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Artisanal cheese production involves a centuries-old tradition in the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil, playing an important historical and social role. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of artisanal Minas cheeses from seven regions certified for their production in relation to their physical-chemical and centesimal composition to identify parameters that are useful to differentiate them. There were differences among the cheeses from different regions for the soluble nitrogen variables, extension and depth of ripening indexes, ash, oxidation, fat and pH. The highest values for the ripening length and depth index were observed in the Cerrado region. The cheeses from the Canastra region were different due to the higher moisture content, and the cheeses from Campo das Vertentes presented higher pH and nitrogen compound values. Despite the similarities among cheeses in each region, they had dispersed positions in the principal components analysis. There are differences in the physicochemical and centesimal composition among the artisanal Minas cheeses from the distinct regions in Minas Gerais, and the analyzed parameters can be used to differentiate them. The contents of ash, fat, oxidation index, soluble nitrogen and pH were the parameters that were associated with greater differences in cheeses.

A produção artesanal de queijos envolve uma tradição secular no estado de Minas Gerais, no Brasil, exercendo importante papel histórico e social. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, avaliar as características de queijos minas artesanal de sete regiões certificadas para sua produção em relação à sua composição físico-química e centesimal, a fim de se identificarem parâmetros que sejam úteis para diferenciá-los. A composição físico-química e centesimal revelou diferença entre os queijos das diferentes regiões para as variáveis nitrogênio solúvel, índices de extensão e profundidade de maturação, cinzas, oxidação, gordura e pH. Os maiores valores para os índices de extensão e profundidade de maturação foram observados na região do Cerrado. Os queijos da região da Canastra se mostraram diferentes daqueles das demais regiões em razão do maior teor de umidade, assim como os queijos de Campo das Vertentes, que apresentaram maiores valores de pH e compostos nitrogenados. Apesar das semelhanças entre os queijos em cada região, esses apresentaram posicionamentos dispersos na análise de componentes principais. Existem diferenças na composição físico-química e centesimal entre os queijos minas artesanais oriundos das distintas regiões em Minas Gerais, e os parâmetros analisados podem ser utilizados para diferenciá-los. Os teores de cinzas, gordura, índice de oxidação, teores de nitrogênio solúvel e pH foram os parâmetros que estiveram associados a maiores diferenças dos queijos conforme sua região de origem.

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RESUMEN Introducción: Cuidar completamente de niños con microcefalia es un gran desafío para sus cuidadores. La situación de vulnerabilidad social junto con la complejidad de la atención puede llevar a sobrecarga con pérdida de la calidad de vida. Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre aspectos socioeconómicos, dominio social de la calidad de vida y la sobrecarga de madres cuidadoras de niños con microcefalia. Metodología: Estudio transversal con 105 participantes, mediante aplicación de cuestionarios sociodemográficos, WHOQOL-BREF, sobrecarga del cuidador. Se utilizaron pruebas ANOVA, t de Student, coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (r). Resultados: Población de madres mestizas (65.7%), desempleadas (88.6%), dependientes de la prestación social (76.2%), bajo nivel educativo (50.5%) e insuficiencia financiera (90.5%). El promedio del dominio social se consideró bajo (51.11). Hubo asociación entre beneficio social y puntaje de calidad de vida total (p=0.046). Las madres sufren sobrecarga severa (39%) e intensa (30.4%). Se encontró asociación entre niveles de sobrecarga y variables etnia (p= 0.027), ocupación (p= 0.043) y medios de transporte (p <0.0001). La sobrecarga tiene impacto negativo en la calidad de vida (r= -.463, p <0.0001), percepción de la calidad de vida (r= -.476, p= <0.0001), calidad de vida total (r= -.576, p= <0.0010). Conclusiones: Las madres cuidadoras manifiestan sobrecarga con pérdida de calidad de vida. Los aspectos sociales influyen directamente y pueden potenciar la sobrecarga del cuidado. El personal de enfermería tiene un papel fundamental para crear e implementar líneas de atención con énfasis en promover la salud y alivio de la sobrecarga en el cuidador.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Taking care of children with microcephaly is a great challenge for their care providers because of the associated social vulnerability, work overload, and loss of quality of life. Objective: To analyze the associations related to the social aspects, the quality of life, and the work overload among care providing mothers of children with microcephaly. Methodology: This is a transversal study with 105 participants. Social and demographic questionnaires and WHOQOL-BREF were used. ANOVA tests, Student's t-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were calculated. Results: 65.7% were of mixed ethnicity; 88.6% were unemployed; 76.2% were dependent on Social Welfare; 50.5% had a low level of education; and 90.5% were financially insufficient. The social domain average was considered low (51.11). An association was found between social benefits and quality of life (p=0.046). 39% of these mothers suffer from severe work overload while 30.4% suffer from intense work overload. An association was found between the levels of work overload and ethnicity (p= 0.027), occupation (p= 0.043), and transportation means (p <0.0001). Work overload had a negative impact on the quality of life (r= -.463, p <0.0001), the perception of quality of life (r= -.476, p= <0.0001), and total quality of life (r= -.576, p= <0.0010). Conclusions: These care providing mothers suffer work overload with an associated loss of quality of life. Social aspects have a direct influence and can increase work overload. Nursing professionals have a fundamental role in the creation and implementation of attention initiatives aimed at promoting health and relief to this kind of care providing mothers.

RESUMO Introdução: Cuidar completamente das crianças com microcefalia é um grande desafio para os seus cuidadores. A situação de vulnerabilidade social aliada à complexidade do cuidado pode levar à sobrecarga com perda de qualidade de vida. Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre aspectos socioeconómicos, domínio social da qualidade de vida e sobrecarga de mães cuidadoras de crianças com microcefalia. Metodologia: Estudo transversal com 105 participantes, por meio da aplicação de questionários sociodemográficos, WHOQOL-BREF, sobrecarga do cuidador. Foram utilizados os testes ANOVA, t de Student, e coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r). Resultados: População de mães pardas (65.7%), desempregadas (88.6%), dependentes de benefícios sociais (76.2%), baixa escolaridade (50.5%) e insuficiência financeira (90.5%). A média do domínio social foi considerada baixa (51.11). Houve associação entre benefício social e pontuação total de qualidade de vida (p=0.046). As mães sofrem sobrecarga severa (39%) e intensa (30.4%). Foi encontrada associação entre os níveis de sobrecarga e as variáveis de etnia (p= 0.027), ocupação (p= 0.043) e meio de transporte (p <0.0001). A sobrecarga tem um impacto negativo na qualidade de vida (r= -.463, p <0.0001), percepção de qualidade de vida (r= -.476, p= <0.0001), qualidade de vida total (r= -.576, p= <0.0010). Conclusões: As mães cuidadoras sofrem sobrecarga com perda de qualidade de vida. Os aspectos sociais influenciam diretamente e podem potenciar a sobrecarga do cuidado. A enfermagem tem um papel fundamental na criação e implementação de linhas de cuidados com ênfase na promoção da saúde e no alívio da sobrecarga do cuidador.

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Ureaplasma urealyticum and U. parvum have been associated with genital infections. The purpose of this study was to detect the presence of ureaplasmas and other sexually transmitted infections in sexually active women from Brazil and relate these data to demographic and sexual health, and cytokines IL-6 and IL-1ß. Samples of cervical swab of 302 women were examined at the Family Health Units in Vitória da Conquista. The frequency of detection by conventional PCR was 76·2% for Mollicutes. In qPCR, the frequency found was 16·6% for U. urealyticum and 60·6% U. parvum and the bacterial load of these microorganisms was not significantly associated with signs and symptoms of genital infection. The frequency found for Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Gardnerella vaginalis and Chlamydia trachomatis was 3·0%, 21·5%, 42·4% and 1·7%, respectively. Higher levels of IL-1ß were associated with control women colonized by U. urealyticum and U. parvum. Increased levels of IL-6 were associated with women who exhibited U. parvum. Sexually active women, with more than one sexual partner in the last 3 months, living in a rural area were associated with increased odds of certain U. parvum serovar infection.

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Abstract Calcium is considered an essential element for the metabolism of aquatic snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818), intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 in Brazil, and represents a limiting factor to its distribution and adaptation to the environment. This study investigated the effect of different concentrations of exogenous CaCO3 on the energetic metabolism of B. glabrata for better understanding the physiological interference of chemical elements dissolved in the environment with the physiology of this species. Sixty-day-old snails were distributed into six groups, five exposed to different concentrations of CaCO3 (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/L) and a control group. The exposure to CaCO3 was assessed over time, with analysis of 15 snails of each group in the following intervals: 1, 14, 21 or 30 days for hemolymph extraction. Concentrations of calcium and glucose in the hemolymph were determined by commercial kits, and organic acids were extracted using an ion exchange column and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Concentration of calcium in the hemolymph showed no significant difference (p>0.05) from the control group and between the concentrations tested. Concentration of glucose decreased (p<0.05) in the treatments of exposure to 20 and 40 mg/L and increased when exposed to 80 and 100 mg/L CaCO3 compared to control and to other concentrations tested over 30 days. The organic acids pyruvate, oxaloacetate, citrate, succinate, fumarate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and lactate presented increased concentrations, while propionate and acetoacetate, decreased concentrations, when exposed to CaCO3 compared to control. Considering the influence of different periods of exposure to CaCO3, on the 14th day, there were stronger alterations in the metabolism of B. glabrata. In conclusion, exposure to CaCO3 reduced the concentration of glucose, which is metabolized into pyruvate, the final product of glycolysis, and also influenced the energetic metabolism pathways, indicating an aerobic or partially anaerobic functioning.

Resumo O cálcio é considerado um elemento essencial no metabolismo do molusco aquático Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818), principal hospedeiro intermediário de Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 no Brasil e, tem sido descrito como um fator limitante na distribuição e adaptação desse molusco no ambiente. O presente trabalho avaliou o efeito de diferentes concentrações de carbonato de cálcio (CaCO3) exógeno ao metabolismo energético de B. glabrata, a fim de subsidiar uma melhor compreensão da interferência de elementos químicos dissolvidos no meio aquático na fisiologia destes moluscos. Foram utilizados moluscos com sessenta dias de vida, distribuídos em seis grupos, cinco expostos a diferentes concentrações de CaCO3 (20, 40, 60, 80 e 100mg/L) e um controle. A exposição ao CaCO3 foi avaliada em função do tempo, sendo retirados 15 moluscos de cada grupo nos seguintes intervalos: 1, 14, 21 ou 30 dias para extração da hemolinfa. As concentrações de cálcio e glicose na hemolinfa foram determinadas usando-se kits comercial e os ácidos orgânicos foram extraídos por meio da coluna de troca iônica e analisados através cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Os resultados demonstraram que a concentração de cálcio na hemolinfa não apresentou diferença significativa (p>0,05) em relação ao controle e nas concentrações testadas. A concentração de glicose diminuiu (p<0,05) nas exposições a 20 mg e 40 mg/L e aumentou nas exposições a 80 mg e 100 mg/L de CaCO3 em relação ao controle e demais concentrações testadas ao longo de 30 dias. Os ácidos orgânicos piruvato, oxaloaceato, citrato, succinato, fumarato, β-hidroxibutirato e lactato tiveram suas concentrações aumentadas, enqunato, propionato e acetoacetato tiveram suas concentrações diminuídas na exposição ao CaCO3 comparada ao controle. Quanto a influência dos diferentes períodos de exposição ao CaCO3, aos 14 dias, as alterações no metabolismo de B. glabrata foram mais expressivas. Conclui-se que as exposições ao CaCO3 influenciaram na redução de glicose, sendo esta metabolizada a piruvato, produto final da glicólise e alteraram as vias de metabolismo energético, indicando um funcionamento aeróbio ou parcialmente anaeróbio.

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Calcium is considered an essential element for the metabolism of aquatic snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818), intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 in Brazil, and represents a limiting factor to its distribution and adaptation to the environment. This study investigated the effect of different concentrations of exogenous CaCO3 on the energetic metabolism of B. glabrata for better understanding the physiological interference of chemical elements dissolved in the environment with the physiology of this species. Sixty-day-old snails were distributed into six groups, five exposed to different concentrations of CaCO3 (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/L) and a control group. The exposure to CaCO3 was assessed over time, with analysis of 15 snails of each group in the following intervals: 1, 14, 21 or 30 days for hemolymph extraction. Concentrations of calcium and glucose in the hemolymph were determined by commercial kits, and organic acids were extracted using an ion exchange column and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Concentration of calcium in the hemolymph showed no significant difference (p>0.05) from the control group and between the concentrations tested...(AU)

O cálcio é considerado um elemento essencial no metabolismo do molusco aquático Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818), principal hospedeiro intermediário de Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 no Brasil e, tem sido descrito como um fator limitante na distribuição e adaptação desse molusco no ambiente. O presente trabalho avaliou o efeito de diferentes concentrações de carbonato de cálcio (CaCO3) exógeno ao metabolismo energético de B. glabrata, a fim de subsidiar uma melhor compreensão da interferência de elementos químicos dissolvidos no meio aquático na fisiologia destes moluscos. Foram utilizados moluscos com sessenta dias de vida, distribuídos em seis grupos, cinco expostos a diferentes concentrações de CaCO3 (20, 40, 60, 80 e 100mg/L) e um controle. A exposição ao CaCO3 foi avaliada em função do tempo, sendo retirados 15 moluscos de cada grupo nos seguintes intervalos: 1, 14, 21 ou 30 dias para extração da hemolinfa. As concentrações de cálcio e glicose na hemolinfa foram determinadas usando-se kits comercial e os ácidos orgânicos foram extraídos por meio da coluna de troca iônica e analisados através cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Os resultados demonstraram que a concentração de cálcio na hemolinfa não apresentou diferença significativa (p>0,05) em relação ao controle e nas concentrações testadas...(AU)

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Calcium is considered an essential element for the metabolism of aquatic snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818), intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 in Brazil, and represents a limiting factor to its distribution and adaptation to the environment. This study investigated the effect of different concentrations of exogenous CaCO3 on the energetic metabolism of B. glabrata for better understanding the physiological interference of chemical elements dissolved in the environment with the physiology of this species. Sixty-day-old snails were distributed into six groups, five exposed to different concentrations of CaCO3 (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/L) and a control group. The exposure to CaCO3 was assessed over time, with analysis of 15 snails of each group in the following intervals: 1, 14, 21 or 30 days for hemolymph extraction. Concentrations of calcium and glucose in the hemolymph were determined by commercial kits, and organic acids were extracted using an ion exchange column and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Concentration of calcium in the hemolymph showed no significant difference (p>0.05) from the control group and between the concentrations tested. Concentration of glucose decreased (p<0.05) in the treatments of exposure to 20 and 40 mg/L and increased when exposed to 80 and 100 mg/L CaCO3 compared to control and to other concentrations tested over 30 days. The organic acids pyruvate, oxaloacetate, citrate, succinate, fumarate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and lactate presented increased concentrations, while propionate and acetoacetate, decreased concentrations, when exposed to CaCO3 compared to control. Considering the influence of different periods of exposure to CaCO3, on the 14th day, there were stronger alterations in the metabolism of B. glabrata. In conclusion, exposure to CaCO3 reduced the concentration of glucose, which is metabolized into pyruvate, the final product of glycolysis, and also influenced the energetic metabolism pathways, indicating an aerobic or partially anaerobic functioning.

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Objetivou-se avaliar as características morfogênicas, estruturais e produtivas do capim Faixa-Branca (Digitaria eriantha) submetido à adubação nitrogenada, no período de janeiro a maio de 2014. Foram avaliadas cinco doses de nitrogênio: 0; 100; 200; 300 e 500 kg/ha. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A adubação nitrogena-da não influenciou o comprimento final das folhas, a taxa de senescência foliar, o número de folhas vivas por perfilho, a altura das plantas e a relação folha:colmo do capim Faixa-Branca. As taxas de aparecimento e de alongamento de folhas, a densidade populacional de perfilhos e os acúmulos de forragem, de folhas, de colmos e de material morto do capim Faixa-Branca foram influenciados pelas doses de nitrogênio, ajustando-se a uma equação quadrática pelas doses de nitrogênio, em que a maior quantidade de nitrogênio aplicada aumentou os valores destas taxas, atingindo pon-tos de máximo com doses entre 300 e 400 kg/ha. O filocrono e a duração de vida das folhas foram afetados de maneira quadrática negativa pelas doses de nitrogênio. De maneira semelhante, o aumento na quantidade de nitrogênio aplicada diminuiu os valores destas taxas, atingindo pontos de mínimo com doses entre 300 e 400 kg/ha, segundo as respectivas equações ajustadas. A taxa de alongamento de colmo aumentou linearmente com a dose de nitrogênio. O capim Faixa-Branca apresenta maior renovação de tecidos e produtividade quando adubado. A melhoria nas caracte-rísticas produtivas do capim Faixa-Branca atingem valores máximos com doses de nitrogênio em torno de 300 kg/ha...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphogenetic, structural and produc-tive characteristics of digit grass (Digitaria eriantha) submitted to nitrogen fertilization from Janu-ary to May 2014. Five nitrogen doses were evaluated: 0, 100, 200, 300 and 500 kg/ha. A randomized block design with four replicates was used. Nitrogen fertilization did not influence the final leaf length, leaf senescence rate, number of live leaves per tiller, plant height, or leaf:stem ratio of digit grass. The leaf emergence and elongation rates, tiller population density and forage, leaf stem and dead material accumulation rates were influenced by the nitrogen doses, fitting a quadratic equation in which the highest nitrogen dose applied increased these rates, with the maximum rates being reached at doses of 300 to 400 kg/ha. The nitrogen doses exerted a negative quadratic effect on the phyllochron and leaf lifespan, in which these rates decreased with increasing nitrogen dose, reaching minimum values at doses of 300 to 400 kg/ha according to the respective equations. The stem elongation rate increased linearly with increasing nitrogen dose. Fertilization increases the tissue renewal and productivity of digit grass. The improvement in the productive characteristics of digit grass reaches maximum values at nitrogen doses of about 300 kg/ha...

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Objetivou-se avaliar as características morfogênicas, estruturais e produtivas do capim Faixa-Branca (Digitaria eriantha) submetido à adubação nitrogenada, no período de janeiro a maio de 2014. Foram avaliadas cinco doses de nitrogênio: 0; 100; 200; 300 e 500 kg/ha. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A adubação nitrogena-da não influenciou o comprimento final das folhas, a taxa de senescência foliar, o número de folhas vivas por perfilho, a altura das plantas e a relação folha:colmo do capim Faixa-Branca. As taxas de aparecimento e de alongamento de folhas, a densidade populacional de perfilhos e os acúmulos de forragem, de folhas, de colmos e de material morto do capim Faixa-Branca foram influenciados pelas doses de nitrogênio, ajustando-se a uma equação quadrática pelas doses de nitrogênio, em que a maior quantidade de nitrogênio aplicada aumentou os valores destas taxas, atingindo pon-tos de máximo com doses entre 300 e 400 kg/ha. O filocrono e a duração de vida das folhas foram afetados de maneira quadrática negativa pelas doses de nitrogênio. De maneira semelhante, o aumento na quantidade de nitrogênio aplicada diminuiu os valores destas taxas, atingindo pontos de mínimo com doses entre 300 e 400 kg/ha, segundo as respectivas equações ajustadas. A taxa de alongamento de colmo aumentou linearmente com a dose de nitrogênio. O capim Faixa-Branca apresenta maior renovação de tecidos e produtividade quando adubado. A melhoria nas caracte-rísticas produtivas do capim Faixa-Branca atingem valores máximos com doses de nitrogênio em torno de 300 kg/ha...(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphogenetic, structural and produc-tive characteristics of digit grass (Digitaria eriantha) submitted to nitrogen fertilization from Janu-ary to May 2014. Five nitrogen doses were evaluated: 0, 100, 200, 300 and 500 kg/ha. A randomized block design with four replicates was used. Nitrogen fertilization did not influence the final leaf length, leaf senescence rate, number of live leaves per tiller, plant height, or leaf:stem ratio of digit grass. The leaf emergence and elongation rates, tiller population density and forage, leaf stem and dead material accumulation rates were influenced by the nitrogen doses, fitting a quadratic equation in which the highest nitrogen dose applied increased these rates, with the maximum rates being reached at doses of 300 to 400 kg/ha. The nitrogen doses exerted a negative quadratic effect on the phyllochron and leaf lifespan, in which these rates decreased with increasing nitrogen dose, reaching minimum values at doses of 300 to 400 kg/ha according to the respective equations. The stem elongation rate increased linearly with increasing nitrogen dose. Fertilization increases the tissue renewal and productivity of digit grass. The improvement in the productive characteristics of digit grass reaches maximum values at nitrogen doses of about 300 kg/ha...(AU)

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Over the past decade, there have been an increasing number of studies on the association between vitamin D deficiency and anthropometric state. However, we did not identify any meta-analyses of the relationship between obesity and vitamin D deficiency in different age groups. Thus, we evaluated the association between obesity and vitamin D deficiency. We searched for observational studies published up to April 2014 in PubMed/Medline, Web of Science and Scopus databases. We performed a meta-analysis in accordance with the random-effects model to obtain the summary measurement (prevalence ratio, PR). Among the 29,882 articles identified, 23 met the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 35% higher in obese subjects compared to the eutrophic group (PR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.21-1.50) and 24% higher than in the overweight group (PR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.14-1.34). These results indicate that the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was more elevated in obese subjects. The vitamin D deficiency was associated with obesity irrespective of age, latitude, cut-offs to define vitamin D deficiency and the Human Development Index of the study location.

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O objetivo do estudo foi investigar o uso do solo em propriedades familiares (PF) manejadas sob integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP) em bacia hidrográfica e relacionar com a qualidade do leite. Para tal, 14 PF foram caracterizadas e agrupadas quanto ao uso do solo (Grupos 1, 2 e 3) e monitoradas quanto à qualidade do leite, durante os meses de maio de 2010 a fevereiro de 2011. Nas amostras de leite, avaliou-se o teor de gordura, proteína e sólidos não gordurosos. Observou-se que o uso do solo objetivando o cultivo de grãos em detrimento do pastejo animal influencia negativamente o teor de gordura e proteína, em média 6,3% e 5,4%, respectivamente, sobretudo no período de verão. Assim, o planejamento de uso do solo em PF manejadas sob ILP é fundamental, pois a competição entre as atividades reflete na qualidade do leite. As PF especializadas na atividade leiteira apresentam melhor qualidade do leite durante as estações do ano.(AU)

The aim of this study was to investigate the land use practiced on family farms (FF), managed under crop-livestock integration (CLP) in the watershed and to evaluate the quality of milk. 14 FFs were characterized and grouped regarding soil use (Group 1, 2 and 3) and the quality of milk was monitored during the months of May, 2010 to February 2011. In these milk samples, we evaluated the fat, protein and non-fat solids content. It can be observed that the use of soil in a crop-livestock integration system, when the grain cultivation is prioritized over the animal grazing, influences negatively the fat and protein content, on average 6.3% and 5.4%, respectively, especially during the summer. Thus, the planning of the use of soil in FF managed under CLP is essential, because the competition between the activities was reflected in the quality of milk. The FF specialized in dairy farming produces better quality milk in all annual seasons.(AU)

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O objetivo do estudo foi investigar o uso do solo em propriedades familiares (PF) manejadas sob integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP) em bacia hidrográfica e relacionar com a qualidade do leite. Para tal, 14 PF foram caracterizadas e agrupadas quanto ao uso do solo (Grupos 1, 2 e 3) e monitoradas quanto à qualidade do leite, durante os meses de maio de 2010 a fevereiro de 2011. Nas amostras de leite, avaliou-se o teor de gordura, proteína e sólidos não gordurosos. Observou-se que o uso do solo objetivando o cultivo de grãos em detrimento do pastejo animal influencia negativamente o teor de gordura e proteína, em média 6,3% e 5,4%, respectivamente, sobretudo no período de verão. Assim, o planejamento de uso do solo em PF manejadas sob ILP é fundamental, pois a competição entre as atividades reflete na qualidade do leite. As PF especializadas na atividade leiteira apresentam melhor qualidade do leite durante as estações do ano.

The aim of this study was to investigate the land use practiced on family farms (FF), managed under crop-livestock integration (CLP) in the watershed and to evaluate the quality of milk. 14 FFs were characterized and grouped regarding soil use (Group 1, 2 and 3) and the quality of milk was monitored during the months of May, 2010 to February 2011. In these milk samples, we evaluated the fat, protein and non-fat solids content. It can be observed that the use of soil in a crop-livestock integration system, when the grain cultivation is prioritized over the animal grazing, influences negatively the fat and protein content, on average 6.3% and 5.4%, respectively, especially during the summer. Thus, the planning of the use of soil in FF managed under CLP is essential, because the competition between the activities was reflected in the quality of milk. The FF specialized in dairy farming produces better quality milk in all annual seasons.

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The immune defence against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is complex and involves multiple interacting cells. Studies in subjects with polymorphisms in genes for IFN or its receptor gene evaluate their relationship with mycobacterium infections. The purpose of this study was to analyze the evidence of the effect of polymorphism +874 A/T from interferon-γ on the occurrence of tuberculosis. We performed a meta-analysis of studies published between June 2002 and April 2012. The articles analyzed assessed the relationship between the polymorphism +874 A/T and the development of tuberculosis. The meta-analysis was performed with a random effect model, considering the heterogeneity among studies. Genotype TT showed a protective effect (OR, 0.77; 95% CI = 0.67-0.88) while genotype AA may be associated with increased susceptibility to developing tuberculosis (OR, 1.51; 95% CI = 1.38-1.65). In relation to alleles, we can verify that the A allele is related to the development of tuberculosis (OR, 1.56; 95% CI = 1.42-1.71). This information reinforces the importance of host genetics in the development of infectious diseases. Studies in this area can result in the promotion of new and more accurate genetic markers.

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DNA damage and cell viability of human leukocytes cells were examined as simple tests for screening the potential toxicity of organoselenium compounds. Leukocytes were incubated with different organoselenium compounds at 4, 10, 40 and 100 microM or vehicle (DMSO) for 3h at 37 degrees C before of in vitro assays. Cell viability was determined by Trypan blue exclusion. DNA damage was assessed using the alkaline comet assay with silver staining. The exposure of leukocytes to (S)-tert-butyl 1-diselenide-3-methylbutan-2-ylcarbamate, (S)-tert-butyl 1-diselenide-3-phenylpropan-2-ylcarbamate, (S)-2-amino-1-diselenide-3-methylpropanyl, (S)-2-amino-1-diselenide-3-phenylpropanyl, 3',3-ditrifluoromethyl diphenyl diselenide, 4',4-dimethoxy diphenyl diselenide, 4',4-dichloro diphenyl diselenide and 2',2,4',4,6',6-hexamethyl diphenyl diselenide, in the range of 10-100muM, induced a significant increase in Damage Index (DI). The genotoxic effect of all compounds was associated with high frequencies of cells with damage level 4 and all compounds caused a decrease in cell viability. Our results suggest that the selenium compounds tested were genotoxic and cytotoxic to human leukocytes cells in vitro and that the organoselenium amino acid derivatives ((S)-tert-butyl 1-diselenide-3-methylbutan-2-ylcarbamate, (S)-tert-butyl 1-diselenide-3-phenylpropan-2-ylcarbamate, (S)-2-amino-1-diselenide-3-methylpropanyl and (S)-2-amino-1-diselenide-3-phenylpropanyl) were more genotoxic than aromatic derivatives (3',3-ditrifluoromethyl diphenyl diselenide, 4',4-dimethoxy diphenyl diselenide, 4',4-dichloro diphenyl diselenide and 2',2,4',4,6',6-hexamethyl diphenyl diselenide). These effects may be linked to the pro-oxidant activity exhibited by selenium compounds when used in relatively high concentrations.

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This study investigated the hemolytic and genotoxic effect of different organoselenium and organotellurium compounds in human blood cells, as simple tests for screening the toxicity of organochalcogenides. For osmotic fragility (OF) test, samples of total blood were incubated with the organochalcogens at 4, 8, 50, 75 and 100 microM or vehicle (DMSO) for 90 min at 37 degrees C. The EC(50) values for hemolysis were significantly increased in erythrocytes exposed to diphenyl selenide (II), diphenyl diselenide (III), diphenyl telluride (IV), diphenyl ditelluride (V), (S)-2-amino-1-diselenide-3-methylpropanyl (IX), butyl(styryl)telluride (XIII) and 2-(butyltellurium)furan (XIV) at higher concentrations tested. The exposure of erythrocytes to organochalcogens diphenyl diselenide (II) and butyl(styryl)telluride (XIII), which had greater hemolytic effect, did not modify catalase activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and -SH content. On the other hand, Na(+)/K(+) ATPase activity of erythrocyte ghosts was significantly inhibited by the compounds diphenyl diselenide (II) and butyl(styryl)telluride (XIII) (P<0.05) in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibition of Na(+)/K(+) ATPase activity was completely reversed by dithiothreitol (DTT); indicating reaction of these organochalcogens with thiol groups of the enzyme. The thiol oxidase activity of the compounds II and XIII was supported by the fact that the rate of DTT oxidation was increased significantly by both chalcogens. In the higher concentrations, the compounds (II) and (XIII) were strongly genotoxic and cytotoxic to human leukocytes cells, as verified by the DNA damage and cell viability evaluation. Our results suggest that at relatively high concentration organochalcogenides exhibit hemolytic and genotoxic action in human blood cells, which are probably linked to their thiol oxidase activity and preferential interaction with sulfhydryl groups critical to enzymes.

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Cochlospermum regium (Mart. and Schr.) Pilger, popularly known as "algodãozinho do campo", is a medicinal plant that grows in the Cerrado of Brazil. This plant has been used in traditional medicine against various diseases such as leucorrhoea, gastritis and ulcers. It has also been effective in treating skin problems like pimples, boils and blotches. In the present study, the in vivo antimutagenicity of aqueous extract of C. regium was evaluated. The Micronucleus Test was performed in polychromatic erythrocytes from Swiss male mice treated with one of the four doses of extract of the plant (19, 38, 76 and 114 mg.kg(-1) body weight), administered by intraperitonial injection (i.p.) simultaneously with cyclophosphamide (24 mg.kg(-1) b.w.) or mitomycin C (4 mg.kg(-1) b.w.). The cytotoxicity was evaluated by polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes ratio (PCE/NCE). The results showed no significant reduction of the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes frequency (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the data indicate that C. regium roots aqueous extract, for the conditions used, did not exhibit the antimutagenic effect.

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Cochlospermum regium (Mart. and Schr.) Pilger, popularly known as "algodãozinho do campo", is a medicinal plant that grows in the Cerrado of Brazil. This plant has been used in traditional medicine against various diseases such as leucorrhoea, gastritis and ulcers. It has also been effective in treating skin problems like pimples, boils and blotches. In the present study, the in vivo antimutagenicity of aqueous extract of C. regium was evaluated. The Micronucleus Test was performed in polychromatic erythrocytes from Swiss male mice treated with one of the four doses of extract of the plant (19, 38, 76 and 114 mg.kg-1 body weight), administered by intraperitonial injection (i.p.) simultaneously with cyclophosphamide (24 mg.kg-1 b.w.) or mitomycin C (4 mg.kg-1 b.w.). The cytotoxicity was evaluated by polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes ratio (PCE/NCE). The results showed no significant reduction of the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes frequency (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the data indicate that C. regium roots aqueous extract, for the conditions used, did not exhibit the antimutagenic effect.

Cochlospermum regium (Mart. & Schr.) Pilger, conhecido popularmente como "algodãozinho-do-campo", é uma planta medicinal que cresce no Cerrado brasileiro. Esta planta tem sido utilizada na medicina tradicional contra várias doenças como leucorréia, gastrites e úlceras. Esta também tem se mostrado efetiva no tratamento de doenças de pele como espinhas, furúnculos e manchas. No presente estudo, foi avaliada a antimutagenicidade do extrato aquoso de C. regium pelo Teste do Micronúcleo in vivo. Este ensaio foi realizado em eritrócitos policromáticos de camundongos machos Swiss tratados com quatro concentrações diferentes do extrato da planta (19, 38, 76 e 114 mg.kg-1 por peso corpóreo), administrado por injeção intraperitonial (i.p.) simultaneamente com ciclofosfamida (24 mg.kg-1 p.c.) ou mitomicina C (4 mg.kg-1 p.c.). A citotoxicidade foi avaliada pela razão eritrócitos policromáticos e normocromáticos (PCE/NCE). Os resultados obtidos não mostraram redução significativa da freqüência de eritrócitos policromáticos micronucleados (P > 0,05). Em conclusão, os resultados indicam que o extrato aquoso de raiz de C. regium, para as condições utilizadas, não exibiu efeito antimutagênico.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine folates, vitamin B12 and total homocysteine levels among neonates from mothers of low or high socioeconomic status. DESIGN: We carried out a cross-sectional transversal study comprising 143 neonates from two maternity hospitals in the city of Salvador, Northeast of Brazil. Cord blood samples were obtained at the time of delivery from newborns from low (group 1, n=77) or high (group 2, n=66) socioeconomic status. The vitamin B12 and folates were analyzed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay and by a competitive test using a natural folate-binding protein (FBP), respectively. Total homocyteine levels were measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Maternal environmental risk factors for pregnancy complications were obtained from all mothers. RESULTS: Only 2% of women from group 1 received prenatal care/vitamin supplementation, whereas almost all mothers from group 2 (96%) were properly followed. Anemia and/or infections pre- or during pregnancy was more prevalent among mothers of babies from group 1. Folate levels among newborns from group 1 and 2 were 7.38+/-2.71 and 8.83+/-4.06 ng/ml, respectively. No difference in the vitamin B12 levels was determined between groups. In addition, tHcy serum levels were higher among newborns from group 1 compared to those from group 2 (8.54+/-4.06 vs 6.35+/-1.33 micromol/l, respectively; P=0.005). CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that unprivileged young woman has limited accesses to prenatal care, present high-risk factors that hamper both maternal and newborn health. Maternal and newborn health status could be improved by simply reinforcing the use of folate-enriched diet. The work presented illustrates the challenges that developing countries have to face in order to provide preventive adequate health care to the population at large.

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