, there is a knowledge gap in regard to the actual impact of viruses on bovine udder health. Despite the fact that serum anti-virus antibodies can be detected, there is not enough evidence to confirm or exclude the effect of viruses on

Diversos fatores podem afetar a saúde da glândula mamária bovina e embora a mastite bacteriana seja a causa mais estudada e relatada, as infecções virais também podem ter efeitos negativos sobre a saúde da glândula mamária bovina. De forma indireta as infecções virais podem danificar o ducto papilar do teto ou ainda, induzir ou agravar a mastite bovina, devido aos seus efeitos imunossupressores que podem levar a uma maior susceptibilidade para casos de mastite bacteriana e até mesmo intensificar a severidade das infecções bacterianas já estabelecidas. Alguns vírus (Alphaherpesvirus bovino 2, cowpox, pseudocowpox, febre aftosa, estomatite vesicular e papilomavírus) afetam a integridade da pele do úbere, levando a lesões no teto, favorecendo a entrada de patógenos causadores de mastite. Portanto é possível que a associação entre mastites e viroses seja subestimada e podem, por exemplo, estar associada às amostras de diagnóstico de mastite bacteriana com resultados de cultura bacteriana negativa. Além disso, as amostras de leite de vacas com mastite não são coletadas, tratadas e armazenadas adequadamente para pesquisa de vírus que requer cuidados específicos, além de um diagnóstico mais trabalhoso e caro. Desse modo, há lacunas aserem preenchidas quanto ao real impacto das viroses sobre a saúde da glândula mamária bovina. Apesar da possibilidade de detecção de anticorpos séricos c

RESUMO

The present work is a retrospective study of respiratoryendoscopies performed in male cattle aged two days to twoyears at the Bovine and Small Ruminants Clinic, School ofVeterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University ofSão Paulo, in order to define the normal range for this test incattle. It were examined 45 animals, performing an averageof seven endoscopies in each animal, totaling 321 procedures.The entire respiratory tract was observed as to mucosal colorand appearance, the presence or absence of secretion, edema,and congestion, in addition to the length and anatomiccharacteristics of the respiratory tract. This informationhelps in the diagnosis, treatment, and study of the primaryrespiratory diseases that affect large animals. Also, because itis a test involving technification, it should be adapted to theclinical routine for the provision of reliable information on thejustification of the cost/benefit of the applied procedure.(AU)

O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo retrospectivo das endoscopiasrespiratórias realizadas em bovinos machos com dois dias adois anos de idade, na Clínica de Bovinos e Pequenos Ruminantesda Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidadede São Paulo, visando ao estabelecimento de um padrãode normalidade para esse exame em bovinos. Foram utilizados 45animais submetidos em média a sete exames endoscópicos cada,totalizando 321 procedimentos. Foi observado todo o trato respiratórioquanto à coloração e aparência das mucosas, presença ounão de secreção, edema e congestão, além do comprimento doaparelho respiratório e das suas características anatômicas. Essas informaçõesauxiliam no diagnóstico, no tratamento e no estudo dasprincipais doenças respiratórias que acometem os grandes animais.Além disso, por tratar-se de um exame que envolve tecnificação,ele deve ser adaptado à rotina para o fornecimento de informaçõesseguras na justificativa da relação custo/benefício da técnica.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Background: Twenty-four h electrocardiographic monitoring is a noninvasive method of assessing cardiac rhythm. Holter monitoring in farm animals can help assessing heart rate variability and its relationship with stress and production. Several authors have reviewed the normal cardiac rhythm of bovines, but there is little information on heart rhythm in calves. The goal of this research is to elucidate which cardiac rhythms may be considered physiological in Holstein calves, from 3 to 6 months old. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four h ambulatory electrocardiography (Holter monitoring) was performed in 10 male Holstein calves, with ages ranging from 3 to 6 months old. The animals came from private farms in São Paulo state and were housed in a semi-open stall during the study. The animals had their hair clipped from the third to the fifth intercostal spaces on both sides of the chest, from the sternal region to the glenohumeral joint, and seven electrodes were positioned in a diagonal configuration. Decoding of the recordings was performed using specialized software and in order to minimize digital mistakes, all of the beats marked as ectopic by the software were manually revised by the authors. Mean heart rate was 83.2 ± 11.06 beats per min (bpm), maximum heart rate was 147.1 ± 11.05 bpm, and minimum heart rate was 53.7 ± 7.45 bpm. In 90% of the calves, normal sinus [...](AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The present work is a retrospective study of respiratoryendoscopies performed in male cattle aged two days to twoyears at the Bovine and Small Ruminants Clinic, School ofVeterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University ofSão Paulo, in order to define the normal range for this test incattle. It were examined 45 animals, performing an averageof seven endoscopies in each animal, totaling 321 procedures.The entire respiratory tract was observed as to mucosal colorand appearance, the presence or absence of secretion, edema,and congestion, in addition to the length and anatomiccharacteristics of the respiratory tract. This informationhelps in the diagnosis, treatment, and study of the primaryrespiratory diseases that affect large animals. Also, because itis a test involving technification, it should be adapted to theclinical routine for the provision of reliable information on thejustification of the cost/benefit of the applied procedure.

O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo retrospectivo das endoscopiasrespiratórias realizadas em bovinos machos com dois dias adois anos de idade, na Clínica de Bovinos e Pequenos Ruminantesda Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidadede São Paulo, visando ao estabelecimento de um padrãode normalidade para esse exame em bovinos. Foram utilizados 45animais submetidos em média a sete exames endoscópicos cada,totalizando 321 procedimentos. Foi observado todo o trato respiratórioquanto à coloração e aparência das mucosas, presença ounão de secreção, edema e congestão, além do comprimento doaparelho respiratório e das suas características anatômicas. Essas informaçõesauxiliam no diagnóstico, no tratamento e no estudo dasprincipais doenças respiratórias que acometem os grandes animais.Além disso, por tratar-se de um exame que envolve tecnificação,ele deve ser adaptado à rotina para o fornecimento de informaçõesseguras na justificativa da relação custo/benefício da técnica.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Background: Twenty-four h electrocardiographic monitoring is a noninvasive method of assessing cardiac rhythm. Holter monitoring in farm animals can help assessing heart rate variability and its relationship with stress and production. Several authors have reviewed the normal cardiac rhythm of bovines, but there is little information on heart rhythm in calves. The goal of this research is to elucidate which cardiac rhythms may be considered physiological in Holstein calves, from 3 to 6 months old. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four h ambulatory electrocardiography (Holter monitoring) was performed in 10 male Holstein calves, with ages ranging from 3 to 6 months old. The animals came from private farms in São Paulo state and were housed in a semi-open stall during the study. The animals had their hair clipped from the third to the fifth intercostal spaces on both sides of the chest, from the sternal region to the glenohumeral joint, and seven electrodes were positioned in a diagonal configuration. Decoding of the recordings was performed using specialized software and in order to minimize digital mistakes, all of the beats marked as ectopic by the software were manually revised by the authors. Mean heart rate was 83.2 ± 11.06 beats per min (bpm), maximum heart rate was 147.1 ± 11.05 bpm, and minimum heart rate was 53.7 ± 7.45 bpm. In 90% of the calves, normal sinus [...]

Assuntos