RESUMO
Tropical forests are among the most biodiverse biomes on the planet. Nevertheless, quantifying the abundance and species richness within megadiverse groups is a significant challenge. We designed a study to address this challenge by documenting the variability of the insect fauna across a vertical canopy gradient in a Central Amazonian tropical forest. Insects were sampled over two weeks using 6-m Gressitt-style Malaise traps set at five heights (0 m-32 m-8 m intervals) on a metal tower in a tropical forest north of Manaus, Brazil. The traps contained 37,778 specimens of 18 orders of insects. Using simulation approaches and nonparametric analyses, we interpreted the abundance and richness of insects along this gradient. Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera had their greatest abundance at the ground level, whereas Lepidoptera and Hemiptera were more abundant in the upper levels of the canopy. We identified species of 38 of the 56 families of Diptera, finding that 527 out of 856 species (61.6%) were not sampled at the ground level. Mycetophilidae, Tipulidae, and Phoridae were significantly more diverse and/or abundant at the ground level, while Tachinidae, Dolichopodidae, and Lauxaniidae were more diverse or abundant at upper levels. Our study suggests the need for a careful discussion of strategies of tropical forest conservation based on a much more complete understanding of the three-dimensional distribution of its insect diversity.
Assuntos
Ecossistema , Insetos/classificação , Floresta Úmida , Animais , Biodiversidade , Brasil , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Clima TropicalRESUMO
Brooks Parsimony Analysis is a cladistic biogeographic method that aims to extract biogeographic information from phylogenetic trees, depicting from a group of cladograms a general pattern of relationships among the areas the taxa inhabit. We present here BuM 2.0, an online framework to automatically create matrices for Brooks Parsimony Analysis (BPA) using Baum Ragans algorithm for Matrix Representation with Parsimony.
Assuntos
Algoritmos , Software , Animais , FilogeniaRESUMO
Rhagionidae (Brachycera, Tabanomorpha) is a widespread family of the order Diptera, containing ca. 720 species in 22 genera worldwide distributed. Chrysopilus Marquart is one of the most speciose genus of Rhagionidae. Here we describe Chrysopilus kafkai sp. nov. Cegolin & Santos, the first record of a rhagionid species from Midwest Brazilian region, and includes an identification key and a distribution map to the Brazilian species of Chrysopilus. The species description is complemented by a molecular characterization of the 28S rRNA sequence.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Dípteros/anatomia & histologia , Dípteros/classificação , Dípteros/ultraestrutura , RNA Ribossômico 28S/ultraestrutura , Classificação , BrasilRESUMO
Rhagionidae (Brachycera, Tabanomorpha) is a widespread family of the order Diptera, containing ca. 720 species in 22 genera worldwide distributed. Chrysopilus Marquart is one of the most speciose genus of Rhagionidae. Here we describe Chrysopilus kafkai sp. nov. Cegolin & Santos, the first record of a rhagionid species from Midwest Brazilian region, and includes an identification key and a distribution map to the Brazilian species of Chrysopilus. The species description is complemented by a molecular characterization of the 28S rRNA sequence.
Assuntos
Animais , Classificação , Dípteros/anatomia & histologia , Dípteros/classificação , Dípteros/ultraestrutura , /ultraestrutura , BrasilRESUMO
Abstract Rhagionidae (Brachycera, Tabanomorpha) is a widespread family of the order Diptera, containing ca. 720 species in 22 genera worldwide distributed. Chrysopilus Marquart is one of the most speciose genus of Rhagionidae. Here we describe Chrysopilus kafkai sp. nov. Cegolin & Santos, the first record of a rhagionid species from Midwest Brazilian region, and includes an identification key and a distribution map to the Brazilian species of Chrysopilus. The species description is complemented by a molecular characterization of the 28S rRNA sequence.
RESUMO
The Neotropical genus Maietta Alexander (Diptera: Limoniidae), endemic to Southern South America (Chile), is revised. Three new species, M. dextra sp. n., M. edwardsi sp. n. and M. sinistra sp. n., are described and illustrated. An identification key is provided for all species. The phylogenetic relationships of the species are investigated in a cladistic analysis, resulting in one single most parsimonious cladogram with the topology ((M. squamigera + M. dextra sp. n.) (M. edwardsi sp. n. (M. trimedia + M. sinistra sp. n.))).
Assuntos
Dípteros , Distribuição Animal , Estruturas Animais , Animais , Chile , FilogeniaRESUMO
The most common methods for combining different phylogenetic trees with uneven but overlapping taxon sampling are the Matrix Representation with Parsimony (MRP) and consensus tree methods. Although straightforward, some steps of MRP are time-consuming and risky when manually performed, especially the preparation of the matrix representations from the original topologies, and the creation of the single matrix containing all the information of the individual trees. Here we present Building MRP-Matrices (BuM), a free online tool for generating a combined matrix, following Baum and Ragan coding scheme, from files containing phylogenetic trees in parenthetical format.
Assuntos
Filogenia , Animais , InternetRESUMO
The genus Aphrophila (Diptera: Limoniidae) is revised. All previously described species are redescribed and illustrated, along with fifteen new species. From the Campbell Island (New Zealand): A. whakapapa sp. n.; from Argentina: A. argentina sp. n., A. huahua sp. n. and A. peuma sp. n.; from Chile: A. aequalitas sp. n., A. alexanderi sp. n., A. dentata sp. n., A. dupla sp. n., A. edwardsi sp. n., A. minuscula sp. n., A. penta sp. n., A. regia sp. n., A. serra sp. n., A. sperancae sp. n. and A. vulcania sp. n. Identification key is provided for all the valid species. A phylogenetic analysis was made which resulted in one single most parsimonious tree with five main groups, classified into five subgenera: A. (Aphrophila) Edwards, A. (Magnodonta) subg. n., A. (Spinalia) subg. n., A. (Sirena) subg. n., A. (Zelandica) subg. n. In order to uncover the biogeographical pattern of the distribution of the species in terms of area relationships, a Paralogy-free subtree analysis was performed, which resulted in the following areagram: ((Campbell Is. + S. America) + New Zealand).
Assuntos
Distribuição Animal , Dípteros , Estruturas Animais , Animais , Argentina , Chile , Nova Zelândia , FilogeniaRESUMO
There is a growing necessity to integrate morphological and genetic studies. This paper proposes a new technique that allows DNA extraction of arthropods while still keeping intact the entire morphology of the specimens. The technique uses Proteinase K to dissolve protein tissues and preserve the chitinous exoskeleton of specimens. The method is fast, cheap, non-toxic, and allows for good morphological preparations of specimens retaining much of their tridimensional structure. The methodology works fine with specimens preserved in different kinds of media, such as for dry (pinned) specimens, and specimens preserved in Ethanol. In addition, it allows the extraction of DNA from fresh specimens, as well as from specimens preserved for a long time. The technique works well for morphological studies alone, but allows the generation of an associated genomic library at an individual-scale. Among the advantages of the new technique is the possibility of extracting DNA from the entire specimen (necessary for the study of diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors), while still keeping the morphology intact for correct taxonomic identification. In addition, in comparison with methods that extract DNA from small tissue samples (e.g., from legs or wings), the method allows for the extraction of a larger amount of DNA and is better suited for small specimens.
Assuntos
Artrópodes/genética , DNA/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Genes de Insetos , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
At least one million extant insect species have been described on Earth, of which 150,000 belong to the megadiverse order Diptera. We here synthesize data from the last 15 years of taxonomic work in Diptera, mapping the world taxonomic productivity in the order. Our data shows an increasing importance of China and Brazil in taxonomic production, along with other traditional centres such as the USA and Europe. We correlate our database with estimates of extinction rates to determine the amount of basic taxonomic research still necessary to have the description of the fly diversity before extinction. Due to the growing recent extinction rates, it is unlikely that we will be able to entirely describe unknown fly diversity before their demise. Even considering that is still a constant and increasing speed of new species description, raising the number of active dipterists in the world is an urgent priority and the only real solution.(AU)
Pelo menos um milhão de espécies de insetos foram descritas na Terra, das quais 150,000 pertencem à ordem megadiversa Diptera. Aqui nós sintetizamos os dados dos últimos 15 anos de trabalho taxonômico em Diptera, mapeando a produtividade global da ordem. Nossos da dos apresentam um aumento na importância da China e Brasil junto com outros centros tradicionais como Estados Unidos e Europa. Nós também correlacionamos nosso banco de dados com estimativas de taxas de extinção para determinar a quantidade de pesquisa básica ainda necessária. Devido ao crescimento da taxa de extinção no Antropoceno, é improvável que conseguiremos descrever todos os Diptera desconhecidos até sua extinção. Mesmo considerando o aumento constante de novas espécies descritas todo ano, aumentar o número de dipteristas ativos no mundo é uma prioridade urgente.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Entomologia/história , Entomologia , Dípteros/classificação , Classificação , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção/históriaRESUMO
ABSTRACT At least one million extant insect species have been described on Earth, of which 150,000 belong to the megadiverse order Diptera. We here synthesize data from the last 15 years of taxonomic work in Diptera, mapping the world taxonomic productivity in the order. Our data shows an increasing importance of China and Brazil in taxonomic production, along with other traditional centres such as the USA and Europe. We correlate our database with estimates of extinction rates to determine the amount of basic taxonomic research still necessary to have the description of the fly diversity before extinction. Due to the growing recent extinction rates, it is unlikely that we will be able to entirely describe unknown fly diversity before their demise. Even considering that is still a constant and increasing speed of new species description, raising the number of active dipterists in the world is an urgent priority and the only real solution.
RESUMO Pelo menos um milhão de espécies de insetos foram descritas na Terra, das quais 150,000 pertencem à ordem megadiversa Diptera. Aqui nós sintetizamos os dados dos últimos 15 anos de trabalho taxonômico em Diptera, mapeando a produtividade global da ordem. Nossos dados apresentam um aumento na importância da China e Brasil junto com outros centros tradicionais como Estados Unidos e Europa. Nós também correlacionamos nosso banco de dados com estimativas de taxas de extinção para determinar a quantidade de pesquisa básica ainda necessária. Devido ao crescimento da taxa de extinção no Antropoceno, é improvável que conseguiremos descrever todos os Diptera desconhecidos até sua extinção. Mesmo considerando o aumento constante de novas espécies descritas todo ano, aumentar o número de dipteristas ativos no mundo é uma prioridade urgente.
RESUMO
At least one million extant insect species have been described on Earth, of which 150,000 belong to the megadiverse order Diptera. We here synthesize data from the last 15 years of taxonomic work in Diptera, mapping the world taxonomic productivity in the order. Our data shows an increasing importance of China and Brazil in taxonomic production, along with other traditional centres such as the USA and Europe. We correlate our database with estimates of extinction rates to determine the amount of basic taxonomic research still necessary to have the description of the fly diversity before extinction. Due to the growing recent extinction rates, it is unlikely that we will be able to entirely describe unknown fly diversity before their demise. Even considering that is still a constant and increasing speed of new species description, raising the number of active dipterists in the world is an urgent priority and the only real solution.
Pelo menos um milhão de espécies de insetos foram descritas na Terra, das quais 150,000 pertencem à ordem megadiversa Diptera. Aqui nós sintetizamos os dados dos últimos 15 anos de trabalho taxonômico em Diptera, mapeando a produtividade global da ordem. Nossos da dos apresentam um aumento na importância da China e Brasil junto com outros centros tradicionais como Estados Unidos e Europa. Nós também correlacionamos nosso banco de dados com estimativas de taxas de extinção para determinar a quantidade de pesquisa básica ainda necessária. Devido ao crescimento da taxa de extinção no Antropoceno, é improvável que conseguiremos descrever todos os Diptera desconhecidos até sua extinção. Mesmo considerando o aumento constante de novas espécies descritas todo ano, aumentar o número de dipteristas ativos no mundo é uma prioridade urgente.
Assuntos
Animais , Classificação , Dípteros/classificação , Entomologia , Entomologia/história , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção/históriaRESUMO
ABSTRACT At least one million extant insect species have been described on Earth, of which 150,000 belong to the megadiverse order Diptera. We here synthesize data from the last 15 years of taxonomic work in Diptera, mapping the world taxonomic productivity in the order. Our data shows an increasing importance of China and Brazil in taxonomic production, along with other traditional centres such as the USA and Europe. We correlate our database with estimates of extinction rates to determine the amount of basic taxonomic research still necessary to have the description of the fly diversity before extinction. Due to the growing recent extinction rates, it is unlikely that we will be able to entirely describe unknown fly diversity before their demise. Even considering that is still a constant and increasing speed of new species description, raising the number of active dipterists in the world is an urgent priority and the only real solution.
RESUMO Pelo menos um milhão de espécies de insetos foram descritas na Terra, das quais 150,000 pertencem à ordem megadiversa Diptera. Aqui nós sintetizamos os dados dos últimos 15 anos de trabalho taxonômico em Diptera, mapeando a produtividade global da ordem. Nossos dados apresentam um aumento na importância da China e Brasil junto com outros centros tradicionais como Estados Unidos e Europa. Nós também correlacionamos nosso banco de dados com estimativas de taxas de extinção para determinar a quantidade de pesquisa básica ainda necessária. Devido ao crescimento da taxa de extinção no Antropoceno, é improvável que conseguiremos descrever todos os Diptera desconhecidos até sua extinção. Mesmo considerando o aumento constante de novas espécies descritas todo ano, aumentar o número de dipteristas ativos no mundo é uma prioridade urgente.
RESUMO
A catalogue of the Colombian crane flies (Tipulomorpha, families Tipulidae and Limoniidae) is provided, based on updated information from the Catalogue of the Crane flies of World, with additional data on the geographical distribution of the species in Colombia taken from the primary literature. A total of 131 valid species are recorded for Colombia, 38 in the family Tipulidae and 93 in the family Limoniidae.