RESUMO
RESUMEN Presentamos una revisión del estado de la legislación sobre educación especial en Chile y un análisis cualitativo de su aplicación en escuelas regulares con Programas de Integración Escolar. Exponemos que la normativa para la integración de niñas/os con Necesidades Educativas Especiales se enmarca en un contexto enfocado en la rendición de cuentas sin criterios comunes que faciliten su interpretación. Como consecuencia, los actores involucrados ponen en práctica las normas de diversas formas, lo que incluye el abordar la normativa respecto a asuntos administrativos y financieros para intentar que no obstaculice la inclusión de manera universal.
ABSTRACT We present a review of the state of legislation on special education in Chile and a qualitative analysis of the concrete application of this regulation in regular schools with School Integration Programs. We expose that the regulations governing the integration of children with Special Educational Needs into regular classes are part of a broader legal context characterized by dispersion and little systematization, focus on accountability and lack of common criteria to facilitate their interpretation. As a result, the actors involved program the standards in a variety of ways, including addressing regulations regarding administrative and financial matters to try not to hinder inclusion in a universal way.
RESUMO
Candida albicans is the most common human fungal pathogen, and with the increase in resistance rates worldwide, it is necessary to search for new pharmacological alternatives. Lavandula dentata L. essential oil is recognized as having antimicrobial properties. However, its effect against fungal biofilms has been poorly described. C. albicans-related infections involve the development of biofilms, which are highly resistant to conventional antifungals. In this work, we evaluated the antibiofilm effect of L. dentata L. essential oil against C. albicans. First, we characterized the essential oil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antifungal effect on C. albicans reference strains was evaluated by a disk diffusion assay and the minimal inhibitory concentration was obtained through a microdilution assay. The effect of the essential oil on the adhesion ability of C. albicans was determined through a crystal violet assay, and morphogenesis inhibition was assessed by light microscopy. The effect of the essential oil on the microarchitecture of biofilms was evaluated through scanning electron microscopy. Finally, the antibiofilm effect was evaluated through an adapted biofilm scratch assay and XTT viability assay. The main constituent of the essential oil was the monoterpenoid eucalyptol (60%). The essential oil presented minimal inhibitory concentrations of 156 and 130 µg/mL against two strains assayed. This minimal inhibitory concentration inhibited adhesion, morphogenesis, biofilm formation, altered microarchitecture, and decreased the viability of established biofilms formed on abiotic surfaces for both strains assayed. This study demonstrates that the essential oil from L. dentata could be a promising treatment against C. albicans biofilms.
Assuntos
Lavandula , Óleos Voláteis , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Biofilmes , Candida albicans , Chile , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologiaRESUMO
Sickle cell anemia was a rare disease in Chile, especially in adults, however the recent immigration wave from Haiti is changing this scenario. We report a 29 year old black female from Haiti with a non-disclosed history of sickle cell anemia. She was transfused with two units of red blood cells, found unconscious and with jaundice five days later and admitted to the hospital. On admission she had a hemoglobin of 3.3 g/dL, a total bilirubin of 5.08 mg/dL, a LDH of 1,306 Ui/L. She was transfused again, worsening her condition. An alloimmunization and delayed hemolytic reaction was suspected. A direct Coombs test was positive. She was treated with steroids and her serum hemoglobin rose progressively.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Transfusão de Eritrócitos/efeitos adversos , Reação Transfusional/etiologia , Anemia Falciforme/terapia , Chile , Resultado do Tratamento , Reação Transfusional/terapia , Haiti/etnologia , Anemia Falciforme/complicações , Anemia Falciforme/etnologiaRESUMO
Los quistes aracnoideos son lesiones malformativas que contienen en su interior un líquido de características similares al líquido cefalorraquídeo. Constituyen alrededor del 1% de todos los procesos ocupantes de espacio a nivel intracraneal y, en menor número de casos pueden localizarse a nivel espinal. Presentamos una asociación de aracnoiditis espinal y posterior cavitación.
Arachnoid cysts are malformative lesions that contain a liquid with characteristics similar to cerebrospinal fluid. They constitute about 1% of all space-occupying processes at the intracranial level and, in a smaller number of cases, they can be located at the spinal level. We present an association of spinal arachnoiditis and posterior cavitation
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Aracnoidite/patologia , Punção Espinal , Cistos Aracnóideos/cirurgia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The Ring of Cenotes (RC) is an alignment of numerous cenotes (sinkholes) in a semicircular form (with a radius of 100 km) located in northwestern Yucatán, México. The formation roughly coincides with a concentric ring that corresponds to a buried structure, which has been identified as the product of a meteor impact, known as the Chicxulub crater. Secondary permeability generated by the fracturing and faulting of the sedimentary sequence in the Chicxulub crater has favored the karstification process and therefore the development of underground rivers that transport water from the mainland to the sea. This study implements the network theory to study the hydrological connectivity between a group of 11 cenotes within the RC. Eight electrical resistivity tomography transects were used as an empirical basis. Each transect was acquired directly in the field using the SuperSting R1/IP equipment with a dipole-dipole configuration. An adapted version of the reliability algorithm for communication networks was used as a theoretical model. We found evidence of the existence of water cavities in the study area. We made a network from the data and assigned connection probabilities among cenotes as a function of the separation length and the number of water cavities, as well as their size.
Assuntos
Água Subterrânea , Água Doce , México , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , TomografiaRESUMO
Sickle cell anemia was a rare disease in Chile, especially in adults, however the recent immigration wave from Haiti is changing this scenario. We report a 29 year old black female from Haiti with a non-disclosed history of sickle cell anemia. She was transfused with two units of red blood cells, found unconscious and with jaundice five days later and admitted to the hospital. On admission she had a hemoglobin of 3.3 g/dL, a total bilirubin of 5.08 mg/dL, a LDH of 1,306 Ui/L. She was transfused again, worsening her condition. An alloimmunization and delayed hemolytic reaction was suspected. A direct Coombs test was positive. She was treated with steroids and her serum hemoglobin rose progressively.
Assuntos
Anemia Falciforme/terapia , Transfusão de Eritrócitos/efeitos adversos , Reação Transfusional/etiologia , Adulto , Anemia Falciforme/complicações , Anemia Falciforme/etnologia , Chile , Feminino , Haiti/etnologia , Humanos , Reação Transfusional/terapia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Mechanosensory hair cells are essential for audition in vertebrates, and in many species, have the capacity for regeneration when damaged. Regeneration is robust in the fish lateral line system as new hair cells can reappear after damage induced by waterborne aminoglycoside antibiotics, platinum-based drugs, and heavy metals. Here, we characterize the loss and reappearance of lateral line hair cells induced in zebrafish larvae treated with copper sulfate using diverse molecular markers. Transgenic fish that express green fluorescent protein in different cell types in the lateral line system have allowed us to follow the regeneration of hair cells after different damage protocols. We show that conditions that damage only differentiated hair cells lead to reappearance of new hair cells within 24 h from nondividing precursors, whereas harsher conditions are followed by a longer recovery period that is accompanied by extensive cell division. In order to characterize the cell population that gives rise to new hair cells, we describe the expression of a neural stem cell marker in neuromasts. The zebrafish sox2 gene is strongly expressed in neuromast progenitor cells, including those of the migrating lateral line primordium, the accessory cells that underlie the hair cells in neuromasts, and in interneuromastic cells that give rise to new neuromasts. Moreover, we find that most of the cells that proliferate within the neuromast during regeneration express this marker. Thus, our results describe the dynamics of hair cell regeneration in zebrafish and suggest the existence of at least two mechanisms for recovery of these cells in neuromasts.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/biossíntese , Proteínas HMGB/biossíntese , Células Ciliadas Auditivas/fisiologia , Sistema da Linha Lateral/fisiologia , Neurônios/fisiologia , Células-Tronco/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição/biossíntese , Animais , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Antimetabólitos , Bromodesoxiuridina , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Cobre/toxicidade , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/biossíntese , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/genética , Proteínas HMGB/genética , Células Ciliadas Auditivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Imuno-Histoquímica , Hibridização In Situ , Mitose/fisiologia , Regeneração Nervosa/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição SOXB1 , Células-Tronco/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Peixe-ZebraRESUMO
The lateral line system comprises an array of mechanosensory organs, the neuromasts, distributed over the body surface. Each neuromast consists of a patch of mechanosensory hair cells surrounded by support cells. We show that, in the zebrafish, two proneural genes are essential for differentiation of the hair cells, neuroD (nrd) and atonal homolog 1 (ath1). Gene knockdown experiments demonstrate that loss of function of either gene, but not of the related proneural gene neurogenin1 (ngn1), abrogate the appearance of hair cell markers. This is in contrast to other sensory systems, such as the neurons of the lateral line ganglion, where nrd is regulated by ngn1 and not by ath1. Overexpression of ath1 can induce nrd, and the phenotype produced by loss of ath1 function can be partially rescued by injection of nrd mRNA. This supports the conclusion that the activation of nrd probably requires ath1 in the hair cell lineage, whereas in sensory neurons nrd activation requires ngn1. We propose that the emergence of two atonal homologs, ath1 and ngn1, allowed the cellular segregation of mechanoreception and signal transmission that were originally performed by a single cell type as found in insects.
Assuntos
Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/genética , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Células Ciliadas Auditivas/citologia , Mecanorreceptores , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/genética , Animais , Linhagem da Célula , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Peixe-ZebraRESUMO
The sensory organs of the zebrafish lateral-line system (neuromasts) originate from migrating primordia that move along precise pathways. The posterior primordium, which deposits the neuromasts on the body and tail of the embryo, migrates along the horizontal myoseptum from the otic region to the tip of the tail. This migration is controlled by the chemokine SDF1, which is expressed along the prospective pathway, and by its receptor CXCR4, which is expressed by the migrating cells. In this report, we describe another zebrafish gene that is heterogeneously expressed in the migrating cells, tacstd. This gene codes for a membrane protein that is homologous to the TACSTD1/2 mammalian proteins. Inactivation of the zebrafish tacstd gene results in a decrease in proneuromast deposition, suggesting that tacstd is required for the deposition process.
Assuntos
Sinalização do Cálcio/genética , Movimento Celular/genética , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/genética , Peixe-Zebra/embriologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Antígenos de Neoplasias/genética , Sinalização do Cálcio/fisiologia , Moléculas de Adesão Celular/genética , Movimento Celular/fisiologia , Molécula de Adesão da Célula Epitelial , Humanos , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/metabolismo , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/fisiologiaRESUMO
The deposition and accumulation of amyloid-beta-peptide (Abeta) in the brain are considered a sine qua non for Alzheimer's disease. The experimental delivery of fibrilized Abeta serves as a cellular model for several facets of the disease including the induction of synaptic dysfunction and apoptosis. c-Abl kinase is involved in the regulation of apoptosis and its pro-apoptotic function is in part mediated by its interaction with p73, a p53 homologue. We found that c-Abl activation is involved in cell signals that regulate neuronal death response to Abeta fibrils. Abeta peptide fibrils induced an increase of the c-Abl activity in rat hippocampal neurons as well as an increase in nuclear p73 protein levels and the p73-c-Abl complex. The neuronal cell death induced by Abeta fibrils was prevented by the inhibition of c-Abl with imatinib mesylate (Gleevec or STI571) and by the inhibition c-Abl expression by RNAi. These results directly point to a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.