RESUMO
In the Amazon region, Trypanosoma cruzi transmission cycles involve a great diversity of Triatominae vectors and mammal reservoirs. Some Rhodnius spp. mainly inhabit palm trees that act as microhabitats for hosts and vectors. The current study aimed to describe aspects of the bio-ecology of the vectors and reservoirs of T. cruzi in relation to human populations resident near areas with large quantities of palm trees, in rural, peri-urban and urban collection environments, located in the Western Brazilian Amazon. Rhodnius pictipes and Didelphis marsupialis were respectively the most predominant vector and reservoir, with rates of 71% for R. pictipes and 96.5% for D. marsupialis. The vast majority of T. cruzi isolates clustered with TcI. The most prevalent haplotype was TcI COII1 (69.7%). Mauritia flexuosa and Attalea phalerata were the main ecological indicators of infestation by triatomines. Birds were the most common food source (27,71%). T. cruzi isolated from R. robustus has the haplotype HUM-13, previously detected in a chronic Chagas patient living in the same area. Our results demonstrate the relevance of this study, with the occurrence of elevated infection rates in animals, and suggest the importance of the Amazon zones where there is a risk of infection in humans.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas , Marsupiais , Rhodnius , Triatominae , Trypanosoma cruzi , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Doença de Chagas/veterinária , Reservatórios de Doenças , Marsupiais/parasitologia , Rhodnius/parasitologia , Triatominae/parasitologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/genéticaRESUMO
Foram simulados quatro sistemas de produção de bovinos de corte a partir de dados zootécnicos e econômicos de uma fazenda de ciclo completo situada no município de Corinto, região central de Minas Gerais. Utilizou-se o programa de simulação bioeconômica Embrapec. Os sistemas simulados foram: ciclo completo com uso de cruzamento industrial (CompCRUZA), ciclo completo exclusivamente com zebuíno (CompZEBU), ciclo de cria com uso de cruzamento industrial (CriaCRUZA), ciclo de cria exclusivamente com zebuíno (CriaZEBU). No sistema com cruzamento industrial, os animais eram vendidos logo após a desmama, com oito meses (CriaCRUZA), ou abatidos aos 13 meses (CompCRUZA). No sistema com rebanho zebu, os animais eram também vendidos à desmama (CriaZEBU) ou abatidos aos 24 meses (CompZEBU). As bezerras foram recriadas, e uma parcela (15%), descartada para a venda. A quantidade de animais em um rebanho estabilizado foi 13,1% e 10,7% menor nos sistemas cruzados, completo e cria, respectivamente; porém a quantidade (kg) de carcaça vendida/ha (49,9 para CriaCRUZA e 118,1 para CompCRUZA) e a taxa de desfrute (24,4%) foram em média 15,3% maior que zebuínos. A taxa interna de retorno e o valor presente líquido foram superiores para os sistemas que adotaram o cruzamento de zebuínos com raças europeias, CriaCRUZA (17,2% e R$ 10.151.896,54) e CompCRUZA (18,9% e R$ 11.749.329,42). Quando comparados os sistemas de produção, os que utilizaram ciclo completo, o CompCRUZA (18,9% e R$ 11.749.329,42) e CompZEBU (16,2% e R$ 9.568.293,51), foram em média 18,7% maiores que os de cria, quando comparados com o mesmo grupo genético, CriaCRUZA (17,2% e R$ 10.151.896,54) e CriaZEBU (14,6% e R$ 7.955.230,38). Todos os sistemas de produção simulados foram economicamente viáveis, sendo que o sistema de produção CompCRUZA foi que apresentou maior viabilidade econômica e com melhores indicadores zootécnicos.
Four alternative systems of production from zootechnical and economic beef cattle data were simulated from an existing full-cycle farm located in Corinto, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The systems simulated were: full-cycle with the use of crossbreed cattle (CompCRUZA), full cycle, exclusively with zebu cattle (CompZEBU), rearing cycle with the use of crossbreed cattle (CriaCRUZA) and rearing cycle with zebu cattle (CriaZEBU). The crossbreeding system animals were sold immediately after weaning with 8 months (CriaCRUZA) or slaughtered with 13 months (CompCRUZA). The zebu cattle system animals were also sold after weaning (CriaZEBU) or slaughtered with 24 months (CompZEBU). The female calves were reared and 15% were destined for sale. The data was simulated on the bioeconomic software "Embrapec". The number of animals in the stabilized herd was lower in cross-systems, but the amount (kg) of carcass sold/ha (49.9 for CriaCRUZA and 118.1 for CompCRUZA) and offtake rate (24.4%) were superior to zebu cattle. The internal rate of return and net present value was higher for systems that have adopted the crossing system (taurine x zebu cattle), CriaCRUZA (17.2% and R$ 10,151,896.54) and CompCRUZA (18.9% and R$ 11,749,329.42). When comparing the production systems, those using full-cycle, the CompCRUZA and CompZEBU (16.2% and R$ 9,568,293.51), were more profitable than rearing systems, when compared with the same genetic group, CriaCRUZA and CriaZEBU (14.6% to R$ 7,955,230.38. All production systems simulated were financially feasible, but the production systemCompCRUZA showed the highest economic viability and better zootechnical indicators.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Criação de Animais Domésticos/tendências , Indústria Agropecuária/métodosRESUMO
Foram simulados quatro sistemas de produção de bovinos de corte a partir de dados zootécnicos e econômicos de uma fazenda de ciclo completo situada no município de Corinto, região central de Minas Gerais. Utilizou-se o programa de simulação bioeconômica Embrapec. Os sistemas simulados foram: ciclo completo com uso de cruzamento industrial (CompCRUZA), ciclo completo exclusivamente com zebuíno (CompZEBU), ciclo de cria com uso de cruzamento industrial (CriaCRUZA), ciclo de cria exclusivamente com zebuíno (CriaZEBU). No sistema com cruzamento industrial, os animais eram vendidos logo após a desmama, com oito meses (CriaCRUZA), ou abatidos aos 13 meses (CompCRUZA). No sistema com rebanho zebu, os animais eram também vendidos à desmama (CriaZEBU) ou abatidos aos 24 meses (CompZEBU). As bezerras foram recriadas, e uma parcela (15%), descartada para a venda. A quantidade de animais em um rebanho estabilizado foi 13,1% e 10,7% menor nos sistemas cruzados, completo e cria, respectivamente; porém a quantidade (kg) de carcaça vendida/ha (49,9 para CriaCRUZA e 118,1 para CompCRUZA) e a taxa de desfrute (24,4%) foram em média 15,3% maior que zebuínos. A taxa interna de retorno e o valor presente líquido foram superiores para os sistemas que adotaram o cruzamento de zebuínos com raças europeias, CriaCRUZA (17,2% e R$ 10.151.896,54) e CompCRUZA (18,9% e R$ 11.749.329,42). Quando comparados os sistemas de produção, os que utilizaram ciclo completo, o CompCRUZA (18,9% e R$ 11.749.329,42) e CompZEBU (16,2% e R$ 9.568.293,51), foram em média 18,7% maiores que os de cria, quando comparados com o mesmo grupo genético, CriaCRUZA (17,2% e R$ 10.151.896,54) e CriaZEBU (14,6% e R$ 7.955.230,38). Todos os sistemas de produção simulados foram economicamente viáveis, sendo que o sistema de produção CompCRUZA foi que apresentou maior viabilidade econômica e com melhores indicadores zootécnicos.(AU)
Four alternative systems of production from zootechnical and economic beef cattle data were simulated from an existing full-cycle farm located in Corinto, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The systems simulated were: full-cycle with the use of crossbreed cattle (CompCRUZA), full cycle, exclusively with zebu cattle (CompZEBU), rearing cycle with the use of crossbreed cattle (CriaCRUZA) and rearing cycle with zebu cattle (CriaZEBU). The crossbreeding system animals were sold immediately after weaning with 8 months (CriaCRUZA) or slaughtered with 13 months (CompCRUZA). The zebu cattle system animals were also sold after weaning (CriaZEBU) or slaughtered with 24 months (CompZEBU). The female calves were reared and 15% were destined for sale. The data was simulated on the bioeconomic software "Embrapec". The number of animals in the stabilized herd was lower in cross-systems, but the amount (kg) of carcass sold/ha (49.9 for CriaCRUZA and 118.1 for CompCRUZA) and offtake rate (24.4%) were superior to zebu cattle. The internal rate of return and net present value was higher for systems that have adopted the crossing system (taurine x zebu cattle), CriaCRUZA (17.2% and R$ 10,151,896.54) and CompCRUZA (18.9% and R$ 11,749,329.42). When comparing the production systems, those using full-cycle, the CompCRUZA and CompZEBU (16.2% and R$ 9,568,293.51), were more profitable than rearing systems, when compared with the same genetic group, CriaCRUZA and CriaZEBU (14.6% to R$ 7,955,230.38. All production systems simulated were financially feasible, but the production systemCompCRUZA showed the highest economic viability and better zootechnical indicators.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Criação de Animais Domésticos/tendências , Indústria Agropecuária/métodosRESUMO
In Minas Gerais, green propolis is produced from the collection of resinous substance found in shoot apices of Baccharis dracunculifolia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological parameters associated with the interaction Apis mellifera x Baccharis dracunculifolia, to elucidate the supply of resin for green propolis production in Minas Gerais. We selected male and female individuals of two populations of Baccharis dracunculifolia located on São Judas Tadeu Farm - FSJT, in the municipality of Betim, MG and the Experimental Garden of the Ezequiel Dias Foundation - HORTO, located in an urban area in Belo Horizonte, MG. We made weekly observations, from June 2007 to June 2008, and evaluated in both populations: richness and abundance of insect visitors; resin collecting visits of Apis mellifera; presence of Baccharopelma dracunculifoliae galls; growth of individuals and phenological phases. Statistical analyses were made using R software. The rainy season showed the highest number of visitors. A. mellifera collected resin in shoot apices of Baccharis dracunculifolia from August to April, only in the FSJT population, where galls of B. dracunculifoliae were also present. Ovoposition of gall inductor on host plants occurs during the rainy season, when there is a peak of visitants and resin collecting visits of honeybees. This fact stimulates plant defense strategies against parasitoids and predators, which includes the production of several secondary metabolites, and ultimately reduces competition for food by inhibiting the attack of other phytophagous insects, not adapted to the chemical environment of plant tissues. Green propolis production in Minas Gerais is related to the abundant supply of resin by Baccharis dracunculifolia, when they are parasitised by B. dracunculifoliae galls. They induce plant production of defense exudates, which attract Apis mellifera bees to collect resin and consequently favour the production of green propolis.
Assuntos
Baccharis/fisiologia , Abelhas/fisiologia , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Própole/química , Animais , Baccharis/classificação , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Feminino , Masculino , Estações do AnoRESUMO
In Minas Gerais, green propolis is produced from the collection of resinous substance found in shoot apices of Baccharis dracunculifolia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological parameters associated with the interaction Apis mellifera x Baccharis dracunculifolia, to elucidate the supply of resin for green propolis production in Minas Gerais. We selected male and female individuals of two populations of Baccharis dracunculifolia located on São Judas Tadeu Farm - FSJT, in the municipality of Betim, MG and the Experimental Garden of the Ezequiel Dias Foundation - HORTO, located in an urban area in Belo Horizonte, MG. We made weekly observations, from June 2007 to June 2008, and evaluated in both populations: richness and abundance of insect visitors; resin collecting visits of Apis mellifera; presence of Baccharopelma dracunculifoliae galls; growth of individuals and phenological phases. Statistical analyses were made using R software. The rainy season showed the highest number of visitors. A. mellifera collected resin in shoot apices of Baccharis dracunculifolia from August to April, only in the FSJT population, where galls of B. dracunculifoliae were also present. Ovoposition of gall inductor on host plants occurs during the rainy season, when there is a peak of visitants and resin collecting visits of honeybees. This fact stimulates plant defense strategies against parasitoids and predators, which includes the production of several secondary metabolites, and ultimately reduces competition for food by inhibiting the attack of other phytophagous insects, not adapted to the chemical environment of plant tissues. Green propolis production in Minas Gerais is related to the abundant supply of resin by Baccharis dracunculifolia, when they are parasitised by B. dracunculifoliae galls. They induce plant production of defense exudates, which attract Apis mellifera bees to collect resin and consequently favour the production of green propolis.(AU)
A própolis verde é produzida pelas abelhas Apis mellifera no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, a partir da coleta de substância resinosa dos ápices vegetativos de Baccharis dracunculifolia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os parâmetros biológicos associados à interação Apis mellifera x Baccharis dracunculifolia, visando elucidar o fornecimento de resina da espécie para a produção de própolis verde em Minas Gerais. Foram selecionados indivíduos masculinos e femininos em duas populações de Baccharis dracunculifolia localizadas na Fazenda São Judas Tadeu FSJT, município de Betim, MG, e no Horto Experimental da Fundação Ezequiel Dias HORTO, em área urbana no município de Belo Horizonte, MG. Foram observados semanalmente, entre junho de 2007 e junho de 2008, a riqueza e abundância de insetos visitantes; visitação de Apis mellifera para coleta de resina; presença de galhas de Baccharopelma dracunculifoliae; crescimento dos indivíduos de Baccharis dracunculifolia e fenofases. Para análise estatística utilizou-se o software R. Em ambas as populações, a estação chuvosa foi a que apresentou maior número de visitantes. As abelhas Apis mellifera, coletaram resina nos ápices vegetativos de Baccharis dracunculifolia entre agosto e abril, e somente na população FSJT, onde ocorreram galhas de B. dracunculifoliae. Neste período a planta é ovopositada pelo indutor da galha que estimula a produção de diversos metabólitos secundários, como proteção ao ataque de parasitoides e predadores, e reduz a competição por alimento ao inibir o ataque de outros insetos fitófagos. A produção de própolis verde em Minas Gerais está relacionada à oferta abundante de resina pela planta Baccharis dracunculifolia, parasitadas por essas galhas. A atração das abelhas Apis mellifera para coleta de resina e produção de própolis verde se dá pela produção de exsudatos de defesa pela planta induzida pela presença da galha.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Baccharis/fisiologia , Abelhas/fisiologia , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Própole/química , Baccharis/classificação , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Estações do AnoRESUMO
This study analyzed the genotype distribution and frequency of lamivudine (LAM) and tenofovir (TDF) resistance mutations in a group of patients co-infected with HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV). A cross-sectional study of 847 patients with HIV was conducted. Patients provided blood samples for HBsAg detection. The load of HBV was determined using an "in-house" real-time polymerase chain reaction. HBV genotypes/subgenotypes, antiviral resistance, basal core promoter (BCP), and precore mutations were detected by DNA sequencing. Twenty-eight patients with co-infection were identified. The distribution of HBV genotypes among these patients was A (n = 9; 50%), D (n = 4; 22.2%), G (n = 3; 16.7%), and F (n = 2; 11.1%). Eighteen patients were treated with LAM and six patients were treated with LAM plus TDF. The length of exposure to LAM and TDF varied from 4 to 216 months. LAM resistance substitutions (rtL180M + rtM204V) were detected in 10 (50%) of the 20 patients with viremia. This pattern and an accompanying rtV173L mutation was found in four patients. Three patients with the triple polymerase substitution pattern (rtV173L + rtL180M + rtM204V) had associated changes in the envelope gene (sE164D + sI195M). Mutations in the BCP region (A1762T, G1764A) and in the precore region (G1896A, G1899A) were also found. No putative TDF resistance substitution was detected. The data suggest that prolonged LAM use is associated with the emergence of particular changes in the HBV genome, including substitutions that may elicit a vaccine escape phenotype. No putative TDF resistance change was detected after prolonged use of TDF.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Viral/genética , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Vírus da Hepatite B/genética , Hepatite B/virologia , Lamivudina/farmacologia , Adenina/análogos & derivados , Adenina/farmacologia , Adenina/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Brasil/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Estudos Transversais , DNA Polimerase Dirigida por DNA/genética , Feminino , Hepatite B/epidemiologia , Vírus da Hepatite B/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Lamivudina/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Mutação , Organofosfonatos/farmacologia , Organofosfonatos/uso terapêutico , Tenofovir , Proteínas do Core Viral/genética , Carga Viral , Proteínas Virais/genéticaRESUMO
Genotype E of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has not been described in Brazil and is found mainly in Africa. Genotype A is the most prevalent in Brazil, and genotypes B, C, D, and F have already been reported. We report here an HBV genotype E-infected patient and some characterization of surface (S) protein, DNA polymerase (P) and precore/core (preC/C) coding regions based on the viral genome. The patient is a 31-year-old black man with chronic hepatitis B who was born and raised in Angola. He has been followed by a hepatologist in São Paulo, Brazil, since November 2003, and he is a frequent traveler to Latin America, Africa, and Europe. In 2003, he was diagnosed with HBV infection and started treatment with lamivudine with the later addition of adefovir dipivoxil. No known risk factor was identified. Serologically, he is HBsAg and anti-HBe positive, but HBeAg and anti-HBs negative. DNA sequence analysis of the S/P region confirmed that this patient is infected with genotype E, subtype ayw4. The preC/C region showed G1896A and G1899A mutations but no mutations in the basal core promoter. Nucleotide substitutions common in genotype E were also observed (C1772, T1858 and A1757). Although this is not an autochthonous case and there is no evidence of further spread, the description of this case in Brazil highlights the current risk of viral genotypes spreading with unprecedented speed due to constant travel around the world.
Assuntos
Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Vírus da Hepatite B/genética , Hepatite B Crônica/virologia , Viagem , África , Brasil , DNA Viral/sangue , Genótipo , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite B/sangue , Antígenos E da Hepatite B/sangue , Vírus da Hepatite B/classificação , Hepatite B Crônica/diagnóstico , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Carga ViralRESUMO
Genotype E of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has not been described in Brazil and is found mainly in Africa. Genotype A is the most prevalent in Brazil, and genotypes B, C, D, and F have already been reported. We report here an HBV genotype E-infected patient and some characterization of surface (S) protein, DNA polymerase (P) and precore/core (preC/C) coding regions based on the viral genome. The patient is a 31-year-old black man with chronic hepatitis B who was born and raised in Angola. He has been followed by a hepatologist in São Paulo, Brazil, since November 2003, and he is a frequent traveler to Latin America, Africa, and Europe. In 2003, he was diagnosed with HBV infection and started treatment with lamivudine with the later addition of adefovir dipivoxil. No known risk factor was identified. Serologically, he is HBsAg and anti-HBe positive, but HBeAg and anti-HBs negative. DNA sequence analysis of the S/P region confirmed that this patient is infected with genotype E, subtype ayw4. The preC/C region showed G1896A and G1899A mutations but no mutations in the basal core promoter. Nucleotide substitutions common in genotype E were also observed (C1772, T1858 and A1757). Although this is not an autochthonous case and there is no evidence of further spread, the description of this case in Brazil highlights the current risk of viral genotypes spreading with unprecedented speed due to constant travel around the world.
Assuntos
Vírus da Hepatite B/genética , Hepatite B Crônica/virologia , Viagem , Adulto , África , Brasil , DNA Viral/sangue , Genótipo , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite B/sangue , Antígenos E da Hepatite B/sangue , Vírus da Hepatite B/classificação , Hepatite B Crônica/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Carga ViralRESUMO
General concern about increasing reports of emergencies caused by or attributed to the exposure of human beings to various toxic agents has created demand for assessing the informational performance of a Brazilian network of 34 poison control centers (PCCs), located in different regions of the country and pertaining to the National Poison Information System (SINITOX). The primary purpose of these PCCs is to inform the public, prevent cases of poisoning, and provide medical care. This paper analyzes the available resources for identifying cases of poisoning, preventing new occurrences, and monitoring the consequences of toxic agents. This paper also analyzes data recorded front 1990 to 1992. The objective is to identify the main constraints to using health-data and management information as decision-making tools at the local level.
RESUMO
PIP: A prospective study was conducted of 100 children under five who were treated at the outpatient and emergency services of the Robert Reid Cabral Hospital in Santo Domingo between August 1989 and May 1990 for acute respiratory infection (ARI). The objective was to evaluate the frequency of use of antibiotics in management of ARI. 51 of the children were under one year old. Among the infants under one year, 32 had mild, 15 had moderate, and 4 had severe cases. An antibiotic was prescribed in 35 of 59 cases of mild infection, 34 of 36 cases of moderate infection, and in all 5 cases of severe infection. The most frequently used antibiotic was penicillin, used in 28%, followed by amoxycillin in 17%, ampicillin in 14%, and erythromycin in 8%.^ieng