RESUMO
The solid product of sewage sludge (SS) pyrolysis, called SS biochar (SSB), is rich in carbon and nutrients, such as phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), and zinc (Zn). However, SSB has a low potassium (K) concentration because it is released with water during the final stage of sewage treatment. The enrichment of SSB with mineral sources of K can solve the low supply of K in SSB and produce an organomineral fertilizer with a slow release of K. However, the dynamics of K release from these enriched fertilizers in different soil types remain unclear. This study investigated the dynamics of K release from biochar-based fertilizer (BBF) in the form of pellets and granules in two soil types (clayey and sandy) and natural silica. An incubation experiment was conducted for 60 days, and replicates were evaluated at prescribed time intervals. After the incubation period, the levels of K available in the solid fraction were determined, and the dynamics of K release were evaluated using four nonlinear regression models. BBFs achieved a slower release of K than the mineral KCl. The dynamics of K release were affected by the physical form of BBF, such that the pelleted BBF exhibited the slowest K release. Furthermore, regarding the concentration detected in the solid phase, the total released was highest in clayey soil, followed by sandy soil and natural silica. The enriched BBFs reduced K release throughout the experimental period, behaving as slow-release fertilizers with the potential to optimize K uptake by plants throughout the growth cycle. Further studies are required to evaluate K leaching and retention in the soil profile when biochar-based fertilizers are applied.
Assuntos
Potássio , Solo , Fertilizantes , Esgotos , Carvão Vegetal , Minerais , Argila , Dióxido de SilícioRESUMO
O tempo de uso de sistemas de irrigação por pivô central pode resultar em alteração de suas características hidráulicas, necessitando de avaliações periódicas para manter a uniformidade de distribuição de água em níveis aceitáveis. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar as condições de funcionamento e desempenho de dezesseis pivôs centrais, localizados em onze municípios de Goiás e no Distrito Federal. Estimou-se o coeficiente de uniformidade de Heermann & Hein - CUH e uniformidade de distribuição - CUD, variação da lâmina coletada em relação à projetada e os fatores que interferem no desempenho dos equipamentos. Dos pivôs avaliados, quatro (25 por cento) apresentaram CUH inadequado (< 80 por cento) e três (18,75 por cento) apresentaram CUD inadequado (< 70 por cento). A lâmina média coletada foi superior à projetada em três e inferior em treze pivôs, com diferença maior que 10 por cento em apenas um pivô. A maioria dos pivôs avaliados necessita de manutenção para solucionar algum dos seguintes problemas: bocais com vazão diferente da considerada adequada para alguns intervalos dos equipamentos, emissores total ou parcialmente obstruídos ou danificados, ausência de pendurais, reguladores de pressão danificados, vazamentos em vários pontos da lateral e velocidade de deslocamento em campo diferente da indicada no relé porcentual.
The time of use of the center-pivot irrigation system may result in alteration of the hydraulic characteristics, frequent evaluations being needed to maintain the efficiency of water distribution at acceptable levels. The aim of this work was to evaluate the conditions of the use and the performance of sixteen center pivots, located in eleven municipal districts of Goiás State and Federal District, Brazil. The Heermann & Hein - CUH coefficient of uniformity and coefficient of distribution - CUD, variation between the collected and projected depth and verification of the main factors that influenced the performance were evaluated. Among the evaluated pivots, four (25 percent) presented inadequate CUH (< 80 percent) and three (18.75 percent) presented inadequate CUD (< 70 percent). The average depth applied was higher than the projected in three and lower in thirteen pivots, with the difference higher than 10 percent in only one pivot. Most of the evaluated pivots need maintenance to solve the following problems: emitters with flow rate different from the flow considered appropriate for some intervals of the equipments; emitters totally or partially clogged or damaged; absence of suspension strings; damaged pressure regulators; leaks in several points and speed displacement different from the observed on the relay percentile.