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New ways of interacting with computers is driving research, which is motivated mainly by the different types of user profiles. Referred to as non-conventional interactions, these are found with the use of hands, voice, head, mouth, and feet, etc. and these interactions occur in scenarios where the use of mouse and keyboard would be difficult. A constant challenge in the adoption of new forms of interaction, based on the movement of pointers and the selection of interface components, is the Midas Touch (MT) problem, defined as the involuntary action of selection by the user when interacting with the computer system, causing unwanted actions and harming the user experience during the usage process. Thus, this article aims to mitigate the TM problem in interaction with web pages using a solution centered on the Head Tracking (HT) technique. For this purpose, a component in the form of a Bar was developed and inserted on the left side of the web page, called the Pactolo Bar (PB), in order to enable or disable the clicking event during the interaction process. As a way of analyzing the effectiveness of PB in relation to TM, two stages of tests were carried out based on the collaboration of voluntary participants. The first step aims to find the data that would lead to the best configuration of the BP, while the second step aims to carry out a comparative analysis between the PB solution and the eViacam software, whose use is also focused on the HT technique. The results obtained from the use of PB were considered promising, since the analysis of quantitative data points to a significant prevention of involuntary clicks in the iteration interface and the analysis of qualitative data showed the development of a better user experience due to the ease of use, which can be noticed in elements such as the PB size, the triggering mechanism, and its positioning in the graphical interface. This study benefits in the context of the user experience, because, when using non-conventional interactions, basic items such as aspects of the graphic elements, and interaction events raise new studies that seek to mitigate the problem of the Midas Touch.

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BACKGROUND: Neglected tropical diseases are a growing threat to global health, and endemic Chagas disease has emerged as one of the most important health problems in America. The main strategy to prevent Trypanosoma cruzi transmission is chemical control of vectors. This study presents a descriptive analysis of synanthropic triatomines before and after the implementation of a vector-control program in Bahia, Brazil. METHODS: Descriptive analysis and geospatial statistics were performed on triatomine data, (1) the relative abundance and (2) proportional spatial distribution, from Bahia during two periods: (A) 1957 to 1971 and (B) 2006 to 2019. RESULTS: We observed a decrease in the relative abundance of Panstrongylus megistus (A: n=22.032, 61.9%; B: n=1.842, 1.0%) and Triatoma infestans (A: n=1.310, 3.7%; B: n=763, 0.43%), as well as an increase in the relative abundance of T. sordida (A: n=8.314, 23.4%, B: n=146.901, 81.6%) and T. pseudomaculata (A: n=894, 2.5%, B: n=16.717, 9.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate a clear reduction in the occurrence of P. megistus and T. infestans (last record in 2015) and an increase in the relative abundance and geographical distribution of T. sordida and T. pseudomaculata after 40 years of the vector-control program. The high frequency of other triatomine species in the municipalities of the state of Bahia and their abundance in recent years highlight the need to reinforce permanent entomological surveillance actions to prevent Chagas disease.

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ABSTRACT Background: Neglected tropical diseases are a growing threat to global health, and endemic Chagas disease has emerged as one of the most important health problems in America. The main strategy to prevent Trypanosoma cruzi transmission is chemical control of vectors. This study presents a descriptive analysis of synanthropic triatomines before and after the implementation of a vector-control program in Bahia, Brazil. Methods: Descriptive analysis and geospatial statistics were performed on triatomine data, (1) the relative abundance and (2) proportional spatial distribution, from Bahia during two periods: (A) 1957 to 1971 and (B) 2006 to 2019. Results: We observed a decrease in the relative abundance of Panstrongylus megistus (A: n=22.032, 61.9%; B: n=1.842, 1.0%) and Triatoma infestans (A: n=1.310, 3.7%; B: n=763, 0.43%), as well as an increase in the relative abundance of T. sordida (A: n=8.314, 23.4%, B: n=146.901, 81.6%) and T. pseudomaculata (A: n=894, 2.5%, B: n=16.717, 9.3%). Conclusions: Our results indicate a clear reduction in the occurrence of P. megistus and T. infestans (last record in 2015) and an increase in the relative abundance and geographical distribution of T. sordida and T. pseudomaculata after 40 years of the vector-control program. The high frequency of other triatomine species in the municipalities of the state of Bahia and their abundance in recent years highlight the need to reinforce permanent entomological surveillance actions to prevent Chagas disease.

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The adaptability between different environments remains a challenge for Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR). If not done seamlessly, such transitions may cause discontinuities in navigation, consequently disorienting users and undermining the acceptance of this technology. The transition between environments is hard because there are currently no localization techniques that work well in any place: sensor-based applications can be harmed by obstacles that hamper sensor communication (e.g., GPS) and by infrastructure limitations (e.g., Wi-Fi), and image-based applications can be affected by lighting conditions that impair computer vision techniques. Hence, this paper presents an adaptive model to perform transitions between different types of environments for MAR applications. The model has a hybrid approach, choosing the best combination of long-range sensors, short-range sensors, and computer vision techniques to perform fluid transitions between environments that mitigate problems in location, orientation, and registration. To assess the model, we developed a MAR application and conducted a navigation test with volunteers to validate transitions between outdoor and indoor environments, followed by a short interview. The results show that the transitions were well succeeded, since the application self-adapted to the studied environments, seamlessly changing sensors when needed.

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BACKGROUND: The demographic transition of populations from rural areas to large urban centers often results in a disordered occupation of forest remnants and increased economic pressure to develop high-income buildings in these areas. Ecological and socioeconomic factors associated with these urban transitions create conditions for the potential transmission of infectious diseases, which was demonstrated for Chagas disease. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We analyzed 930 triatomines, mainly Triatoma tibiamaculata, collected in artificial and sylvatic environments (forests near houses) of a suburban area of the city of Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil between 2007 and 2011. Most triatomines were captured at peridomiciles. Adult bugs predominated in all studied environments, and nymphs were scarce inside houses. Molecular analyses of a randomly selected sub-sample (n=212) of triatomines showed Trypanosoma cruzi infection rates of 65%, 50% and 56% in intradomestic, peridomestic and sylvatic environments, respectively. We detected the T. cruzi lineages I and II and mixed infections. We also showed that T. tibiamaculata fed on blood from birds (50%), marsupials (38%), ruminants (7%) and rodents (5%). The probability of T. cruzi infection was higher in triatomines that fed on marsupial blood (odds ratio (OR) = 1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.22-3.11). Moreover, we observed a protective effect against infection in bugs that fed on bird blood (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.30-0.73). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The frequent invasion of houses by infected triatomines indicates a potential risk of T. cruzi transmission to inhabitants in this area. Our results reinforce that continuous epidemiological surveillance should be performed in areas where domestic transmission is controlled but enzootic transmission persists.

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A Doença de Chagas é uma infecção parasitária causada pelo protozoário flagelado Trypanosoma cruzi. As cepas de T. cruzi se constituem de uma população heterogênea, apresentando várias subpopulações. Essas populações circulam entre animais vertebrados domésticos, silvestres e humanos, além de insetos vetores. Devido a essas múltiplas relações, o T. cruzi demostra uma grande variedade biológica, genética, bioquímica e imunológica. A caracterização das cepas de T. cruzi pode utilizar várias metodologias que pode ter foco biológico, bioquímico, isoenzimático e molecular. Dentre essas, a molecular vem ganhando destaque devido a rapidez, sensibilidade e precisão do método. Deste modo, com a presente pesquisa o objetivo foi caracterizar molecularmente as cepas de Tripanosoma cruzi (Chagas 1909) isoladas em vetores e reservatórios na zona urbana de Salvador. Foram incluídas neste estudo amostras de T. cruzi isoladas de triatomíneos e reservatórios provenientes de diversas localidades da cidade de Salvador, capturados entre Julho de 2007 e Junho de 2011, perfazendo um total de 4 anos de amostragem. Adotamos a técnica de tipagem molecular do T. cruzi sugerida por Zingales et al. (2009) em sistema de eletroforese capilar. Das 930 amostras de triatomíneos avaliados, 99,35% da espécie Triatoma tibiamaculata, 482 amostras (52%)...

Chagas disease is a parasitic infection caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The T. cruzi strains constitute a heterogeneous population, with several subpopulations. These populations move between domestic vertebrate animals, wildlife and humans, and insect vectors. Because of these multiple relationships, T. cruzi demonstrates great biological diversity, genetic, biochemical and immunological. The characterization of T. cruzi strains can use various methodologies that may have biological, biochemical, and molecular isoenzyme focus. Among these, the molecular been gaining attention due to speed, sensitivity and precision of the method. Thus, the present study the objective was to characterize molecularly strains of Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas 1909) isolated in vectors and reservoirs in the urban area of Salvador. Were included in this study T. cruzi samples of insects and shells from different localities of the city of Salvador, captured between July 2007 and June 2011, a total of four years of sampling. We adopt molecular typing technique of T. cruzi suggested by Zingales et al. (2009) in a capillary electrophoresis system. Of the 930 samples evaluated triatomine 99.35% of Triatoma tibiamaculata, 482 samples (52%)...

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In order to evaluate subpopulation differentiation, effective population size (Ne) and evidence for population bottlenecks at various geographic levels, Aedes aegypti larvae were collected longitudinally from 2007 to 2009 from four areas in the city of Salvador, Brazil. The DNA from each larva was isolated and genotyped with five independent microsatellite markers. FST and Jost's D revealed significant population structuring (P<0.05) at the municipal and regional levels, while only RST was able to detect genetic differentiation at the level of strata within these areas. Ne analysis from longitudinal data did not show any evidence of significant change in population structure. The census population measured by the house index, however, showed a significant trend toward decrease in these areas. Active vector control measures did contribute to vector reduction, but this was not enough to decrease A. aegypti population genetic diversity in Salvador. The understanding of A. aegypti population dynamics may be helpful for planning and evaluation of control measures to make them more effective.

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Chagas disease is associated with the domiciliation of infected vectors migrating from their natural ecotopes. The appearance of nymphs in the peridomicile, in Salvador, Bahia, confirms the need for epidemiological surveillance. The vectors were captured from 2006 to 2009, by the population and by epidemiological field agents with the Chagas Disease Control Program. Three hundred and sixty two nymphs of the species Triatoma tibiamaculata (Pinto, 1926) were captured in the peridomicile and 13.5 por cento of these nymphs were infected with Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909). Nymphs were near the houses, a possible risk for colonization. Surveillance of the peridomicile is an important element to prevent colonization by disease vectors...

A doença de Chagas está associada à domiciliação de vetores infectados provenientes dos ecótopos naturais. O surgimento de ninfas no peridomicílio em Salvador, Bahia, reafirma a necessidade de vigilância epidemiológica. Os vetores foram capturados de 2006 a 2009 pela população e por agentes de endemias no contexto do Programa de Controle da Doença de Chagas. Foram capturadas 362 ninfas da espécie Triatoma tibiamaculata (Pinto, 1926) no peridomicílio, 13,5 porcento das quais estavam infectadas com T. cruzi (Chagas, 1909). As ninfas estão próximas aos domicílios, o que representa um possível risco de colonização. A vigilância no peridomicílio constitui importante fator de prevenção da colonização de vetores da doença...

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