RESUMO
The diminazene aceturate (C14H15N7.2C4H7NO3) is a chemotherapeutic agent with more than six decades of use, however more studies regarding its toxicity still need to be performed. Thus, the present study determined the acute toxicity (14 days) of diminazene acetate (DIZE) in male and female swiss mice by changes in body mass, food consumption, biochemical and hematological parameters, locomotor activity and motor coordination. DIZE was administered at a single dose (1000 and 2000 mg/kg) orally. In addition, in vitro antioxidant capacity, hemolytic activity, toxicity in Artemia salina and in silico evaluation were also performed. The results obtained include several signs of toxicity (hypoactivity, loss of the straightening reflex and tachycardia), reduction of behavioral activity (locomotor activity and motor coordination) and significant changes (p < 0.05) in biochemical and hematological parameters. According to the in silico study, the DIZE can be classified based on the mean lethal dose (LD50) in category 4 (300 mg/kg < LD50 ≤ 2000 mg/kg, ProTox-II) or 3 (50 mg/kg < LD50 ≤ 300 mg/kg, AdmetSAR 1.0). Additionally, DIZE (30.3-969.9 nM) was not toxic to A. salina in the first 48 hours of treatment and was not cytotoxic to rat red blood cells after induced hemolysis. In vitro results indicated low antioxidant capacity against DPPH⢠and ABTSâ¢+ radicals. Therefore, DIZE induces several adverse effects with influence on the central nervous system, changes in hematological and biochemical parameters and even mortality at the highest dose. However, absence of toxicity was observed in A. salina and rats red blood cells.
Assuntos
Antiparasitários , Diminazena , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Animais , Antioxidantes , Antiparasitários/uso terapêutico , Diminazena/análogos & derivados , Diminazena/toxicidade , Feminino , Masculino , Camundongos , Peptidil Dipeptidase A , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Central nervous system disorders such as anxiety, depression and epilepsy are characterized by sharing several molecular mechanisms in common and the involvement of the L-arginine/NO pathway in neurobehavioral studies with ß-caryophyllene is still little discussed. OBJECTIVES: One of the objectives of the present study was to demonstrate the anxiolytic behavioral effect of ß-caryophyllene (ß-CBP) in female Swiss mice, as well as to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the results obtained. METHODS: This study evaluated the neurobehavioral effects of ß-CBP using the open field test, rota- rod test, elevated plus maze test, novelty suppressed feeding test, tail suspension test and forced swim test, as well as pilocarpine, pentylenetetrazole and isoniazid-induced epileptic seizure models. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that the neuropharmacological activities of ß-CBP may involve benzodiazepine/GABAergic receptors, since the pre-treatment of ß-CBP (200 mg/kg) associated with flumazenil (5 mg/kg, benzodiazepine receptor antagonist) and bicuculline (1 mg/kg, selective GABAA receptor antagonist) reestablished the anxiety parameters in the elevated plus-maze test, as well as the results of reduced latency to consume food in the novelty suppressed feeding test. In addition to benzodiazepine/GABAergic receptors, the neuropharmacological properties of ß-CBP may be related to inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis, since pre-treatment with L-arginine (500-750 mg/kg) reversed significantly the anxiolytic, antidepressant and anticonvulsant activities of ß-CBP. CONCLUSION: The results obtained provide additional support in understanding the neuromolecular mechanisms underlying the anxiolytic, antidepressant and anticonvulsive properties of ß-CBP in female Swiss mice.
Assuntos
Ansiolíticos/química , Anticonvulsivantes/química , Antidepressivos/química , Antagonistas de Receptores de GABA-A/química , Sesquiterpenos Policíclicos/química , Animais , Ansiolíticos/farmacologia , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacologia , Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Arginina , Comportamento Animal , Benzodiazepinas/metabolismo , Bicuculina/química , Bicuculina/farmacologia , Feminino , Flumazenil/química , Flumazenil/farmacologia , Antagonistas de Receptores de GABA-A/farmacologia , Humanos , Aprendizagem em Labirinto , Camundongos , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Sesquiterpenos Policíclicos/farmacologia , Receptores de GABA-A/metabolismo , Convulsões/induzido quimicamente , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
The effects of two vibration platform (VP) exercise protocols on stifle and rectal temperatures were evaluated. Eleven animals participated in two exercise protocols, different in duration in each exercise. Exercise protocol 1 (EP1) took 30 seconds and EP2, 60 seconds, with different vibratory levels in both cases (L1 = acceleration â 1g, L4 = acceleration â 2.5g, and L7 = acceleration â 5g). The animals were evaluated before and 1 minute after the exercise, using infrared thermography to obtain stifle temperatures. The rectal temperature (RT) was also checked at each moment. The dogs had higher stifle temperatures in EP1 at all vibratory levels compared to the time before the exercise; EP2 resulted in higher temperature only at maximum vibration intensity (L7). Increase in TR was observed only in EP2. The results suggested that the short duration protocol (EP1) increased the muscular and peripheral vascular activities of the joint, regardless of the vibration intensity. The long duration protocol (EP2) with maximum vibration intensity increased the RT, demonstrating activity beyond the stifle muscle group. It is concluded that exercises on the VP can be used as complementary therapy for low-impact muscle activity in dogs and may be adequate for efficient energy consumption.(AU)
Foram avaliados os efeitos de dois protocolos de exercício em plataforma vibratória (PV) sobre as temperaturas dos joelhos e retais. Onze animais participaram de dois protocolos de exercício, diferentes na duração de cada exercício. O protocolo de exercício 1 (PE1) foi de 30 segundos e o PE2 foi de 60 segundos, com diferentes níveis vibratórios em ambos (L1 = aceleração â 1g; L4 = aceleração â 2,5g; e L7 = aceleração â 5g). Os animais foram avaliados antes e um minuto após os exercícios, por meio de termografia infravermelha para a obtenção das temperaturas dos joelhos. A temperatura retal (TR) foi aferida em cada momento. Os cães apresentaram temperaturas dos joelhos mais elevadas em PE1, em todos os níveis vibratórios, em comparação a antes do exercício; o PE2 resultou em temperatura mais alta apenas na intensidade máxima de vibração (L7). Aumento na TR foi observado apenas no PE2. Os resultados sugerem que o protocolo de curta duração (PE1) aumentou as atividades muscular e vascular periférica da articulação, independentemente da intensidade da vibração; o protocolo de longa duração (PE2) com intensidade máxima de vibração aumentou a TR demonstrando atividade além do grupo muscular do joelho. Conclui-se que os exercícios na PV podem ser utilizados como terapia complementar para atividade muscular de baixo impacto em cães e pode ser adequada para o consumo eficiente de energia.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Perfusão/veterinária , Reto/fisiologia , Vibração , Articulação do Joelho/irrigação sanguínea , Temperatura Corporal , Termografia/veterinária , Exercício FísicoRESUMO
The effects of two vibration platform (VP) exercise protocols on stifle and rectal temperatures were evaluated. Eleven animals participated in two exercise protocols, different in duration in each exercise. Exercise protocol 1 (EP1) took 30 seconds and EP2, 60 seconds, with different vibratory levels in both cases (L1 = acceleration â 1g, L4 = acceleration â 2.5g, and L7 = acceleration â 5g). The animals were evaluated before and 1 minute after the exercise, using infrared thermography to obtain stifle temperatures. The rectal temperature (RT) was also checked at each moment. The dogs had higher stifle temperatures in EP1 at all vibratory levels compared to the time before the exercise; EP2 resulted in higher temperature only at maximum vibration intensity (L7). Increase in TR was observed only in EP2. The results suggested that the short duration protocol (EP1) increased the muscular and peripheral vascular activities of the joint, regardless of the vibration intensity. The long duration protocol (EP2) with maximum vibration intensity increased the RT, demonstrating activity beyond the stifle muscle group. It is concluded that exercises on the VP can be used as complementary therapy for low-impact muscle activity in dogs and may be adequate for efficient energy consumption.(AU)
Foram avaliados os efeitos de dois protocolos de exercício em plataforma vibratória (PV) sobre as temperaturas dos joelhos e retais. Onze animais participaram de dois protocolos de exercício, diferentes na duração de cada exercício. O protocolo de exercício 1 (PE1) foi de 30 segundos e o PE2 foi de 60 segundos, com diferentes níveis vibratórios em ambos (L1 = aceleração â 1g; L4 = aceleração â 2,5g; e L7 = aceleração â 5g). Os animais foram avaliados antes e um minuto após os exercícios, por meio de termografia infravermelha para a obtenção das temperaturas dos joelhos. A temperatura retal (TR) foi aferida em cada momento. Os cães apresentaram temperaturas dos joelhos mais elevadas em PE1, em todos os níveis vibratórios, em comparação a antes do exercício; o PE2 resultou em temperatura mais alta apenas na intensidade máxima de vibração (L7). Aumento na TR foi observado apenas no PE2. Os resultados sugerem que o protocolo de curta duração (PE1) aumentou as atividades muscular e vascular periférica da articulação, independentemente da intensidade da vibração; o protocolo de longa duração (PE2) com intensidade máxima de vibração aumentou a TR demonstrando atividade além do grupo muscular do joelho. Conclui-se que os exercícios na PV podem ser utilizados como terapia complementar para atividade muscular de baixo impacto em cães e pode ser adequada para o consumo eficiente de energia.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Perfusão/veterinária , Reto/fisiologia , Vibração , Articulação do Joelho/irrigação sanguínea , Temperatura Corporal , Termografia/veterinária , Exercício FísicoRESUMO
Utilizaram-se registros de pesos corporais padronizados aos 120, 210, 365 e 450 dias de idade, provenientes de 30.481 animais da raça Nelore, progênies de 211 reprodutores acasalados com 19.229 matrizes, oriundos de rebanhos dos estados de Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul e Goiás, com o objetivo de avaliar a presença de interação genótipo x ambiente entre os estados. As estimativas de herdabilidade entre os estados variaram de 0,09 a 0,14; 0,11 a 0,17; 0,16 a 0,27 e 0,17 a 0,35, respectivamente, para os pesos 120, 210, 365 e 450 dias de idade. As estimativas de correlação genética aditiva entre a mesma característica para os diferentes estados apresentaram valores inferiores a 0,80. As correlações de Spearman entre os valores genéticos para os pesos corporais se reduziram à medida que se aumentou a intensidade de seleção sobre os reprodutores. A presença de interação genótipo x ambiente causa maior impacto sobre a avaliação genética dos reprodutores sob intensidade de seleção elevada, sendo interessante sua consideração no processo de avaliação genética. Estimativas de tendências genéticas para todos os pesos corporais apresentaram-se crescentes ao longo dos anos nos três estados.(AU)
Data of adjusted alive weights at 120, 210, 365 and 450 days of age of 30,481 records of animals of the Nellore beef cattle breed from herds of states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Goiás were used to study the influence of environment genotype interaction on genetic evaluation of sires. Estimates of heritability between the states ranged from 0.09 to 0.14; 0.11 to 0.17; 0.16 to 0.27 and 0.17 to 0.35, respectively for live weights 120, 210, 365 and 450 days of age. The estimates of additive genetic correlation between the same characteristic for the different states presented values lower than 0.80. Spearman correlations between breeding values obtained from live weights of sires lowered as the intensity of selection on sires increased. The presence of environment genotype interaction has greater impact on the genetic evaluation of breeding under high intensity of selection, being an interesting consideration in the process of genetic evaluation. Estimates of genetic trends for all body weights have been increasing over the years in all three states.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Seleção Genética , Bovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bovinos/genética , Meio Ambiente , Genótipo , Criação de Animais Domésticos/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Utilizaram-se registros de pesos corporais padronizados aos 120, 210, 365 e 450 dias de idade, provenientes de 30.481 animais da raça Nelore, progênies de 211 reprodutores acasalados com 19.229 matrizes, oriundos de rebanhos dos estados de Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul e Goiás, com o objetivo de avaliar a presença de interação genótipo x ambiente entre os estados. As estimativas de herdabilidade entre os estados variaram de 0,09 a 0,14; 0,11 a 0,17; 0,16 a 0,27 e 0,17 a 0,35, respectivamente, para os pesos 120, 210, 365 e 450 dias de idade. As estimativas de correlação genética aditiva entre a mesma característica para os diferentes estados apresentaram valores inferiores a 0,80. As correlações de Spearman entre os valores genéticos para os pesos corporais se reduziram à medida que se aumentou a intensidade de seleção sobre os reprodutores. A presença de interação genótipo x ambiente causa maior impacto sobre a avaliação genética dos reprodutores sob intensidade de seleção elevada, sendo interessante sua consideração no processo de avaliação genética. Estimativas de tendências genéticas para todos os pesos corporais apresentaram-se crescentes ao longo dos anos nos três estados.(AU)
Data of adjusted alive weights at 120, 210, 365 and 450 days of age of 30,481 records of animals of the Nellore beef cattle breed from herds of states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Goiás were used to study the influence of environment genotype interaction on genetic evaluation of sires. Estimates of heritability between the states ranged from 0.09 to 0.14; 0.11 to 0.17; 0.16 to 0.27 and 0.17 to 0.35, respectively for live weights 120, 210, 365 and 450 days of age. The estimates of additive genetic correlation between the same characteristic for the different states presented values lower than 0.80. Spearman correlations between breeding values obtained from live weights of sires lowered as the intensity of selection on sires increased. The presence of environment genotype interaction has greater impact on the genetic evaluation of breeding under high intensity of selection, being an interesting consideration in the process of genetic evaluation. Estimates of genetic trends for all body weights have been increasing over the years in all three states.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Seleção Genética , Bovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bovinos/genética , Meio Ambiente , Genótipo , Criação de Animais Domésticos/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Neoflavonoids, which are classified as 4-arylcoumarin (neoflavone), 3,4-dihydro-4-arylcoumarin and neoflavene, have been the subject of a number of studies with respect to their therapeutic potential and, despite promising in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo pharmacological activities, there is a lack of studies demonstrating their toxicological properties. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the acute (14 days) and repeated-dose (28 days) toxicity of synthetic neoflavonoid 7-acetoxy-4-aryl-3,4-dihydrocoumarin in Swiss mice through parameters related to changes in body weight, food and water intake, hematological and biochemical parameters. Toxicity studies using acute doses (300 and 2000â¯mg/kg) and repeated doses (250, 500 and 1000â¯mg/kg) orally were carried out as per Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines 423 and 407, respectively. Based on the results of this study, treatment with 7-acetoxy-4-aryl-3,4-dihydrocoumarin was found to not cause clinical adverse symptoms and mortality in any animal used in the acute and repeated-dose toxicity study. In addition, no significant changes were observed in body weight and internal organs, food and water intake, hematological and biochemical parameters, compared to control group. Therefore, these results provide an initial understanding regarding the toxicity profile of 7-acetoxy-4-aryl-3,4-dihydrocoumarin, which can be considered a neoflavonoid with toxicity seen at doses higher than 2000â¯mg/kg in Swiss mice.
Assuntos
Cumarínicos/toxicidade , Animais , Artemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Masculino , Camundongos , Testes de Toxicidade Aguda , Testes de Toxicidade SubagudaRESUMO
Caves are unique habitats that are inhabited by a diverse and singular biota. Among these inhabitants are sand flies, which are of great epidemiological interest in the Neotropical region because they are vectors of Leishmania The period of activity of these insects is usually crepuscular and nocturnal, but there are reports of diurnal activity of sand flies in caves. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the periodicity of daily activity of sand flies in cave environments in the municipality of Pains, Minas Gerais. Sand flies were collected with light traps, which were operated for 5 consecutive days in the rainy season and in the dry season. Samples were collected every 12 h and separated between photophase and scotophase periods. In total, 1,777 sand flies of 23 species were collected. The most abundant species was Lutzomyia renei (Martins, Falcão, and Silva) (44%), followed by Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz and Neiva) (15%), Evandromyia edwardsi (Mangabeira) (11%), and Micropygomyia quinquefer (Costa Lima) (6%). The richness and abundance of total sand flies and the abundance of male and female sand flies in the aphotic zone of the caves did not differ between the photophase and scotophase, but differed between photoperiods at the entrance and at sites surrounding the caves. From our study of the daily activity of these insects in this ecotope, it will be possible to know which period of the day is of greatest risk of exposure of vertebrates who visit or live in these environments, including the human population.
Assuntos
Ritmo Circadiano , Fotoperíodo , Psychodidae/fisiologia , Animais , Brasil , Cavernas , Comportamento Alimentar , Feminino , Masculino , Dinâmica Populacional , Estações do AnoRESUMO
Arenavirus Sabiá was originally isolated from a fatal human infection in Brazil, and after the occurrence of the second fatal human case in São Paulo state, epidemiologic and virologic studies were performed in the area where the patient lived, aiming at the identification of the Sabiá natural rodent reservoir. A broadly cross-reactive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to screen for antibody-positive samples. Antibodies to arenavirus were detected in two of the 55 samples of Calomys tener, and from these results, samples of rodents were analyzed by a broad RT-PCR assay. RT-PCR amplification detected arenavirus sequences in five of the 55 C. tener samples, and sequencing showed that this virus is a distinct form of Sabiá virus. Thus, we describe here the evidence for the circulation of a new arenavirus in Brazil (proposed name Pinhal virus) and its genetic characterization compared to other arenaviruses. This study also suggests C. tener as a probable rodent reservoir for this virus and associates this new virus with the lineage C of New World arenaviruses. Although we have defined some characteristics of this virus, so far, there is no evidence of its involvement in human disease.
Assuntos
Filogenia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Reservatórios de Doenças/veterinária , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Sigmodontinae/virologia , Arenavirus do Novo Mundo/isolamento & purificação , Arenavirus do Novo Mundo/classificação , Arenavirus do Novo Mundo/genética , Infecções por Arenaviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Arenaviridae/virologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangueRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Neurological involvement during influenza infection has been described during epidemics and is often consistent with serious sequelae or death. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the etiologic agent involved in myelopathy post influenza-like syndrome. STUDY DESIGN: This investigation focuses on virus isolation from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from a 19-year-old male student presenting with clinical diagnosis of myelopathy post influenza-like syndrome. To achieve this goal, different cell cultures and molecular methodologies were carried out. RESULTS: Influenza virus A(H3N2) strain was isolated in MDCK cell culture; virus particles were observed under electron microscopy. Phylogenetics analyses showed that the Brazilian influenza A(H3N2) strains were closely related to the A/Perth/16/2009-like. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that influenza virus A(H3N2) strain was the cause of illness of the students. According to the Brazilian influenza virus sentinel surveillance data A/Perth/16/2009-LIKE (H3N2) strain has predominated during the 2010 influenza virus season in Brasília-DF.
Assuntos
Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/virologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Humana/complicações , Influenza Humana/virologia , Doenças da Medula Espinal/diagnóstico , Doenças da Medula Espinal/virologia , Animais , Brasil , Linhagem Celular , Cães , Humanos , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Cultura de Vírus , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The Amazon rainforest and the Brazilian Cerrado both possess high phlebotomine diversity. The fragmentation of these habitats has resulted in the appearance of human cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis. In one altered area of mixed primary vegetation (forest and Cerrado) and its adjacent settlement in the northeast state of Maranhão, Brazil, evidence exists for the active transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Accordingly, an entomological investigation was performed in both the forest and the settlement to compare the phlebotomine vector faunain each environment. The study was conducted from September 2009 to August 2010 in the municipality of Itapecuru Mirim in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. The phlebotomine species were captured using 24 light Center for Disease Control and Prevention traps that were placed in the forest and the settlement (peridomicile and intradomicile). The similarity between the phlebotomine compositions in the forest and those in the settlement was determined using a Principal Coordinate Analysis based on a dissimilarity matrix that was calculated using the Bray-Curtis index (relative abundance) and the Jaccard index (presence and absence of species). In total, 29 Lutzomyia species and one Brumptomyia species were collected. The phlebotomines were diverse and abundant in both the forest fragment (27 species, 4,606 specimens) and the settlement (22 species, 753 specimens). The most abundant species were L. infraspinosa (25%), L. davisi (21%), L. antunesi (21%), L. longipalpis (9%), L. saulensis (6%), L. flaviscutellata (5%), and L. wellcomei (4%). Some species were found strictly in the forest, other species were exclusive to the anthropic environment, and some species colonized both of the studied environments. The phlebotomines adaptation to these modified environments explains the autochthonous outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Psychodidae , Animais , Brasil , Feminino , Habitação , Humanos , Insetos Vetores , Leishmaniose/transmissão , Masculino , Densidade Demográfica , Análise de Componente PrincipalRESUMO
The integration of cutaneous, proprioceptive, and motor information in area S2 seems to be essential for manual object recognition and motor control. Part of the inputs to S2 comes from area S1. However no detailed investigations of the morphology of this projection are available. In the present study we describe and quantify the morphology of axon fragments of S1 to S2 ipsilateral projections in the agouti somatosensory cortex. Two groups of projecting axon arbors in S2 were individually reconstructed in three dimensions using Neurolucida, after a single electrophysiological guided BDA injection in either the forelimb (n=4) or the hindlimb (n=4). Electrophysiological mapping was performed 15 days after injections, allowing the localization of S2. Cluster analysis of 40 fragments after hindlimb and 40 after forelimb distinguished two clusters of terminals designated as type I and type II. On average, Type I fragments had greater surface areas and segment lengths than type II fragments, whereas type II fragments had higher number of terminal boutons, number of segments and branching points/mm than type I fragments. Type I corresponded to 58% of the axons projecting from the hindlimb representation in S1 whereas 63% of the sample originating from the forelimb representation in S1 corresponded to type II axons. The results suggest possible parallel processing by two stereotyped classes of axon terminals in the S1 to S2 projections that may represent at least part of the circuitry groundwork associated with distinct somatomotor skills of these limbs in agoutis.
Assuntos
Membro Anterior/inervação , Membro Anterior/fisiologia , Membro Posterior/inervação , Membro Posterior/fisiologia , Córtex Somatossensorial/fisiologia , Vias Aferentes/fisiologia , Vias Aferentes/ultraestrutura , Animais , Axônios/fisiologia , Axônios/ultraestrutura , Eletrofisiologia , Roedores , Córtex Somatossensorial/ultraestrutura , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) benarrochi s.l., Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) oswaldoi s.l., and Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) konderi s.l. collected in Acrelandia, state of Acre, Brazil, were identified based on morphological characters of the male genitalia, fourth-instar larvae, and pupae. Morphological variation was observed in the male genitalia of these species in comparison with specimens from other localities in Brazil. DNA sequence from the nuclear ribosomal second internal transcribed spacer of individuals identified as An. benarrochi s.l. by using male genitalia characteristics showed that the various morphological forms are conspecific but are distinct from An. benarrochi B from Colombia. Anopheles konderi s.l. and An. oswaldoi s.l. both misidentified as An. oswaldoi s.s. (Peryassti) throughout Brazil, may actually comprise at least two undescribed species. Diagnostic morphological characteristics of the male genitalia are provided to distinguish Anopheles benarrochi s.l., Anopheles oswaldoi s.l., and Anopheles konderi s.l. from morphologically similar species. Incrimination of An. oswaldoi s.s. in malaria transmission in Brazil needs further investigation because other undescribed species from Acre may have been confounded with this taxon.
Assuntos
Anopheles/classificação , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Animais , Anopheles/anatomia & histologia , Anopheles/genética , Sequência de Bases , Brasil , Genitália/anatomia & histologia , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Alinhamento de Sequência , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Nucleotide sequence analyses of the SH gene of 18 mumps virus isolates collected in the 2006-2007 parotitis epidemic in the state of São Paulo identified a new genotype, designated genotype M. This new designation fulfills all the parameters required to define a new mumps virus genotype. The parameters were established by an expert panel in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2005. This information will enhance the mumps virus surveillance program both at the national and global levels.
Assuntos
Vírus da Caxumba/classificação , Vírus da Caxumba/genética , Caxumba/virologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Caxumba/epidemiologia , Vírus da Caxumba/isolamento & purificação , RNA Viral/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Proteínas ViraisRESUMO
We evaluated the effects of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective inhibitors, COX-1 selective inhibitor, or COX non-selective inhibitor on gastric emptying and intestinal transit of liquids, and evaluated the effect of a COX-2 selective inhibitor on gastric tonus (GT). Male Wistar rats were treated per os with saline (control), rofecoxib, celecoxib, ketorolac, rofecoxib + ketorolac, celecoxib + ketorolac, or indomethacin. After 1 h, rats were gavage-fed (1.5 mL) with the test meal (5% glucose solution with 0.05 g mL(-1) phenol red) and killed 10, 20 or 30 min later. Gastric, proximal, medial or distal small intestine dye recovery (GDR and IDR, respectively) were measured by spectrophotometry. The animals of the other group were treated with i.v. valdecoxib or saline, and GT was continuously observed for 120 min using a pletismomether system. Compared with the control group, treatment with COX-2 inhibitors, alone or with ketocolac, as well as with indomethacin increased GDR (P < 0.05) at 10-, 20- or 30-min postprandial intervals. Ketorolac alone did not change the GDR, but increased the proximal IDR (P < 0.05) at 10 min, and decreased medial IDR (P < 0.05) at 10 and 20 min. Valdecoxib increased (P < 0.01) GT 60, 80 and 100 min after administration. In conclusion, COX-2 inhibition delayed the gastric emptying of liquids and increased GT in rats.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/farmacologia , Esvaziamento Gástrico/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Liso/efeitos dos fármacos , Estômago/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Celecoxib , Mucosa Gástrica/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Gástrica/patologia , Indometacina/farmacologia , Isoxazóis/farmacologia , Cetorolaco/farmacologia , Lactonas/farmacologia , Masculino , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Estômago/patologia , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Sulfonas/farmacologiaRESUMO
A new neural network model - the GasNet - has been recently reported in the literature, which, in addition to the traditional electric type, point-to-point communication between units, also uses communication through a diffilsable chemical modulator. Here we assess the applicability of this model in three different scenarios, the XOR problem, a food gathering task for a simulated robot, and a docking task for a virtual spaceship. All of them represent discrete domains, a contrast with the one where the GasNet was originally introduced, which had an essentially continuous nature. These scenarios are well-known benchmark problems from the literature and, since they exhibit varying degrees of complexity, they impose distinct performance demands on the GasNet. The experiments were primarily intended to better understand the model, by extending the original problem domain where GasNet was introduced. The results reported point at some difficulties with the current GasNet model.
Assuntos
Redes Neurais de ComputaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The yellow fever vaccine is regarded as one of the safest attenuated virus vaccines, with few side-effects or adverse events. We report the occurrence of two fatal cases of haemorrhagic fever associated with yellow fever 17DD substrain vaccine in Brazil. METHODS: We obtained epidemiological, serological, virological, pathological, immunocytochemical, and molecular biological data on the two cases to determine the cause of the illnesses. FINDINGS: The first case, in a 5-year-old white girl, was characterised by sudden onset of fever accompanied by headache, malaise, and vomiting 3 days after receiving yellow fever and measles-mumps-rubella vaccines. Afterwards she decompensated with icterus and haemorrhagic signs and died after a 5-day illness. The second patient-a 22-year-old black woman-developed a sore throat and fever accompanied by headache, myalgia, nausea, and vomiting 4 days after yellow fever vaccination. She then developed icterus, renal failure, and haemorrhagic diathesis, and died after 6 days of illness. Yellow fever virus was recovered in suckling mice and C6/36 cells from blood in both cases, as well as from fragments of liver, spleen, skin, and heart from the first case and from these and other viscera fragments in case 2. RNA of yellow fever virus was identical to that previously described for 17D genomic sequences. IgM ELISA tests for yellow fever virus were negative in case 1 and positive in case 2; similar tests for dengue, hantaviruses, arenaviruses, Leptospira, and hepatitis viruses A-D were negative. Tissue injuries from both patients were typical of wild-type yellow fever. INTERPRETATION: These serious and hitherto unknown complications of yellow fever vaccination are extremely rare, but the safety of yellow fever 17DD vaccine needs to be reviewed. Host factors, probably idiosyncratic reactions, might have had a substantial contributed to the unexpected outcome.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda/etiologia , Febre/etiologia , Cefaleia/etiologia , Hemorragia/etiologia , Icterícia/etiologia , Faringite/etiologia , Vômito/etiologia , Vacina contra Febre Amarela/efeitos adversos , Injúria Renal Aguda/epidemiologia , Injúria Renal Aguda/patologia , Adulto , Sistemas de Notificação de Reações Adversas a Medicamentos , Autopsia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , DNA Viral/análise , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Febre/epidemiologia , Febre/patologia , Cefaleia/epidemiologia , Cefaleia/patologia , Hemorragia/epidemiologia , Hemorragia/patologia , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Icterícia/epidemiologia , Icterícia/patologia , Faringite/epidemiologia , Faringite/patologia , Alinhamento de Sequência , Vacinas Atenuadas/efeitos adversos , Vômito/epidemiologia , Vômito/patologia , Vírus da Febre Amarela/genéticaRESUMO
Congenital aneurysm of the right atrium is described in a 1-year-old girl who presented with cardiomegaly and symptoms of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Echocardiography and cineangiography both established the definitive diagnosis and surgical resection was successful. The rarity of this condition is pointed out and its main features outlined.