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1.
An Acad Bras Cienc ; 96(3): e20230629, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38922254

RESUMO

The current study proposes to investigate the diversity and phylogeny of trypanosomes parasitizing wild birds from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Cytological examination was carried out by light microscopy of blood smears and positive birds were selected for amplification of the 18S rDNA sequence through PCR. The resulting amplicons were subjected to purification, cloning, and sequencing analysis. Phylogenetic reconstruction was conducted, including all avian trypanosomes representative's lineages. A total of ten bird samples from species of Turdus flavipes (N=1/12), T. albicollis (N=1/8), Tachyphonus coronatus (N=6/121), Thamnophilus caerulescens (N=1/22) and Synallaxis spixi (N=1/8) were positive for Trypanosoma spp. In the six specimens of T. coronatus, five distinct lineages of Trypanosoma spp. 18S-rRNA were observed in ninety sequences obtained, and using the strategy of cloning independent PCR, it was possible to observe that two of them were related to T. avium (JB01/JB02), and three were closed related to T. bennetti (JB03/ JB04/JB05). Addionaly, all fifteen sequences obtained from T. caerulescens/ S. spixi/T. flavipes/T. albicollis were identical. The present research is the first study to access molecular diversity and polyparasitism by avian trypanosomes in Brazil. The current research exhibits the wide genetic variability in avian trypanosomes and its non-specific relationship with its avian hosts.


Assuntos
Aves , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Trypanosoma , Animais , Brasil , Trypanosoma/classificação , Trypanosoma/genética , Trypanosoma/isolamento & purificação , Aves/parasitologia , Floresta Úmida , RNA Ribossômico 18S/genética , DNA de Protozoário/genética , Tripanossomíase/veterinária , Tripanossomíase/parasitologia , Doenças das Aves/parasitologia , Variação Genética , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA
2.
Parasitol Res ; 123(3): 156, 2024 Mar 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38457016

RESUMO

Parasites play a pivotal role in ecosystem health, influencing human and zoonotic diseases, as well as biodiversity preservation. The genus Trypanosoma comprises approximately 500 species mostly found in wildlife animals. This study focuses on identifying trypanosomes found in the white-necked thrush (Turdus albicollis) and the yellow-legged thrush (Turdus flavipes) in the Neotropics. First, we demonstrate the utility of an 18S rDNA sequence-structure phylogeny as an alternative method for trypanosome classification, especially when gGAPDH sequences are unavailable. Subsequently, the sequence-structure phylogeny is employed to classify new trypanosome sequences discovered in wild birds, placing them within the Ornithotrypanum subgenus. This marks the first identification of Ornithotrypanum in Neotropical birds, contributing to the understanding of the distribution and ecological adaptation of avian trypanosomes. Beyond taxonomy, this study broadens our comprehension of the ecological implications of avian trypanosomes in the Neotropics, emphasizing the need for continued research in this field. These findings underscore the importance of alternative classification methods, which are essential to unravel the complex interactions between parasites, wildlife hosts, and their ecosystems.


Assuntos
Aves Canoras , Trypanosoma , Animais , Humanos , Ecossistema , RNA Ribossômico 18S/genética , Trypanosoma/genética , Filogenia , Animais Selvagens/genética
3.
J Basic Microbiol ; 64(1): 94-105, 2024 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37696778

RESUMO

The current study examined the impact of ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation in Metarhizium pingshaense blastospores' photolyase expression and their virulence against Rhipicephalus microplus. Blastospores were exposed to UV under laboratory and field conditions. Ticks were treated topically with fungal suspension and exposed to UV-B in the laboratory for three consecutive days. The expression of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimmers (CPDs)-photolyase gene maphr1-2 in blastospores after UV exposure followed by white light exposure was accessed after 0, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h. Average relative germination of blastospores 24 h after in vitro UV exposure was 8.4% lower than 48 h. Despite this, the relative germination of blastospores exposed to UV in the field 18 h (95.7 ± 0.3%) and 28 h (97.3 ± 0.8%) after exposure were not different (p > 0.05). Ticks treated with fungus and not exposed to UV exhibited 0% survival 10 days after the treatment, while fungus-treated ticks exposed to UV exhibited 50 ± 11.2% survival. Expression levels of maphr1-2 8, 12, and 24 h after UV-B exposure were not different from time zero. Maphr1-2 expression peak in M. pingshaense blastospores occurred 36 h after UV-B exposure, in the proposed conditions and times analyzed, suggesting repair mechanisms other than CPD-mediated-photoreactivation might be leading blastospores' germination from 0 to 24 h.


Assuntos
Desoxirribodipirimidina Fotoliase , Metarhizium , Rhipicephalus , Animais , Rhipicephalus/metabolismo , Rhipicephalus/microbiologia , Desoxirribodipirimidina Fotoliase/genética , Desoxirribodipirimidina Fotoliase/metabolismo , Virulência , Luz , Raios Ultravioleta , Metarhizium/metabolismo , Controle Biológico de Vetores
4.
Int Microbiol ; 27(4): 1205-1218, 2024 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38151633

RESUMO

CONTEXT: Pathogens can manipulate microbial interactions to ensure survival, potentially altering the functional patterns and microbiome assembly. The present study investigates how Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection affects the functional diversity, composition, and assembly of the Ixodes scapularis microbiome, with a focus on high central pathways-those characterized by elevated values in centrality metrics such as eigenvector, betweenness, and degree measures, in the microbial community. METHODS: Using previously published data from nymphs' gut V4 region's amplicons of bacterial 16S rRNA, we predicted the functional diversity and composition in control and A. phagocytophilum-infected ticks and inferred co-occurrence networks of taxa and ubiquitous pathways in each condition to associate the high central pathways to the microbial community assembly. RESULTS: Although no differences were observed concerning pathways richness and diversity, there was a significant impact on taxa and functional assembly when ubiquitous pathways in each condition were filtered. Moreover, a notable shift was observed in the microbiome's high central functions. Specifically, pathways related to the degradation of nucleosides and nucleotides emerged as the most central functions in response to A. phagocytophilum infection. This finding suggests a reconfiguration of functional relationships within the microbial community, potentially influenced by the pathogen's limited metabolic capacity. This limitation implies that the tick microbiome may provide additional metabolic resources to support the pathogen's functional needs. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the metabolic interactions within the tick microbiome can enhance our knowledge of pathogen colonization mechanisms and uncover new disease control and prevention strategies. For example, certain pathways that were more abundant or highly central during infection may represent potential targets for microbiota-based vaccines.


Assuntos
Anaplasma phagocytophilum , Ixodes , Microbiota , RNA Ribossômico 16S , Anaplasma phagocytophilum/fisiologia , Anaplasma phagocytophilum/genética , Animais , Ixodes/microbiologia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Ehrlichiose/microbiologia , Ninfa/microbiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia
5.
J Equine Vet Sci ; 131: 104928, 2023 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37730075

RESUMO

Equine asthma is an airway disease that affects a large number of horses annually leading to considerable economic losses in the horse industry. Despite advances in research in this area, there is still a lack of information on its etiology and molecular characterization in pasture associated asthma. The objective of the current study was to characterize the inflammatory disease of lower airways in horses maintained on pasture through cytologic and immunologic profile during the summer in a tropical environment by analysis of the gene expression of Th1 cytokines (IFN- λ, IL-8), Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-5), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF-α) in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in healthy and asthma horses on pasture. A group 39 of clinically healthy horses maintained on native pasture and supplemented with concentrate was evaluated by BAL analyzed for differential cellular count and assigned into a control and an asthma group. The gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was analyzed in the BAL by reverse time PCR (RT-PCR) (IL-1α (alpha), IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, TNF-α alpha and IFN-λ), using ß-actin as housekeeping gene. Higher gene expression of IL-1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IFN-λ in the BAL of asthma horses was found. Current results indicate an increase in Th2, characterizing an allergic inflammatory reaction due to the significant increase in IL-5 in asthmatic horses (10.3 ± 1.13), when compared to the values ​​obtained in normal horses (3.27 ± 0.46). The only down regulated cytokine in the asthma group was TNF-α, suggesting a chronic antigenic reaction.


Assuntos
Asma , Doenças dos Cavalos , Cavalos , Animais , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Interleucina-8/genética , Interleucina-4/genética , Interleucina-5 , Asma/genética , Asma/veterinária , Doenças dos Cavalos/genética
6.
Parasit Vectors ; 16(1): 185, 2023 Jun 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37280668

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Ticks are obligate bloodsucking parasites responsible for significant economic losses and concerns with human and animal health, mainly due to the transmission of pathogens. Entomopathogenic fungi have been intensively studied as an alternative strategy for tick control that can be used in combination with synthetic acaricides in the integrated management of ticks. Here, we investigated how the gut bacterial community of Rhipicephalus microplus is shaped after Metarhizium anisopliae treatment and how the tick susceptibility to the fungus is affected after disrupting gut bacterial microbiota. METHODS: Partially engorged tick females were artificially fed with pure bovine blood or blood plus tetracycline. Two other groups received the same diet and were topically treated with M. anisopliae. The guts were dissected, and the genomic DNA was extracted 3 days after the treatment; the V3-V4 variable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified. RESULTS: The gut of ticks that received no antibiotic but were treated with M. anisopliae exhibited lower bacterial diversity and a higher occurrence of Coxiella species. The Simpson diversity index and Pielou equability coefficient were higher in the gut bacterial community when R. microplus were fed with tetracycline and fungus-treated. Ticks from fungus-treated groups (with or without tetracycline) exhibited lower survival than untreated females. Previous feeding of ticks with the antibiotic did not change their susceptibility to the fungus. Ehrlichia spp. were not detected in the gueated groups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that myco-acaricidal action would not be impacted if the calf hosting these ticks is under antibiotic therapy. Moreover, the hypothesis that entomopathogenic fungi can affect the bacterial community in the gut of R. microplus engorged females is endorsed by the fact that ticks exposed to M. anisopliae exhibited a dramatic reduction in bacterial diversity. This is the first report of an entomopathogenic fungus affecting the tick gut microbiota.


Assuntos
Acaricidas , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Metarhizium , Rhipicephalus , Feminino , Humanos , Animais , Bovinos , Rhipicephalus/microbiologia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Controle Biológico de Vetores , Tetraciclina , Antibacterianos/farmacologia
8.
Parasit Vectors ; 16(1): 17, 2023 Jan 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36650591

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Mosquito-borne diseases affect millions of people. Chemical insecticides are currently employed against mosquitoes. However, many cases of insecticide resistance have been reported. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have demonstrated potential as a bioinsecticide. Here, we assessed the invasion of the EPF Beauveria bassiana into Aedes aegypti larvae and changes in the activity of phenoloxidase (PO) as a proxy for the general activation of the insect innate immune system. In addition, other cellular and humoral responses were evaluated. METHODS: Larvae were exposed to blastospores or conidia of B. bassiana CG 206. After 24 and 48 h, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was conducted on the larvae. The hemolymph was collected to determine changes in total hemocyte concentration (THC), the dynamics of hemocytes, and to observe hemocyte-fungus interactions. In addition, the larvae were macerated to assess the activity of PO using L-DOPA conversion, and the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) was measured using quantitative Real-Time PCR. RESULTS: Propagules invaded mosquitoes through the midgut, and blastopores were detected inside the hemocoel. Both propagules decreased the THC regardless of the time. By 24 h after exposure to conidia the percentage of granulocytes and oenocytoids increased while the prohemocytes decreased. By 48 h, the oenocytoid percentage increased significantly (P < 0.05) in larvae exposed to blastospores; however, the other hemocyte types did not change significantly. Regardless of the time, SEM revealed hemocytes adhering to, and nodulating, blastospores. For the larvae exposed to conidia, these interactions were observed only at 48 h. Irrespective of the propagule, the PO activity increased only at 48 h. At 24 h, cathepsin B was upregulated by infection with conidia, whereas both propagules resulted in a downregulation of cecropin and defensin A. At 48 h, blastospores and conidia increased the expression of defensin A suggesting this may be an essential AMP against EPF. CONCLUSION: By 24 h, B. bassiana CG 206 occluded the midgut, reduced THC, did not stimulate PO activity, and downregulated AMP expression in larvae, all of which allowed the fungus to impair the larvae to facilitate infection. Our data reports a complex interplay between Ae. aegypti larvae and B. bassiana CG 206 demonstrating how this fungus can infect, affect, and kill Ae. aegypti larvae.


Assuntos
Aedes , Beauveria , Humanos , Animais , Controle Biológico de Vetores/métodos , Aedes/microbiologia , Hemócitos , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Esporos Fúngicos , Larva/microbiologia
9.
Pathogens ; 11(12)2022 Dec 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36558812

RESUMO

Rhipicephalus microplus is the only tick species known to serve as a biological vector of Theileria equi for horses and other equids in Brazil. The protozoan T. equi is one of the causal agents of equine piroplasmosis, a major threat in horse breeding systems. Vector competence is closely linked to the pathogens' ability to evade tick defense mechanisms. However, knowledge of tick immune response against infections by hemoparasites of the Theileria genus is scarce. In the present study, the expression of genes involved in immune signaling pathways of R. microplus adults' guts when challenged with a high or low parasitic load of T. equi was evaluated. This research demonstrates divergences in the immune gene expression pattern linked to T. equi infection in R. microplus since the Toll, IMD, and JNK signaling pathways were transcriptionally repressed in the guts of adult ticks infected with T. equi. Moreover, the results showed that different infectious doses of T. equi induce differential gene expression of key components of immune signaling cascades in R. microplus gut, suggesting a link between the intensity of infection and the activation of tick immunity response. The present study adds knowledge to elucidate the gut immune signaling response of R. microplus to T. equi infection. In addition, the generated data can serve as a basis for further investigations to develop strategies for controlling and preventing equine piroplasmosis.

10.
Sci Rep ; 12(1): 13496, 2022 08 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35931728

RESUMO

Avian pox is a highly contagious poultry disease that causes significant economic losses. Mosquitoes belonging to the genus Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) have a fundamental role in disseminating Avipoxvirus (Poxviridae). This study proposes investigating the presence of Avipoxvirus (APV) DNA in Culex spp. from Rio de Janeiro to determine its frequency and perform a phylogenetic analysis based on the core like the 4b protein (p4b) gene. The detection of APVs was conducted individually on four hundred Culex spp. mosquitoes. A total of 12.23% (47/384) of the Culex spp. were positive in the PCR. Sequencing the p4b gene revealed that this study's sequences displayed 98.8-99% identity with Fowlpoxvirus (FWPW) sequences available in GenBank. In the phylogenetic analysis, these APVs were clustered in the A1 subclade together with FWPW sequences from several countries. The evolutionary distance of the p4b gene was 0.61 ± 0.21% in rural areas and 0.38 ± 0.16% in peri-urban areas. The current investigation is the first study to report the detection of APVs in field-caught mosquitoes. Moreover, a high frequency of APV DNA was observed in Culex spp. captured in domestic areas, where backyard poultry is present. This data demonstrates the importance of implementing control measures for Culex spp. to mitigate the transmission of APVs in backyard poultry in Rio de Janeiro.


Assuntos
Avipoxvirus , Culex , Culicidae , Vírus da Varíola das Aves Domésticas , Animais , Avipoxvirus/genética , Brasil , Filogenia , Aves Domésticas
11.
Pathogens ; 11(5)2022 Apr 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35631046

RESUMO

Experimental studies have demonstrated that Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus transmits Theileria equi to horses. However, the degree and dynamics of this protozoan infection in the vector's organism have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the infection rate and parasitic load of T. equi in R. (B.) microplus, the infection dynamics in this arthropod during experimental infestation in a horse chronically infected with T. equi, and to evaluate the trans-stadial and intrastadial transmission competence of T. equi by R. (B.) microplus. The experimental infestation period of R. (B.) microplus on the horse was 33 days, but males were found on the animal up to 60 days post-infestation. After the fifth day post-infestation, ticks and equine blood were collected every two days. Whole ticks from the same developmental stage collected in the same day were pooled. Adult ticks were dissected to extract salivary glands and gut. DNA extraction was performed for all the samples, and they were then submitted to qPCRs for T. equi diagnosis. Freshly molted nymphs collected as larvae in the horse and freshly molted males and females collected as nymphs in the horse showed equal to or greater than 75% positivity for T. equi, indicating a strong possibility of trans-stadial transmission. The longest permanence of the male ticks on the horse associated with the high positivity rate of this type of sample for T. equi indicate that the male may play a role in the intrastadial transmission of T. equi to infection-free horses. The salivary glands displayed 77.78% positivity for T. equi and presented a higher infection rate at the end of the experimental period (100% from 29 to 33 days post-infection). This study shows that R. (B.) microplus has high T. equi infection rates and that the infection rate and parasitic load increased over the experimental period. These findings confirm the importance of chronically infected horses with T. equi as a source of infection for R. (B.) microplus.

12.
Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports ; 30: 100709, 2022 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35431067

RESUMO

The epidemiological aspects of Babesia caballi infection were evaluated in 516 horse samples from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The presence and infestation level of ticks on horses, breed conditions, and animal management were evaluated on each farm through an epidemiological questionnaire. The gene that codes for rhoptry-associated protein-1 (RAP-1) of B. caballi was amplified by nested PCR (nPCR). Among the horses sampled, 17.2% (n = 89/516) presented B. caballi DNA. The characterized samples showed 99-100% similarity with other isolates of B. caballi based on the RAP-1 gene, available in GenBank. In the final logistic regression model, the variables associated with B. caballi infection in horses were as follows: age below two years (OR = 3.33; IC = 1.7-6.5), farms located in low altitudes (OR = 3.52; IC = 1.7-7.3) and Dermacentor nitens infestation (OR = 1.91; IC = 1.1-3.4). Furthermore, a high level of D. nitens infestation in horses was also a factor associated with positivity for B. caballi (OR = 2.11; IC = 1.25-3.54). In summary, young horses bred in low altitude regions characterized with high temperatures, and infested by D. nitens, mainly with a higher level of infestation, are more likely to be infected by B. caballi. This epidemiological study provides statical evidence that the D. nitens tick play a role as the biological vector of B. caballi in the studied region.


Assuntos
Babesia , Babesiose , Doenças dos Cavalos , Carrapatos , Animais , Babesia/genética , Babesiose/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/epidemiologia , Cavalos
13.
Med Vet Entomol ; 36(2): 203-211, 2022 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35229900

RESUMO

The present study is a comparative analysis of DNeasy Blood & Tissue Qiagen® kit (Qiagen®, Hilden, Alemanha), salting out, HotShot and phenol-chloroform protocols to extract DNA from sandflies. In addition, a comparative test using sandflies with and without eyes evaluated the potential inhibitory effect in the cPCR. An inhibition test was performed using an exogenous DNA added to the qPCR. The genomic DNA quality of each sample was evaluated by cPCR based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene. The DNA extraction protocols showed the following percentage of amplification: HotShot (91.6% [55/60]), salting out (71.6% [43/60]), phenol-chloroform (95% [57/60]) and kit DNeasy Blood & Tissue Qiagen® (73.3% [44/60]). The phenol-chloroform method achieved a significantly higher frequency of cox1 gene amplification. The pigment present in the phlebotomine's eyes seems to inhibit cPCR reactions since the frequency of amplification of the cox1 gene increased in the sandflies without eyes (p < 0.0001). The HotShot method showed the highest inhibitory potential. These manual extraction techniques can be an inexpensive and effective alternative to study vector-pathogen interactions.


Assuntos
Psychodidae , Animais , Clorofórmio , DNA/genética , Genômica , Fenol , Psychodidae/genética
14.
Rev Bras Parasitol Vet ; 31(1): e014221, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35195184

RESUMO

Feline Bartonella can be transmitted to humans through cat scratches or bites, and between cats, by the flea Ctenocephalides felis. The study was carried out in order to investigate the occurrence of Bartonella DNA in cats living in shelters and their ectoparasites and the relationship between the infection status of cats and ectoparasites they host. Bartonella DNA was detected in 47.8% of the cat blood samples, 18.3% of C. felis fleas, 13.3% of flea egg pools and 12.5% of lice pools. B. henselae and B. clarridgeiae DNA were detected in cat fleas, while B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae and B. koehlerae were found in blood samples from bacteremic cats. Cats infested by positive ectoparasites showed approximately twice the odds of being infected. Our results indicate that shelter cats have high prevalence of Bartonella species that are known to be human pathogens. This highlights the importance of controlling infestations by ectoparasites to avoid cat and human infection.


Assuntos
Infecções por Bartonella , Bartonella , Doenças do Gato , Ctenocephalides , Infestações por Pulgas , Animais , Bartonella/genética , Infecções por Bartonella/epidemiologia , Infecções por Bartonella/veterinária , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Gatos , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Infestações por Pulgas/epidemiologia , Infestações por Pulgas/veterinária , Prevalência
15.
Vet Res Commun ; 46(1): 189-201, 2022 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34791575

RESUMO

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Colombia to recover Brucella spp. DNA from bovine whole-blood samples through probe-based real-time PCR (qPCR). By an SNP-based assay, vaccine strains were differentiated from field strains. The associated factors were evaluated using logistical regression models. A total of 656 random cows from 40 herds were selected and analyzed using serology and PCR. The qPCR assay detected 9.5% (n = 62/656; 95% CI: 7.3, 12.0) of the animals with Brucella-DNA presence, while the serological test detected a 6.6% (n = 43/656; CI: 4.8, 8.7). 62.5% (n = 25/40; 95% CI: 45.8, 77.3) of positive cases were detected at the herd-level by the qPCR, while only 27.5% (n = 11/40; 95% CI: 14.6, 43.9) were detected by the serological test. All positive samples were identified as field Brucella strains employing the SNP-based assay. In the final regression model at the animal-level, five variables were associated with Brucella-DNA presence: the use of bulls for mating recorded history of reproductive problems, pregnant cows, parlor milking, and cows belonging to farms ≤200 m from the main road. At the herd-level, two variables were associated with Brucella-DNA presence: recorded history of reproductive problems and the use of bulls for mating. Given the fluctuant brucellosis prevalence in endemic areas, updated epidemiological studies are necessary to evaluate the disease dynamic and if established prevention and control measures have been effective or need to be adjusted. The increase in the prevalence of brucellosis in animal reservoirs creates an important risk of transmission in humans.


Assuntos
Brucella , Brucelose Bovina , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos , Brucella/genética , Brucelose Bovina/diagnóstico , Brucelose Bovina/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Masculino , Gravidez , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/veterinária , Fatores de Risco
16.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 31(1): e014221, 2022. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1360925

RESUMO

Abstract Feline Bartonella can be transmitted to humans through cat scratches or bites, and between cats, by the flea Ctenocephalides felis. The study was carried out in order to investigate the occurrence of Bartonella DNA in cats living in shelters and their ectoparasites and the relationship between the infection status of cats and ectoparasites they host. Bartonella DNA was detected in 47.8% of the cat blood samples, 18.3% of C. felis fleas, 13.3% of flea egg pools and 12.5% of lice pools. B. henselae and B. clarridgeiae DNA were detected in cat fleas, while B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae and B. koehlerae were found in blood samples from bacteremic cats. Cats infested by positive ectoparasites showed approximately twice the odds of being infected. Our results indicate that shelter cats have high prevalence of Bartonella species that are known to be human pathogens. This highlights the importance of controlling infestations by ectoparasites to avoid cat and human infection.


Resumo Algumas espécies de Bartonella têm os felinos como principais hospedeiros reservatórios. Tais patógenos são transmitidos ao homem por intermédio da arranhadura ou mordedura de gatos e entre os gatos, por meio da pulga Ctenocephalides felis. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a ocorrência de DNA de Bartonella spp. em gatos de abrigos e seus ectoparasitas e a relação entre o estado de infecção dos gatos e dos ectoparasitas albergados por estes. Material genético bacteriano foi detectado em 47,8% das amostras de sangue de gatos, 18,3% das pulgas C. felis, 13,3% dos "pools" de ovos de pulgas e 12,5% dos "pools" de piolhos. DNA de B. henselae e B. clarridgeiae foi detectado em pulgas, e B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae e B. koehlerae, em amostras de sangue de gatos. Gatos infestados por ectoparasitas que carreavam DNA de Bartonella spp. demonstraram aproximadamente o dobro de chance de estarem infectados. Esses resultados indicam que os gatos de abrigos têm alta prevalência de infecção por espécies de Bartonella, capazes de causar doenças no homem. E também destacam a importância do controle e prevenção da infestação por ectoparasitas, no intuito de prevenir a infecção em gatos e humanos.


Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Bartonella/genética , Infecções por Bartonella/veterinária , Infecções por Bartonella/epidemiologia , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Ctenocephalides , Infestações por Pulgas/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Prevalência , Infestações por Pulgas/veterinária
17.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 42: e07059, 2022. tab, ilus
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1386823

RESUMO

Trypanosoma spp. infection is a problem in many tropical countries, infecting several animal species, including humans. The aim of the present study was to identify the Trypanosoma species in Neotropical primates from Rio de Janeiro state and compare the results with other reports both phylogenetically and geographically. Molecular detection was based on the 18 SSU gene. The sequences obtained in the PCR were sequenced and compared with others previously deposited in GenBank. These sequences were used to perform phylogenetic analysis and make a distribution map of primate species infected by Trypanosoma species in Brazil. Among 34 monkeys, five capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.) and one marmoset (Callithrix spp.) showed Trypanosoma spp. sequences in the same clade of Trypanosoma minasense and three capuchin monkeys' sequences were in the same clade of Trypanosoma cruzi. The Atlantic Forest and the Brazilian Amazon are the regions with the highest frequency of studies about Trypanosoma spp. and variety of Neotropical primate hosts. These are areas that deserve attention regarding the conservation of biodiversity, but it also makes evident the lack of studies with Neotropical primates in other regions of the country, as well as multidisciplinary studies to better understand the host pathogen relationships.


A infecção por Trypanosoma spp. é um problema em muitos países tropicais, infectando várias espécies animais, incluindo humanos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar as espécies de Trypanosoma em primatas neotropicais no estado Rio de Janeiro e comparar os resultados com outros relatos, tanto filogeneticamente quando geograficamente. A detecção molecular foi baseada no gene SSU 18. As sequências obtidas na PCR foram sequenciadas e comparadas com outras previamente depositadas no GenBank. Essas sequências foram utilizadas para análises filogenéticas e confeccionar um mapa de distribuição de espécies de primatas infectadas por espécies de Trypanosoma no Brasil. Entre 34 macacos, cinco macacos-prego (Sapajus spp.) e um sagui (Callithrix spp.) apresentaram sequências de Trypanosoma spp. no mesmo clado de Trypanosoma minasense e três sequências de macacos-prego estavam no mesmo clado de Trypanosoma cruzi. A Mata Atlântica e a Amazônia brasileira são as regiões com maior frequência de estudos sobre Trypanosoma spp. e variedade de primatas neotropicais hospedeiros. São áreas que merecem atenção no que se refere à conservação da biodiversidade, mas também evidencia a carência de estudos com PNH em outras regiões do país e de estudos multidisciplinares para melhor compreender as relações do patógeno hospedeiro.


Assuntos
Animais , Trypanosoma/isolamento & purificação , Tripanossomíase/epidemiologia , Callithrix , Sapajus , Doenças dos Macacos/epidemiologia , Trypanosoma cruzi , Tripanossomíase/veterinária
18.
Prev Vet Med ; 195: 105467, 2021 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34416652

RESUMO

Equine leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan of the Leishmania genus, and it has been reported in several countries around the world, especially Brazil. Therefore, the present investigation aims to conduct a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence, spatial distribution, and associated factors with seropositivity for Leishmania spp. in draft horses from the Distrito Federal, Brazil. The serological survey was conducted on 411 animals, employing the Indirect Immunofluorescence Test (IFA) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The Kappa (κ) and gross agreement indexes evaluated the Leishmania spp. seropositivity by IFA and ELISA test. The statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test and logistic regression. The spatial analysis showed the areas with the highest number of seropositive and the Moran autocorrelation analyses between the spatial distribution and the epidemiological model's explanatory variables. A 27.01 % co-positivity was observed with a κ index of 52.64 %. The final model considered the variables: access to water bodies (p-value = 0.008, Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.26, Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.24-4.13), the absence of the use of ectoparasiticide (p-value = 0.008, OR = 1.93 CI = 1.18-3.15) and traveling animal (p-value = 0.059, OR = 1.54, CI = 0.98-2.41). The Kernel map showed hot areas with a high concentration of nine positive animals per area and some lighter areas ranging from five to seven positive animals per area where control measures should be performed. The Moran autocorrelation analysis was significant for the variables: traveling animal (Moran's I = 0.540 and pseudo-p-value = 0.001) and the absence of use ectoparasiticide (Moran's I = 0.259 and pseudo-p-value = 0.005). The current study exposes a high seroprevalence of Leishmania spp. in horses in the Distrito Federal, Brazil. Moreover, it proposes that traveling animal, the access to water bodies and the absence of the use of ectoparasiticide are significantly associated with seropositivity for Leishmania spp. in draft horses, which may contribute to the implementation of prophylactic and controls measures where leishmaniasis is already stalled.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Cavalos , Cavalos , Leishmania , Leishmaniose Visceral , Animais , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Doenças dos Cavalos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/parasitologia , Cavalos/parasitologia , Leishmania/isolamento & purificação , Leishmaniose Visceral/veterinária , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos
19.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis ; 12(5): 101785, 2021 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34274574

RESUMO

We performed a cross-sectional epidemiological study with 456 household dogs from urban and rural areas in two different regions situated at different altitudes in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The PCR technique using 18S rRNA as target revealed prevalence of 7.9% of dogs positive for piroplasmids. These samples were sequenced, and all the sequences were 99.9% to 100% similar to Babesia vogeli sequences from other countries. The spatial distribution of positive cases was analysed using kernel interpolation in the QGIS software, and the spatial correlation indicators among positive dogs, altitude, and presence of ticks were obtained by calculating the local Moran index using the GeoDa software. The spatial correlation between positive cases and altitude was clear based on both visual and statistical observations. Logistic regression applying the Wald method with a cutoff point of 0.1 revealed that dogs from a region with altitude <600 m had a 2.29-fold chance of B. vogeli infection (OR = 2.29; p-value = 0.04; CI: 1.03-5.07), while the rainy season was 2.45 times more associated with B. vogeli infection (OR = 2.45; p-value = 0.01; CI: 1.20-5.01), and dogs infested with Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato had a 2.47 times higher chance of being infected (OR = 2.47; p-value = 0.02; CI: 1.13-5.38). Entropy analysis of the alignment between B. vogeli 18S rRNA (> 1.600 bp) sequences revealed that the most variable region corresponds to the hypervariable V4 region. Genetic homogeneity was observed among the B. vogeli 18S rRNA sequences, with distance values ranging from 0 to 0.007 and a mean value of 0.001. The evolutionary distance (0.003) was greater between the sequences from the municipalities of Barra do Pirai (low altitude) and Teresopolis (high altitude). This study expands the molecular epidemiologic knowledge of B. vogeli and shows points of variability in the B. vogeli 18S rRNA. The results indicate the potential use of spatial analysis tools to improve screening for positive cases, enabling more in-depth studies to strengthen understanding of tick infection prevention in dogs.


Assuntos
Babesia/isolamento & purificação , Babesiose/epidemiologia , Altitude , Animais , Babesiose/parasitologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão , Cães , Feminino , Masculino , Epidemiologia Molecular , RNA de Protozoário/análise , RNA Ribossômico 18S/análise , Análise Espacial
20.
Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports ; 23: 100515, 2021 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33678370

RESUMO

Stomoxys calcitrans is a cosmopolitan hematophagous insect with significant veterinary importance. Besides causing great stress with its bites, the fly is a mechanical vector of several pathogens of the most diverse phylogenetic groups to their hosts. The objective of this study was to test for the presence of Anaplasma marginale in stable flies collected at three points inside the campus of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The collected flies were dissected and separated into three parts - heads, carcass and guts - which were individually submitted to A. marginale specific semi nested PCR gene amplification. A total 150 samples of 50 flies were assayed and 11.33% were positive with predominant presence in guts. In parallel, 6 F1 colony S. calcitrans flies fed with bovine blood were also investigated, being all positive for the presence of the bacteria. This is the first report of the presence of A. marginale in S. calcitrans at Rio de Janeiro state, actually in Brazil, indicating that the epidemiological importance of this vector in the transmission of diseases with great economic impact must not be ignored.


Assuntos
Anaplasma marginale , Muscidae , Anaplasma marginale/genética , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Muscidae/microbiologia , Filogenia
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