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SUMMARY: This study aimed to construct three-dimensional (3D) anatomical models of the tongue of domestic mammals of veterinary interest. The tongues were obtained from the didactic collection of the Laboratory of Veterinary Macroscopic Anatomy in the Surgery Department of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo. Tongues from a cow, dog, horse, and pig were selected for scanning and creation of the 3D-printed models. The printer used a filamentous thermoplastic material, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), which was deposited together with a support resin. In addition to the printing of models, an interactive 3D PDF was generated, creating a didactic collection for students. The anatomical characteristics and peculiarity of the tongues were easily identified in the scanned and printed images. The 3D scanning and printing offered an innovative method of visualizing different anatomical structures and, together with the existing methods, can optimize anatomy teaching in an educational context.

RESUMEN: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo construir modelos anatómicos tridimensionales (3D) de la lengua de mamíferos domésticos de interés veterinario. Las lenguas se obtuvieron de la colección didáctica del Laboratorio de Anatomía Macroscópica Veterinaria del Departamento de Cirugía de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad de São Paulo. Se seleccionaron lenguas de vaca, perro, caballo y cerdo para escanear y crear los modelos impresos en 3D. La impresora utilizó un material termoplástico filamentoso, acrilonitrilo-butadieno-estireno (ABS), que se depositó junto con una resina de soporte. Además de la impresión de modelos, se generó un PDF 3D interactivo, creando una colección didáctica para los estudiantes. Las características anatómicas y la peculiaridad de las lenguas se identificaron fácilmente en las imágenes escaneadas e impresas. El escaneo e impresión 3D ofrecieron un método innovador para visualizar diferentes estructuras anatómicas y, junto con los métodos existentes, puede optimizar la enseñanza de la anatomía en un contexto educativo.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of racial crossing on seminal parameters of eight Santa Inês and crossbred (Santa Inês x Dorper) rams submitted to heat stress, and to monitor the return of these parameters to previously reported. Before to place the insulation bags, two collects of semen through electroejaculation were performed. The insulation pouches were made with double-layer plastic, internally lined with cotton, and fixed around the spermatic funiculus and scrotum with adhesive tape and bandage remaining on the testes of the animals for seven days. The first collect was performed on the day that the pouches were taken (day 0) and thereafter, every seven days, totalizing 15 measurements. Data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA). The analyzed variables were subjected to Dunnett test at 5% probability to compare the values obtained before treatment with those obtained in the following days. In this study it was found that the animals restored normal seminal parameter after the insulation effects, however, the return rate differed slightly among the studied breeds. The crossbred animals restored the seminal patterns, on average, a week before Santa Inês. It is concluded that the racial crossing influences the semen parameters of rams submitted to heat stress.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do cruzamento racial sobre parâmetros seminais de oito carneiros Santa Inês e mestiços, submetidos ao estresse térmico e monitorar o retorno desses parâmetros aos relatos anteriormente. Antes de colocar as bolsas de insulação, foram realizadas duas coletas de sêmen por meio de eletroejaculação. As bolsas de insulação foram confeccionadas com plástico de camada dupla, revestidas internamente com algodão, fixadas ao redor do funículo espermático e escroto com fita adesiva e bandagem, permanecendo nos testículos dos animais por sete dias. A primeira coleta foi realizada no dia em que as bolsas foram retiradas (dia 0) e a partir daí, a cada sete dias, totalizando 15 coletas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA). As variáveis analisadas foram submetidas ao teste de Dunnett a 5% de probabilidade para comparar os valores obtidos antes do tratamento com aqueles obtidos nos dias seguintes. Neste estudo verificou-se que os animais restauraram os parâmetros seminais normais após os efeitos da insulação, porém, a taxa de retorno diferiu ligeiramente entre as raças estudadas. Os animais mestiços restauraram os padrões seminais, em média, uma semana antes da Santa Inês. Conclui-se que o cruzamento racial influencia os parâmetros seminais de carneiros submetidos ao estresse térmico.

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The study investigated the gross and microscopic anatomy of the genital organs of 20 agoutis at different stages of the estrous cycle and four in the final trimester of pregnancy. Specimens were euthanized and their reproductive organs were fixed in a 4% paraformaldehyde or 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution and submitted to routine histological techniques for light and scanning electron microscopy. In the ovary, during the proestrus phase, we observed developing follicles and corpus luteum (CL) in regression; during estrus, there were Graafian follicles; during metestrus, there was a hemorrhagic corpus, whereas in diestrus, there was a mature CL. The uterus was partially double because the cervix was cranially septate but caudally, the septum disappeared, forming a single ostium that opened into the vagina. Changes occurred along the estrous cycle in the uterine and vaginal epithelia, that is, an increase in the uterine epithelium height accompanied by an increase of thickness of the vaginal epithelium during the follicular phase and a decrease of thickness of both epithelia during the luteal phase. The endometrial lining was composed of a simple cuboidal epithelium to simple columnar epithelium with basal nuclei. The vaginal mucosa consisted of epithelium that varied from nonkeratinized stratified squamous (luteal phase) to keratinized stratified squamous (follicular phase). The clitoris was external to the vagina. It presented two protruding lateral keratinized spicules and a centralized urethra, with no common parts between the urinary and genital tracts. Anatomical and histological changes were observed mainly in the cervix, vagina and spicules of the clitoris during the EC.

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To contribute knowledge of an important experimental model for studies on skin embryology, a study was carried out to describe the morphological events of the skin during the intrauterine life of Cavia porcellus from the 10th to the 60th day of gestation. Embryos and fetuses were dissected, and the skin of the nasal, cranial, lumbar and anal regions was processed byoptical microscopy. At 30 days the first hairs, called lanugos, were observed in the cranial region. The morphological description showed that a few days can make a great difference in development.

Con el objetivo de contribuir al conocimiento de un importante modelo experimental para estudios sobre embriología de la piel, se llevó a cabo un estudio para describir los eventos morfológicos de la piel durante la vida intrauterina de Cavia porcellus desde el día 10 hasta el día 60 de gestación. Los embriones y los fetos se disecaron y se procesó la piel de las regiones nasal, craneal, lumbar y anal, mediante microscopía óptica. A los 30 días se observaron los primeros vellos, llamados lanugos, en la región craneal. La descripción morfológica mostró que unos pocos días pueden marcar una gran diferencia en el desarrollo.

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Background: The 3D printer came in the 1980s. Since then, its innovation has allowed its use in many areas suchas: engineering, art, industry, education and medicine. The scanning and 3D printing of anatomical components hasgained relevance in recent years due to the advancement in the technology of scanning equipment and 3D printers.Since 3D models are useful in several areas of health, the present study aimed to standardize the three-dimensionalscanning and printing of the coxal bones and the long ones of the pelvic limbs of dogs. The aim was to build a dynamic3D digital collection, as well as generate templates for didactic use, or for use in both prostheses and orthopedicsurgical planning.Materials, Methods & Results: In present study, a 3D macroscopic scanning system, Creaform brand Go! Scan 3D modeland a Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D Printer (Stratasys Mojo Printer) were used. After proper maceration of thebones under study, these were scanned, edited, printed and washed. Replicas of the coxal and left femur, tibia and fibulabones were obtained, as well as generating digital files that can be converted into PDFs.Discussion: From the models scanned in 3D, a dynamic digital collection was built for anatomical study, which can beused to complement practical classes. The creation of a collection of anatomical pieces printed in 3D can reduce the useof cadavers in class. The printed material can also be used as a template for orthopedic surgical planning or serve as abasis for the manufacture of prostheses, contributing to the improvement of the surgical and orthopedic clinic. 3D printing can be successfully used in veterinary medicine through the production of prostheses for injured animals as well asfor surgical planning of orthopedic procedures. The scan allows the generation of a collection for bioprinting, just as thetomography does in medical practice. Such steps are important in the final generation of parts to be used for both...(AU)

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This research describes for the first time the complete morphology of the digestive apparatus of rock cavies. Dissection, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were performed. The oral cavity has: the hard palate without palatine wrinkles and the soft palate; the tongue composed by striated musculature, with presence of vallate, foliated, and fungiform papillae with taste buds and filiform papillae with mechanical function; and, 20 teeth of the hypsodonts type. Esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), and the large intestine (cecum, colon, and rectum) are found. The anus is present at the end of the alimentary channel. Organs of digestive tube are composed by four tunics: mucosa, submucosa, muscular, and serosa. The duodenum, jejunum and ileum have villi. Jejunum, ileum and cecum present Lieberkühn crypts. The cecum has mucous glands. Colon and rectum are folded and have goblet cells. Anus presents sebaceous glands. As associated glands it is found the liver with six lobes and gallbladder; a lobulated pancreas; and a pair of each major salivary gland (parotid, mandibular, and sublingual). Parotid glands have serous acini and mandibular and sublingual glands have mucous acini. Pancreas has adenomers. The liver has hepatocytes and portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct (portal triad), separated by sinusoids. It is concluded that the digestive apparatus of the rock cavy has variations in the dentition, lingual papillae, and acini of the salivary glands when compared to other rodents. Other variations refer to the well-developed cecum characteristic of herbivorous behavior.

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Background: The 3D printer came in the 1980s. Since then, its innovation has allowed its use in many areas suchas: engineering, art, industry, education and medicine. The scanning and 3D printing of anatomical components hasgained relevance in recent years due to the advancement in the technology of scanning equipment and 3D printers.Since 3D models are useful in several areas of health, the present study aimed to standardize the three-dimensionalscanning and printing of the coxal bones and the long ones of the pelvic limbs of dogs. The aim was to build a dynamic3D digital collection, as well as generate templates for didactic use, or for use in both prostheses and orthopedicsurgical planning.Materials, Methods & Results: In present study, a 3D macroscopic scanning system, Creaform brand Go! Scan 3D modeland a Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D Printer (Stratasys Mojo Printer) were used. After proper maceration of thebones under study, these were scanned, edited, printed and washed. Replicas of the coxal and left femur, tibia and fibulabones were obtained, as well as generating digital files that can be converted into PDFs.Discussion: From the models scanned in 3D, a dynamic digital collection was built for anatomical study, which can beused to complement practical classes. The creation of a collection of anatomical pieces printed in 3D can reduce the useof cadavers in class. The printed material can also be used as a template for orthopedic surgical planning or serve as abasis for the manufacture of prostheses, contributing to the improvement of the surgical and orthopedic clinic. 3D printing can be successfully used in veterinary medicine through the production of prostheses for injured animals as well asfor surgical planning of orthopedic procedures. The scan allows the generation of a collection for bioprinting, just as thetomography does in medical practice. Such steps are important in the final generation of parts to be used for both...

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The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ with importance in clinical surgery. Due this and the lack of data in the literature, the current paper analyzes the organ´s morphology and segmentation in collared peccaries. Twenty animals were used at the Center for the Multiplication of Wild Animals of the Universidade Federal Rural do SemiÁrido, Mossoró RN Brazil. The spleen was removed with the splenic pedicle preserved, identifying the lineal artery and vein. Fragments from four spleens were harvested to be examined under light microscopy. They were fixed in a paraformaldehyde solution 4% and buffered with sodium phosphate 0.1M, pH 7.4. Routine histological techniques were performed: the spleens were dehydrated in increasing ethanol concentrations; diaphanized in xylol; soaked in paraffin; 7µm cuts were obtained and stained by hematoxylin-eosin or Gomori trichrome technique. The intraparenchemal vascularization of sixteen spleens were analyzed by latex or vinilite acetate perfusal of the lineal artery and vein and the organ fixed, respectively, in a water solution of formaldehyde 10% or immersed in a solution of sulfuric acid 30%. The collared peccary´s spleen had a tongue-like shape. Under the microscope, the spleen featured an intermediary type, with a great amount of white pulp, a predominance of red pulp and few trabeculae. The spleen´s segments had three different regions, namely dorsal, middle and ventral, in irrigation terms with a possible surgical removal of the dorsal region. Knowledge on the angio-architecture and segmentation of the spleen will be a contribution for surgical procedures in wild species, having a great relevance when partial splenectomy is required.

O baço é um órgão linfoide secundário e com importância na clínica cirúrgica. Diante da inexistência de dados na literatura, este artigo estudou a morfologia e segmentação deste órgão em catetos. Foram utilizados 20 animais que vieram a óbito por causas naturais no Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró-RN, Brasil. O baço foi coletado preservando-se o pedículo esplênico, pelo qual identificavam-se a artéria e a veia lienais. Fragmentos de quatro baços foram coletados para análise em microscopia de luz. Estes foram fixados em solução de paraformaldeído a 4% tamponado com fosfato de sódio 0,1M, pH 7,4 e submetidos a técnicas histológicas de rotina. Os baços foram desidratados em concentrações crescentes de etanol; diafanizados em xilol; embebidos em parafina e obtidos cortes de 7µm e corados pela técnica de hematoxilina-eosina ou tricrômio de Gomori. A vascularização intraparenquimal de vinte baços foram analisadas através da perfusão de latex ou acetato de vinilite na artéria e veia lienais e logo o órgão foi fixado, respectivamente, em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10% ou imersos em solução de ácido sulfúrico a 30%. O baço do cateto apresentou-se como uma estrutura longa com forma similar a uma língua. Microscopicamente, o baço caracterizou-se como do tipo intermediário, possuindo quantidade considerável de polpa branca, com predominância da polpa vermelha e poucas trabéculas. A segmentação do baço em termos de irrigação apresentou três regiões distintas: dorsal, média e ventral, com a região dorsal passível de remoção cirúrgica. O conhecimento sobre a angioarquitetura e segmentação do baço de cateto contribuirá para a realização de procedimentos cirúrgicos nesta espécie silvestre e de grande importância quando se fizer necessário a esplenectomia parcial.

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Current study describes possible alterations of the terminal branches of dogs' abdominal aorta to determine their origin and compare them with other species. Thirty specimens of dogs (race not defined), 20 females and 10 males, varying in age and size, were used. The corpses were retrieved from previous practical classes at the veterinary anatomy laboratory of the Universidade de Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, Brazil. The dogs' femoral artery was dissected and catheterized by 10% formaldehyde injection and submerged for at least 48 hours in formalin-fixed vats for fixation. All animals were submitted to abdominal cavity access through the abdominal and lateral abdominal wall and later removed from the abdominal viscera to visualize the abdominal aorta and its terminal branches. Most of the animals under analysis presented, right and left external iliac artery, right and left internal iliac artery and a median sacral arteryas terminal branches of the abdominal aorta, whereas 9 dissected specimens showed a common trunk with internal iliac artery and medial sacral artery. Results show that there are variations among mammals with regard to the origins of terminal branches of the abdominal aorta.

Esse estudo teve o objetivo de descrever as possíveis alterações dos ramos terminais da aorta abdominal dos cães determinando a sua origem e comparando com as demais espécies. Foram utilizados 30 exemplares de cães SRD com idade e portes variados, sendo destes 20 fêmeas e 10 machos, todos os cadáveres provenientes de aulas práticas anteriormente ministradas no laboratório de anatomia veterinária da universidade de Sorocaba-UNISO. Os cadáveres tiveram sua artéria femoral dissecada em seguida cateterizada para injeção de formaldeído a 10% e posteriormente foram mantidos submersos por no mínimo 48 horas em cubas com formol para fixação. Todos os animais foram submetidos ao acesso da cavidade abdominal através da retirada da parede abdominal ventral e lateral e posteriormente retirada das vísceras abdominais para visualização da aorta abdominal e seus ramos terminais. A maioria dos animais estudados apresentou como ramos terminais da aorta abdominal, artéria ilíaca externa direita e esquerda, artéria ilíaca interna direita e esquerda e uma artéria sacral mediana, enquanto 9 espécimes dissecados apresentaram um tronco comum onde surgiu a artéria ilíaca interna e artéria sacral mediana, concluindo-se que existem variações das origens dos ramos terminais da aorta abdominal entre os mamíferos.

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Current study describes possible alterations of the terminal branches of dogs' abdominal aorta to determine their origin and compare them with other species. Thirty specimens of dogs (race not defined), 20 females and 10 males, varying in age and size, were used. The corpses were retrieved from previous practical classes at the veterinary anatomy laboratory of the Universidade de Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, Brazil. The dogs' femoral artery was dissected and catheterized by 10% formaldehyde injection and submerged for at least 48 hours in formalin-fixed vats for fixation. All animals were submitted to abdominal cavity access through the abdominal and lateral abdominal wall and later removed from the abdominal viscera to visualize the abdominal aorta and its terminal branches. Most of the animals under analysis presented, right and left external iliac artery, right and left internal iliac artery and a median sacral arteryas terminal branches of the abdominal aorta, whereas 9 dissected specimens showed a common trunk with internal iliac artery and medial sacral artery. Results show that there are variations among mammals with regard to the origins of terminal branches of the abdominal aorta.(AU)

Esse estudo teve o objetivo de descrever as possíveis alterações dos ramos terminais da aorta abdominal dos cães determinando a sua origem e comparando com as demais espécies. Foram utilizados 30 exemplares de cães SRD com idade e portes variados, sendo destes 20 fêmeas e 10 machos, todos os cadáveres provenientes de aulas práticas anteriormente ministradas no laboratório de anatomia veterinária da universidade de Sorocaba-UNISO. Os cadáveres tiveram sua artéria femoral dissecada em seguida cateterizada para injeção de formaldeído a 10% e posteriormente foram mantidos submersos por no mínimo 48 horas em cubas com formol para fixação. Todos os animais foram submetidos ao acesso da cavidade abdominal através da retirada da parede abdominal ventral e lateral e posteriormente retirada das vísceras abdominais para visualização da aorta abdominal e seus ramos terminais. A maioria dos animais estudados apresentou como ramos terminais da aorta abdominal, artéria ilíaca externa direita e esquerda, artéria ilíaca interna direita e esquerda e uma artéria sacral mediana, enquanto 9 espécimes dissecados apresentaram um tronco comum onde surgiu a artéria ilíaca interna e artéria sacral mediana, concluindo-se que existem variações das origens dos ramos terminais da aorta abdominal entre os mamíferos.(AU)

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The study aimed at evaluating the testicular structure and spermatogenesis of Santa Inês and Santa Inês and Dorper crossbred sheep. Sixteen testicles of the animals under study were used, in order to evaluate the volumetric proportion, the diameter of the tubules, the height of seminiferous epithelium, the frequency of stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle and the spermatogenic yield. The data were submitted to Student-Newman-Keulstestat 5% significance. The tubular diameter was 173.12 ± 29.09 μm and 185.71 ± 29.7 μm, and the height of the seminiferous epithelium was 52.29 ± 9.98μm and 56.68 ± 11.25 μ m, for the crossbred and the Santa Inês, respectively. There was no difference between the testicular compartments and the frequency of the stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle between the groups. Santa Inês sheep presented a number of 15.36 ± 4.49 spermatocytes in the pre-leptotene/leptotene stage and 27.42 ± 6.65 spermatocytes in the pachytene, whereas the crossbred presented 13.18 ± 5.19 and 23.48 ± 7.80, respectively. The crossbred showed higher meiotic yield (3.98 ± 1.28) and spermatogenesis yield (3.71 ± 1.02). It is concluded there are differences in testicular morphology and spermatogenesis between Santa Inês sheep and crossbred Dorper/Santa Inês, indicating that the crossbreeding between the Santa Inês and Dorper animals allows a gain in the reproductive potential.(AU)

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The study aimed at evaluating the testicular structure and spermatogenesis of Santa Inês and Santa Inês and Dorper crossbred sheep. Sixteen testicles of the animals under study were used, in order to evaluate the volumetric proportion, the diameter of the tubules, the height of seminiferous epithelium, the frequency of stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle and the spermatogenic yield. The data were submitted to Student-Newman-Keulstestat 5% significance. The tubular diameter was 173.12 ± 29.09 μm and 185.71 ± 29.7 μm, and the height of the seminiferous epithelium was 52.29 ± 9.98μm and 56.68 ± 11.25 μ m, for the crossbred and the Santa Inês, respectively. There was no difference between the testicular compartments and the frequency of the stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle between the groups. Santa Inês sheep presented a number of 15.36 ± 4.49 spermatocytes in the pre-leptotene/leptotene stage and 27.42 ± 6.65 spermatocytes in the pachytene, whereas the crossbred presented 13.18 ± 5.19 and 23.48 ± 7.80, respectively. The crossbred showed higher meiotic yield (3.98 ± 1.28) and spermatogenesis yield (3.71 ± 1.02). It is concluded there are differences in testicular morphology and spermatogenesis between Santa Inês sheep and crossbred Dorper/Santa Inês, indicating that the crossbreeding between the Santa Inês and Dorper animals allows a gain in the reproductive potential.

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The aim of this study was to know the embryonic and fetal development of the female rabbit genital system (Oryctolagus cuniculus), describing its main phases and the moment of sexual differentiation. Eleven pregnant New Zealand female rabbits were used in different gestational phases. The day of coitus was determined as day 0. For each stage a minimum of two animals was considered. The samples were obtained every two days from the ninth day post-coitus (dpc) until the 28th dpc. The gestational period was divided in two: animals with undifferentiated sex (group 1) and animals with differentiated sex (group 2). The ages of embryos and fetuses were estimated through the crown-rump method. Subsequently, embryos and fetuses were dissected, fixed and processed to be embedded in paraffin (Histosec). The histological analysis was performed on sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Immunohistochemical analysis to determine sexual differentiation was performed on samples from the 16th, 18th and 28th dpc. Desert Hedgehog (Dhh) and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh) primary antibodies, respectively, were used to identify cells of the male and female germinal epithelium. The immunohistochemical results showed that at the 16th dpc, female sexual differentiation was evident, since positive expression of the Ihh protein was observed. Sexual differentiation was obtained through histological analysis on the 18th dpc and through anatomical observation of the external genitalia on the 24th dpc. Knowing the characteristics of the embryonic and fetal development of the female rabbit genital system as well as the moment of sexual differentiation make it possible to establish bases for future research that address the physiology and pathology of these organs. Thus, any alteration in the chain of events of sexual determination and differentiation must search for an explanation from the knowledge of the possible normal mechanisms affected.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer el desarrollo embrionario y fetal del sistema genital femenino de conejo (Oryctolagus cuniculus), describiendo sus principales fases y el momento de la diferenciación sexual. Se utilizaron 11 conejos hembras gestantes neozelandesas, en diferentes fases gestacionales. El día del coito se determinó como día 0. Para cada etapa fue considerado un mínimos de dos animales. Las muestras fueron obtenidas cada dos días, a partir del noveno día post-coito (dpc) hasta el 28 dpc. El periodo gestacional fue dividido en dos: animales con sexo indiferenciado (grupo 1) y, animales con sexo diferenciado (grupo 2). Las edades de los embriones y los fetos fueron estimadas a través del método de crown-rump. Posteriormente, embriones y fetos fueron disecados, fijados y procesados para su inclusión en parafina (Histosec). El análisis histológico se realizó en secciones teñidas con Hematoxilina y Eosina. El análisis inmunohistoquímico para determinar la diferenciación sexual fue realizado en muestras de 16, 18 y 28 dpc. Para identificar células del epitelio germinativo masculino y feminino se utilizaron los anticuerpos primarios Desert Hedgehog (Dhh) e Indian Hedgehog (Ihh), respectivamente. Los resultados inmunohistoquímicos mostraron que a los 16 dpc se evidenció diferenciación sexual femenina, ya que se observó expresión positiva de la proteína Ihh. La diferenciación sexual, a través del análisis histológico fue obtenida a los 18 dpc y a través de la observación anatómica de los genitales externos a los 24 dpc. Conocer las características del desarrollo embrionario y fetal del sistema genital femenino de conejo, así como, el momento de la diferenciación sexual, permiten sentar bases para futuras investigaciones que aborden la fisiología y patología de estos órganos. Así, cualquier alteración en la cadena de eventos de la determinación y diferenciación sexual deberá buscar una explicación a partir del conocimiento de los posibles mecanismos normales afectados.

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This study documented, for the first time, the morphological patterns of differentiation of male and female genital organs of Spix cavy (Galea spixii) using histological and ultrastructural analyses, with immuno-localization of steroidogenic enzymes, cytochromes P450 aromatase (P450arom) and 17α-hydroxylase/17, 20-lyase (P450c17), involved in the synthesis of estrogens and androgens respectively throughout fetal sexual development. Undifferentiated gonads of Spix cavy develop into ovaries in females after 25 days of gestation (DG), exhibiting P450arom immunoreactivity. After 25 DG, paramesonephric ducts develop and form oviducts, uterine horns and cranial portion of the vagina. The caudal portion of the vagina originates from the urogenital sinus, and a vaginal closure membrane is present at the end of gestation. Partial channeling of the urethra into the clitoris occurs after 40 DG, but complete channeling never occurs. A preputial meatus emerges near the tip of organ. In males, undifferentiated gonads develop into testes at 25 DG and develop immunoreactivity for P450c17, which is required for androgens synthesis and likely maintenance of mesonephric ducts. Mesonephric ducts develop subsequently, forming the epididymis and ductus deferens. The pelvic urethra develops after 25 DG with channeling into the penis occurring around 30 DG. This is the first morphological study describing the process of sexual differentiation during gestation in a hystricomorph rodent and one of the most comprehensive analyses conducted in any mammal. Male genital organ development follows the general pattern described in other domestic mammals, but does not include formation of the baculum as occurs in mice and rats. In females, clitoral development includes partial canalization by the urethra and development of a preputial meatus. Further studies are required to clarify the mechanisms involved in the differentiative processes described.

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Current study describes possible alterations of the terminal branches of dogs ́ abdominal aorta to determine their origin and compare them with other species. Thirty specimens of dogs (race not defined), 20 females and 10 males, varying in age and size, were used. The corpses were retrieved from previous practical classes at the veterinary anatomy laboratory of the Universidade de Sorocaba(UNISO), Sorocaba, Brazil. The dogs ́ femoral artery was dissected and catheterized by 10% formaldehyde injection and submerged for at least 48 hours in formalin-fixed vats for fixation. All animals were submitted to abdominal cavity access through the abdominal and lateral abdominal wall and later removed from the abdominal viscera to visualize the abdominal aorta and its terminal branches. Most of the animals under analysis presented, right and left external iliac artery, right and left internal iliac artery and a median sacral arteryas terminal branches of the abdominal aorta, whereas 9 dissected specimens showed a common trunk with internal iliac artery and medial sacral artery. Results show that there are variations among mammals with regard to the origins of terminal branches of the abdominal aorta.

Esse estudo teve o objetivo de descrever as possíveis alterações dos ramos terminais da aorta abdominal dos cães determinando a sua origem e comparando com as demais espécies. Foram utilizados 30 exemplares de cães SRD com idade e portes variados, sendo destes 20 fêmeas e 10 machos, todos os cadáveres provenientes de aulas práticas anteriormente ministradas no laboratório de anatomia veterinária da universidade de Sorocaba-UNISO. Os cadáveres tiveram sua artéria femoral dissecada em seguida cateterizada para injeção de formaldeído a 10% e posteriormente foram mantidos submersos por no mínimo 48 horas em cubas com formol para fixação. Todos os animais foram submetidos ao acesso da cavidade abdominal através da retirada da parede abdominal ventral e lateral e posteriormente retirada das vísceras abdominais para visualização da aorta abdominal e seus ramos terminais. A maioria dos animais estudados apresentou como ramos terminais da aorta abdominal, artéria ilíaca externa direita e esquerda, artéria ilíaca interna direita e esquerda e uma artéria sacral mediana, enquanto 9 espécimes dissecados apresentaram um tronco comum onde surgiu a artéria ilíaca interna e artéria sacral mediana, concluindo-se que existem variações das origens dos ramos terminais da aorta abdominal entre os mamíferos.

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Current study describes possible alterations of the terminal branches of dogs ́ abdominal aorta to determine their origin and compare them with other species. Thirty specimens of dogs (race not defined), 20 females and 10 males, varying in age and size, were used. The corpses were retrieved from previous practical classes at the veterinary anatomy laboratory of the Universidade de Sorocaba(UNISO), Sorocaba, Brazil. The dogs ́ femoral artery was dissected and catheterized by 10% formaldehyde injection and submerged for at least 48 hours in formalin-fixed vats for fixation. All animals were submitted to abdominal cavity access through the abdominal and lateral abdominal wall and later removed from the abdominal viscera to visualize the abdominal aorta and its terminal branches. Most of the animals under analysis presented, right and left external iliac artery, right and left internal iliac artery and a median sacral arteryas terminal branches of the abdominal aorta, whereas 9 dissected specimens showed a common trunk with internal iliac artery and medial sacral artery. Results show that there are variations among mammals with regard to the origins of terminal branches of the abdominal aorta.(AU)

Esse estudo teve o objetivo de descrever as possíveis alterações dos ramos terminais da aorta abdominal dos cães determinando a sua origem e comparando com as demais espécies. Foram utilizados 30 exemplares de cães SRD com idade e portes variados, sendo destes 20 fêmeas e 10 machos, todos os cadáveres provenientes de aulas práticas anteriormente ministradas no laboratório de anatomia veterinária da universidade de Sorocaba-UNISO. Os cadáveres tiveram sua artéria femoral dissecada em seguida cateterizada para injeção de formaldeído a 10% e posteriormente foram mantidos submersos por no mínimo 48 horas em cubas com formol para fixação. Todos os animais foram submetidos ao acesso da cavidade abdominal através da retirada da parede abdominal ventral e lateral e posteriormente retirada das vísceras abdominais para visualização da aorta abdominal e seus ramos terminais. A maioria dos animais estudados apresentou como ramos terminais da aorta abdominal, artéria ilíaca externa direita e esquerda, artéria ilíaca interna direita e esquerda e uma artéria sacral mediana, enquanto 9 espécimes dissecados apresentaram um tronco comum onde surgiu a artéria ilíaca interna e artéria sacral mediana, concluindo-se que existem variações das origens dos ramos terminais da aorta abdominal entre os mamíferos.(AU)

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RESUMO

The study aimed at evaluating the testicular structure and spermatogenesis of Santa Inês and Santa Inês and Dorper crossbred sheep. Sixteen testicles of the animals under study were used, in order to evaluate the volumetric proportion, the diameter of the tubules, the height of seminiferous epithelium, the frequency of stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle and the spermatogenic yield. The data were submitted to Student-Newman-Keulstestat 5% significance. The tubular diameter was 173.12 ± 29.09 µm and 185.71 ± 29.7 µm, and the height of the seminiferous epithelium was 52.29 ± 9.98 µm and 56.68 ± 11.25 µm, for the crossbred and the Santa Inês, respectively. There was no difference between the testicular compartments and the frequency of the stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle between the groups. Santa Inês sheep presented a number of 15.36 ± 4.49 spermatocytes in the pre-leptotene/leptotene stage and 27.42 ± 6.65 spermatocytes in the pachytene, whereas the crossbred presented 13.18 ± 5.19 and 23.48 ± 7.80, respectively. The crossbred showed higher meiotic yield (3.98 ± 1.28) and spermatogenesis yield (3.71 ± 1.02). It is concluded there are differences in testicular morphology and spermatogenesis between Santa Inês sheep and crossbred Dorper/Santa Inês, indicating that the crossbreeding between the Santa Inês and Dorper animals allows a gain in the reproductive potential.

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Several authors have underscored the importance of establishing parameters in morphological development by gender comparison to establish clinical and pre-clinical assays through the use of experimental models. Current research compares the morphometry of right and left adrenal glands of males and females and describes differentiation of the cortex and medulla tissue during the embryonic, pre-puberty and puberty phases in Spix´s yellow-toothed cavies. Embryos aged 22 (22D), 25 (25D), 30 (30D), 40 (44D) and >50 (50D) days of gestation and neonates aged 15 (15DPN) (DPN= Days postnatal), 30 (30DPN) and 90 (90DPN) days after birth were analyzed. Comparisons included morphometric and histological analysis in all periods described. When compared the right and left adrenal glands, results show that the length and width have statistical differences (p<0.05). Statistical difference between right and left glans for weight occurred only after 30D in males and after 50D in females. When compared male and females, no statistical difference in the right and left glands was extant. In the case of tissue differences, the glomerular zone is the first to emerge after 22D, followed by the fasciculate zone after 25D and by the reticular zone during the post-natal period. Medullar tissue was spread between the cortical tissue at the onset of development, establishing itself at the center of the organ since the end of pregnancy (>50D) up to puberty. Considering tissue differentiation, there was no difference between the adrenal glands of male and female cavies or between the right and left adrenal glands.

RESUMO

A bioimpressão é considerada uma fonte promissora no desenvolvimento celular, e na produção de mini-órgãos, válulas, cartilagens que futuramente poderão ser utilizados na terapia para transplantes em animais e humanos. Assim, essa técnica poderá ser utilizada como uma terapia eletiva, no tratamento de injúrias e principalmente no tratamento de doenças crônico-degenerativas. Em humanos essa terapia está sendo pesquisada a fim de auxiliar a medicina no tratamento e regeneração de tecidos impressos a partir de arcabouços de células desenvolvidas a partir de células-tronco, biomateriais e impressões em 3D. O uso dessa tecnologia é também um auxiliar nas pesquisas oncológicas com o intuito de projetar e avaliar a proliferação celular de tumores, bem como a ação de novos medicamentos quimioterápicos. No entanto, a maior limitação para o uso da terapia utilizando-se a impressora de células, órgãos e tecidos em 3D é a falta de protocolos unificados com metodologias reprodutíveis e detalhadas; com o objetivo de viabilizar a utilização da impressora e a impressão de células, órgãos e tecidos em 3D. Dessa forma, esta revisão busca reunir as publicações mais atuais na área, as quais destacam os avanços no uso de bioimpressão com células-tronco, a fim de descrever as principais técnicas e os potenciais de utilização como alternativa terapêutica na medicina humana e veterinária.(AU)

The bioprinting is considered a promising source in cell development, and production of mini-organs, valves, cartilage that may eventually be used in therapy for transplantation in animals and humans. It can also be used as an elective therapy in the treatment of injuries and treatment of chronic degenerative diseases. In humans, this therapy is been studied mainly in the treatment and regeneration of tissues printed from scaffold cells developed from stem cells, biomaterials and impressions in 3D. This technology is also an aid for the study of the formation of tumors, in order to design and evaluate the cellular proliferation of the tumors and the action of new chemotherapy drugs. However, the main drawback to this therapy is the lack of standardized protocols with reproducible and detailed methodologies with the aim of enabling the use of bioprinting and printing cells, tissues and organs in 3D. Thus, this review seeks to bring together the most current publications of the bioprinting area in order to describe the technique and its potential use as a therapeutic alternative.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

A bioimpressão é considerada uma fonte promissora no desenvolvimento celular, e na produção de mini-órgãos, válulas, cartilagens que futuramente poderão ser utilizados na terapia para transplantes em animais e humanos. Assim, essa técnica poderá ser utilizada como uma terapia eletiva, no tratamento de injúrias e principalmente no tratamento de doenças crônico-degenerativas. Em humanos essa terapia está sendo pesquisada a fim de auxiliar a medicina no tratamento e regeneração de tecidos impressos a partir de arcabouços de células desenvolvidas a partir de células-tronco, biomateriais e impressões em 3D. O uso dessa tecnologia é também um auxiliar nas pesquisas oncológicas com o intuito de projetar e avaliar a proliferação celular de tumores, bem como a ação de novos medicamentos quimioterápicos. No entanto, a maior limitação para o uso da terapia utilizando-se a impressora de células, órgãos e tecidos em 3D é a falta de protocolos unificados com metodologias reprodutíveis e detalhadas; com o objetivo de viabilizar a utilização da impressora e a impressão de células, órgãos e tecidos em 3D. Dessa forma, esta revisão busca reunir as publicações mais atuais na área, as quais destacam os avanços no uso de bioimpressão com células-tronco, a fim de descrever as principais técnicas e os potenciais de utilização como alternativa terapêutica na medicina humana e veterinária.(AU)

The bioprinting is considered a promising source in cell development, and production of mini-organs, valves, cartilage that may eventually be used in therapy for transplantation in animals and humans. It can also be used as an elective therapy in the treatment of injuries and treatment of chronic degenerative diseases. In humans, this therapy is been studied mainly in the treatment and regeneration of tissues printed from scaffold cells developed from stem cells, biomaterials and impressions in 3D. This technology is also an aid for the study of the formation of tumors, in order to design and evaluate the cellular proliferation of the tumors and the action of new chemotherapy drugs. However, the main drawback to this therapy is the lack of standardized protocols with reproducible and detailed methodologies with the aim of enabling the use of bioprinting and printing cells, tissues and organs in 3D. Thus, this review seeks to bring together the most current publications of the bioprinting area in order to describe the technique and its potential use as a therapeutic alternative.(AU)

Assuntos