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Background: People with Huntington's disease (HD) exhibit neurocognitive alterations throughout the disease, including deficits in social cognitive processes such as Theory of Mind (ToM). Objective: The aim is to identify methodologies and ToM instruments employed in HD, alongside relevant findings, within the scientific literature of the past two decades. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search for relevant papers in the SCOPUS, PubMed, APA-PsyArticles, Web of Science, Redalyc, and SciELO databases. In the selection process, we specifically focused on studies that included individuals with a confirmed genetic status of HD and investigated ToM functioning in patients with and without motor symptoms. The systematic review followed the PRISMA protocol. Results: A total of 27 papers were selected for this systematic review, covering the period from 2003 to 2023. The findings consistently indicate that ToM is globally affected in patients with manifest motor symptoms. In individuals without motor symptoms, impairments are focused on the affective dimensions of ToM. Conclusions: Based on our analysis, affective ToM could be considered a potential biomarker for HD. Therefore, it is recommended that ToM assessment be included as part of neuropsychological evaluation protocols in clinical settings. Suchinclusion could aid in the identification of early stages of the disease and provide new opportunities for treatment, particularly with emerging drugs like antisense oligomers. The Prospero registration number for this review is CRD42020209769.
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Doença de Huntington , Teoria da Mente , Doença de Huntington/genética , Doença de Huntington/psicologia , HumanosRESUMO
A model system of identical particles interacting via a hard-sphere potential is essential in condensed matter physics; it helps to understand in and out of equilibrium phenomena in complex fluids, such as colloidal dispersions. Yet, most of the fixed time-step algorithms to study the transport properties of those systems have drawbacks due to the mathematical nature of the interparticle potential. Because of this, mapping a hard-sphere potential onto a soft potential has been recently proposed [Báez et al., J. Chem. Phys. 149, 164907 (2018)]. More specifically, using the second virial coefficient criterion, one can set a route to estimate the parameters of the soft potential that accurately reproduces the thermodynamic properties of a monocomponent hard-sphere system. However, real colloidal dispersions are multicomponent or polydisperse, making it important to find an efficient way to extend the potential model for dealing with such kind of many-body systems. In this paper, we report on the extension and applicability of the second virial coefficient criterion to build a description that correctly captures the phenomenology of both multicomponent and polydisperse hard-sphere dispersions. To assess the accuracy of the continuous potentials, we compare the structure of soft polydisperse systems with their hard-core counterpart. We also contrast the structural and thermodynamic properties of soft binary mixtures with those obtained through mean-field approximations and the Ornstein-Zernike equation for the two-component hard-sphere dispersion.
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Animal hosts live in continuous interaction with bacterial partners, yet we still lack a clear understanding of the ecological drivers of animal-associated bacteria, particularly in seabirds. Here, we investigated the effect of body site in the structure and diversity of bacterial communities of two seabirds in the Strait of Magellan: the Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) and the king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus). We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to profile bacterial communities associated with body sites (chest, back, foot) of both penguins and the nest soil of Magellanic penguin. Taxonomic composition showed that Moraxellaceae family (specifically Psychrobacter) had the highest relative abundance across body sites in both penguin species, whereas Micrococacceae had the highest relative abundance in nest soil. We were able to detect a bacterial core among 90% of all samples, which consisted of Clostridium sensu stricto and Micrococcacea taxa. Further, the king penguin had its own bacterial core across its body sites, where Psychrobacter and Corynebacterium were the most prevalent taxa. Microbial alpha diversity across penguin body sites was similar in most comparisons, yet we found subtle differences between foot and chest body sites of king penguins. Body site microbiota composition differed across king penguin body sites, whereas it remained similar across Magellanic penguin body sites. Interestingly, all Magellanic penguin body site microbiota composition differed from nest soil microbiota. Finally, bacterial abundance in penguin body sites fit well under a neutral community model, particularly in the king penguin, highlighting the role of stochastic process and ecological drift in microbiota assembly of penguin body sites. Our results represent the first report of body site bacterial communities in seabirds specialized in subaquatic foraging. Thus, we believe it represents useful baseline information that could serve for long-term comparisons that use marine host microbiota to survey ocean health.
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Microbiota , Spheniscidae , Animais , RNA Ribossômico 16S , SoloRESUMO
Host-microbe interactions are ubiquitous and play important roles in host biology, ecology, and evolution. Yet, host-microbe research has focused on inland species, whereas marine hosts and their associated microbes remain largely unexplored, especially in developing countries in the Southern Hemisphere. Here, we review the current knowledge of marine host microbiomes in the Southern Hemisphere. Our results revealed important biases in marine host species sampling for studies conducted in the Southern Hemisphere, where sponges and marine mammals have received the greatest attention. Sponge-associated microbes vary greatly across geographic regions and species. Nevertheless, besides taxonomic heterogeneity, sponge microbiomes have functional consistency, whereas geography and aging are important drivers of marine mammal microbiomes. Seabird and macroalgal microbiomes in the Southern Hemisphere were also common. Most seabird microbiome has focused on feces, whereas macroalgal microbiome has focused on the epibiotic community. Important drivers of seabird fecal microbiome are aging, sex, and species-specific factors. In contrast, host-derived deterministic factors drive the macroalgal epibiotic microbiome, in a process known as "microbial gardening". In turn, marine invertebrates (especially crustaceans) and fish microbiomes have received less attention in the Southern Hemisphere. In general, the predominant approach to study host marine microbiomes has been the sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Interestingly, there are some marine holobiont studies (i.e., studies that simultaneously analyze host (e.g., genomics, transcriptomics) and microbiome (e.g., 16S rRNA gene, metagenome) traits), but only in some marine invertebrates and macroalgae from Africa and Australia. Finally, we introduce an ongoing project on the surface microbiome of key species in the Strait of Magellan. This is an international project that will provide novel microbiome information of several species in the Strait of Magellan. In the short-term, the project will improve our knowledge about microbial diversity in the region, while long-term potential benefits include the use of these data to assess host-microbial responses to the Anthropocene derived climate change.
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Eucariotos , Microbiota , Animais , Eucariotos/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Microbiota/genética , Metagenoma , Peixes/genética , Organismos Aquáticos/genética , Mamíferos/genéticaRESUMO
In this work, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), bleached cellulose nanofibers (bCNFs), and unbleached cellulose nanofibers (ubCNFs) isolated by acid hydrolysis from Agave tequilana Weber var. Azul bagasse, an agro-waste from the tequila industry, were used as reinforcements in a thermoplastic starch matrix to obtain environmentally friendly materials that can substitute contaminant polymers. A robust characterization of starting materials and biocomposites was carried out. Biocomposite mechanical, thermal, and antibacterial properties were evaluated, as well as color, crystallinity, morphology, rugosity, lateral texture, electrical conductivity, chemical identity, solubility, and water vapor permeability. Pulp fibers and nanocelluloses were analyzed via SEM, TEM, and AFM. The water vapor permeability (WVP) decreased by up to 20.69% with the presence of CNCs. The solubility decreases with the presence of CNFs and CNCs. The addition of CNCs and CNFs increased the tensile strength and Young's modulus and decreased the elongation at break. Biocomposites prepared with ubCNF showed the best tensile mechanical properties due to a better adhesion with the matrix. Images of bCNF-based biocomposites demonstrated that bCNFs are good reinforcing agents as the fibers were dispersed within the starch film and embedded within the matrix. Roughness increased with CNF content and decreased with CNC content. Films with CNCs did not show bacterial growth for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. This study offers a new theoretical basis since it demonstrates that different proportions of bleached or unbleached nanofibers and nanocrystals can improve the properties of starch films.
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BACKGROUND: Contradictory evidence exists regarding the clinical course of frozen shoulder (FS). OBJECTIVES: To explore the clinical course of FS regarding disabilities, pain, range of motion (ROM), muscle strength, scapular upward rotation, and proprioception and to establish longitudinal correlations between these variables. METHODS: Patients with FS were prospectively followed for 9 months at 3-month intervals. Assessment included the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire; visual analogue scale for pain; an inclinometer for shoulder external rotation (ER), internal rotation (IR), flexion, and abduction ROM, and scapular upward rotation and proprioception, as well as handheld dynamometry for muscle strength in shoulder abduction, ER, and IR. RESULTS: Initially, 149 patients (98 females; mean (SD) age 53 (9) years) were included, with 88 completing all follow-up assessments. Most variables showed early improvement in the clinical course of FS, particularly ER and IR at 90° abduction, which continued to improve from 6 to 9 months of follow-up. Associations were observed between disabilities and pain (r = 0.61), disabilities/pain and ROM (r=-0.62 to -0.59 and r=-0.47 to -0.39, respectively), disabilities/pain and muscle strength (r=-0.24 to -0.35 and r=-0.36 to -0.17, respectively), and between disabilities/pain and scapular upward rotation below shoulder level (r = 0.23 to 0.38 and r = 0.24 to 0.30, respectively). ROM correlated with muscle strength (r = 0.14 to 0.44), while both ROM and ER muscle strength correlated with scapular upward rotation below shoulder level (r=-0.37 to -0.23 and r=-0.17 to -0.12, respectively). Muscle strength correlated with scapular upward rotation above shoulder level (r = 0.28 to 0.38) and lift-off muscle strength correlated with joint repositioning (r=-0.17 to -0.15). CONCLUSION: Almost all factors improved in the early phase (3-6 months) after baseline assessment, while ER and IR ROM at shoulder level continued to improve long term.
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Articulação do Ombro , Ombro , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Escápula , Dor , Amplitude de Movimento Articular/fisiologia , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Progressão da DoençaRESUMO
Resumen El sistema circadiano está sincronizado al ciclo luz-oscuridad que es generado por la rotación de la tierra, asegurando que la vigilia sea durante el día y que el sueño ocurra durante la noche. Sin embargo, el ritmo de sueño-vigilia puede estar desincronizado del ciclo luz-oscuridad o desincronizado de manera endógena, dando como resultado: insomnio, fatiga y bajo rendimiento en las actividades cotidianas. Mientras que los trastornos del sueño están clasificados por la Asociación Americana de Trastornos del Sueño como: disomnias intrínsecas, disomnias extrínsecas, parasomnias o trastornos del sueño médicos/psiquiátricos. Los trastornos circadianos del sueño se han categorizado por separado, en parte para reconocer que en la mayoría de los casos la etiología de los trastornos circadianos es una mezcla de factores internos y ambientales, o por un desajuste temporal entre ambos. Los síntomas generalmente son insomnio o hipersomnia, síntomas comunes en pacientes con trastornos circadianos del sueño, aunque hay otras causas a las que pueden atribuirse y que deben excluirse antes de realizar el diagnóstico de un trastorno circadiano del sueño. En el paciente sin otra patología del sueño, un registro diario de actividades, comidas, ejercicio, siestas y la hora de acostarse es una herramienta esencial para evaluar los trastornos circadianos del sueño. Estos registros deben mantenerse durante 2 semanas o más, ya que una perturbación debida a cambios de trabajo o viajes a través de zonas horarias puede tener efectos sobre el sueño y el estado de alerta durante el día, semanas después del evento.
Abstract The circadian system is synchronized to the light-dark cycle generated by the rotation of the earth, ensuring that wakefulness is during the day and sleep occurs at night. However, the sleep-wake rhythm may be out of sync with the light-dark cycle or endogenously out of sync, resulting in insomnia, fatigue, and poor performance in activities of daily living. Sleep disorders are classified by the American Sleep Disorders Association, as intrinsic dyssomnias, extrinsic dyssomnias, parasomnias, or medical/psychiatric sleep disorders. Circadian sleep disorders have been categorized separately to recognize that in most cases the etiology of circadian disturbances is a mix of internal and environmental factors or a temporary mismatch between the two. Symptoms are usually insomnia or hypersomnia, common symptoms in patients with circadian sleep disorders although other causes can be attributed and must be excluded before a diagnosis of a circadian sleep disorder is made. In the patient without other sleep pathology, a daily record of activities, meals, exercise, naps, and bedtime is an essential tool in assessing circadian sleep disorders. These records should be kept for 2 weeks or more, as a disturbance due to job changes or travel across time zones can have effects on sleep and daytime alertness weeks after the event.
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The analysis of the genomic landscape of inbreeding using runs of homozygosity (ROH) patterns is becoming an interesting tool to partially understand phenotypic differences among individuals. In this study, we analysed genome-wide ROH patterns in two groups of Florida goats. We first determined the inbreeding levels of each individual by calculating ROH-based inbreeding coefficients (FROH ). Then, the individuals were divided into two groups based on FROH : high inbreeding (HI, FROH >0.1) and low inbreeding (LI, FROH <0.03). Finally, we performed an extensive in-depth analysis of ROH distribution in each group separately. We found a higher abundance of short ROH in LI, whereas long ROH was more frequent in HI. Furthermore, ROH abundance was not evenly distributed among chromosomes within groups, with some chromosomes showing larger numbers of ROH, like CHI6, CHI7 and CHI27. A different landscape was observed in recent inbreeding (ROH >8 Mb), with significant increases in CHI6, CHI11 and CHI28. Determination of genomic regions with significantly increased ROH (ROH islands-ROHi) showed 13 ROHi related to whole inbreeding and five ROHi associated with recent inbreeding analysis. Within these genomic regions, 123 and 101 genes were identified in HI and LI, respectively, including 10 and seven candidate genes previously related to production, fertility and heat resistance in goats and livestock species.
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Cabras , Endogamia , Animais , Cabras/genética , Florida , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Genômica , Homozigoto , GenótipoRESUMO
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) may severely affect respiratory function and evolve to life-threatening hypoxia. The clinical experience led to the implementation of standardized protocols assuming similarity to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). Understanding the histopathological and functional patterns is essential to better understand the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and then develop new therapeutic strategies. Epithelial and endothelial cell damage can result from the virus attack, thus leading to immune-mediated response. Pulmonary histopathological findings show the presence of Mallory bodies, alveolar coating cells with nuclear atypia, reactive pneumocytes, reparative fibrosis, intra-alveolar hemorrhage, moderate inflammatory infiltrates, micro-abscesses, microthrombus, hyaline membrane fragments, and emphysema-like lung areas. COVID-19 patients may present different respiratory stages from silent to critical hypoxemia, are associated with the degree of pulmonary parenchymal involvement, thus yielding alteration of ventilation and perfusion relationships. This review aims to: discuss the morphological (histopathological and radiological) and functional findings of COVID-19 compared to acute interstitial pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), four entities that share common clinical traits, but have peculiar pathophysiological features with potential implications to their clinical management.
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COVID-19 , Pneumonia , Edema Pulmonar , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório , Humanos , COVID-19/complicações , SARS-CoV-2 , Altitude , Edema Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagem , Edema Pulmonar/etiologiaRESUMO
Resumen: Introducción: el choque cardiogénico (CC) es un estado de hipoperfusión sistémica causado por disfunción cardíaca severa. La medición de la integral tiempo-velocidad del tracto de salida del ventrículo izquierdo (ITV-TSVI, por sus siglas en inglés) < 15 cm permite evaluar la presencia del choque. Objetivo: evaluar a la ITV-TSVI < 15 cm como predictor de choque cardiogénico en el paciente con infarto agudo de miocardio anterior con elevación del segmento ST (IAM-ST). Material y métodos: estudio observacional prospectivo realizado de mayo a octubre de 2019. Se incluyeron pacientes con IAM-ST anterior y revascularización mediante intervencionismo coronario percutáneo. Se midió mediante ecocardiografía transtorácica la ITV-TSVI, se registraron y compararon las variables demográficas y clínicas de los pacientes con ITV-TSVI < 15 cm versus aquéllos con ITV-TSVI ≥ 15 cm y se calculó la exactitud diagnóstica de la ITV-TSVI < 15 cm para predecir choque cardiogénico. Resultados: se analizaron los datos de 50 pacientes con media de edad: 63.5 ± 9.9 años, 70% fueron hombres, 54% tuvieron choque cardiogénico y la ITV-TSVI < 15 cm se presentó en 95.8% de los pacientes con choque cardiogénico. La exactitud diagnóstica del ITV-TSVI < 15 cm en choque cardiogénico en pacientes con IAM-ST anterior mostró sensibilidad de 85% y especificidad de 96%, con área bajo la curva: 0.90 (IC 95%: 0.81-0.99). Conclusión: el ITV-TSVI < 15 cm en pacientes con IAM-ST anterior tiene una exactitud diagnóstica muy buena para la predicción del choque cardiogénico.
Abstract: Introduction: cardiogenic shock (CC) is a state of systemic hypoperfusion caused by severe cardiac dysfunction. The measurement of the integral time-velocity of the left ventricular outflow tract (ITV-LVOT) < 15 cm allows to evaluate the presence of shock. Objective: to evaluate the ITV-TSVI < 15 cm as a predictor of cardiogenic shock in the patient with ST-segment elevation anterior acute myocardial infarction (ST-AMI). Material and methods: prospective observational study conducted from May to October 2019. Patients with previous ST-AMI and revascularization by percutaneous coronary intervention were included. TVI-LVOT was measured by transthoracic echocardiography, the demographic and clinical variables of patients with TVI-LVOT < 15 cm vs. those with TVI-LVOT ≥ 15 cm were recorded and compared, and the diagnostic accuracy of TVI-LVOT < 15 cm to predict cardiogenic shock was calculated. Results: data from 50 patients were analyzed with a mean age of 63.5 ± 9.9 years, 70% were men, 54% had cardiogenic shock, and TVI-LVOT < 15 cm occurred in 95.8% of those patients with shock. cardiogenic. The diagnostic accuracy of the TVI-LVOT < 15 cm for cardiogenic shock in patients with anterior ST-AMI showed sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 96%, with area under the curve: 0.90 (95% CI: 0.81-0.99). Conclusion: The TVI-LVOT < 15 cm in patients with anterior ST-AMI has a very good diagnostic accuracy for the prediction of cardiogenic shock.
Resumo: Introdução: o choque cardiogênico (CC) é um estado de hipoperfusão sistêmica causado por disfunções cardíacas severas. A medição da integral velocidade-tempo da vía de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (ITV-TSVI, por suas siglas em inglês) < 15 cm permite avaliar a presença do choque. Objetivo: avaliar a integral tempo-velocidade da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (ITV-TSVI) < 15 cm como preditor de choque cardiogênico em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio anterior com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAM-ST). Material e métodos: estudo observacional prospectivo realizado de maio a outubro de 2019. Incluíram-se pacientes com IAM-ST anterior e revascularização por intervenção coronária percutânea. Mediu-se por ecocardiografia transtorácica a ITV-TSVI, foram registradas e comparadas as variáveis demográficas e clínicas de pacientes com ITV-TSVI < 15 cm versus aqueles com ITV-TSVI ≥ 15 cm, e calculo-se a precisão diagnóstica de ITV-TSVI < 15 cm para prever o choque cardiogênico. Resultados: analizaram-se dados de 50 pacientes com idade média de 63.5 (± 9.9) anos, 70% eram homens, 54% apresentavam choque cardiogênico e ITV-TSVI < 15 cm apresentou-se em 95.8% dos pacientes com choque cardiogênico. A precisão diagnóstica do ITV-TSVI < 15 cm para choque cardiogênico em pacientes com IAM-ST anterior apresentou sensibilidade de 85% e especificidade de 96%, com área sob a curva: 0.90 (IC 95%: 0.81-0.99). Conclusão: ITV-TSVI < 15 cm em pacientes com IAM-ST anterior tem uma precisão diagnóstica muito boa para prever o choque cardiogênico.
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Abstract Introduction: Emotional intelligence is considered a protective and facilitating factor for physical and mental health. The aims of the present study are to define and compare an explanatory model of trait emotional intelligence, anxiety, stress and physical activity engagement, as well as to analyse existing relationships between the aforementioned variables as a function of gender. Method: The present study was descriptive and cross-sectional in nature, employing a sample of 2452 Spanish adolescents (age range = 13-16 years of age). A multi-group model of structural equations was developed which presented an excellent fit. Results: For both genders, a negative association was detected between emotional intelligence and anxiety levels. A direct positive association emerged between trait emotional intelligence and physical activity engagement, in addition to a positive association between anxiety and stress. In boys, a negative association existed between trait emotional intelligence and stress levels, as well as an indirect negative association between physical activity engagement and trait anxiety. In girls, an indirect negative association was observed between physical activity engagement and stress levels. Conclusions: Trait emotional intelligence is positively associated with physical activity engagement. Further, both variables are negatively associated with levels of anxiety and stress, with some differences emerging as a function of gender.
Resumen Introducción: La inteligencia emocional se considera un factor protector y facilitador de la salud física y mental. Por ello, los objetivos de este artículo son definir y contrastar un modelo explicativo sobre la inteligencia emocional rasgo, los niveles de ansiedad, el estrés y la práctica de actividad física, así como analizar las relaciones existentes entre dichas variables en función del género. Método: Se trata de un estudio de tipo descriptivo y corte transversal con una muestra de 2452 adolescentes españoles de ambos géneros (rango de edad = 13 a 16 años). Se realizó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales multigrupo que se ajustó de forma excelente. Resultados: En ambos géneros, se encuentra una asociación negativa entre inteligencia emocional rasgo y niveles de ansiedad; una asociación positiva y directa entre inteligencia emocional rasgo y práctica de actividad física, así como una asociación positiva entre la ansiedad y estrés. En hombres existe una asociación negativa entre inteligencia emocional rasgo y niveles de estrés, así como una asociación negativa e indirecta entre la práctica de actividad física y la ansiedad rasgo. En mujeres se observa una asociación negativa e indirecta entre práctica de actividad física y los niveles de estrés. Conclusiones: La inteligencia emocional rasgo se asocia positivamente con la práctica de actividad física, ambas variables se asocian de forma negativa con los niveles de ansiedad y estrés y se encuentran algunas diferencias en función del género.
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The Continuous bright light conditions to which premature infants are subjected while hospitalized in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) can have deleterious effects in terms of growth and development. This study evaluates the benefits of a light/darkness cycle (LDC) in weight and early hospital discharge from the NICU. Subjects were recruited from three participating institutions in Mexico. Eligible patients (n = 294) were premature infants who were hospitalized in the low-risk and high-risk neonatal units classified as stable. The subjects randomized to the experimental group (n = 150) were allocated to LDC conditions are as follows: light from 07:00 to 19:00 and darkness (25 lx) from 19:00 to 07:00. The control group (n = 144) was kept under normal room light conditions (CBL) 24 h a day. Main outcome was weight gain and the effect of reducing the intensity of nocturnal light in development of premature infants. Infants to the LDC gained weight earlier, compared with those randomized to CBL, and had a significant reduction in length of hospital stay. These results highlight those premature infants subjected to a LDC exhibit improvements in physiological development, favoring earlier weight gain and consequently a decrease in hospital stays. ClinicalTrials.gov; 02/09/2020 ID: NCT05230706.
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Doenças do Prematuro , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Escuridão , Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
The gut microbiota is key for the homeostasis of many phytophagous insects, but there are few studies comparing its role on host use by stenophagous or polyphagous frugivores. Guava (Psidium guajava) is a fruit infested in nature by the tephritids Anastrepha striata and A. fraterculus. In contrast, the extremely polyphagous A. ludens infests guava only under artificial conditions, but unlike A. striata and the Mexican A. fraterculus, it infests bitter oranges (Citrus x aurantium). We used these models to analyze whether the gut microbiota could explain the differences in host use observed in these flies. We compared the gut microbiota of the larvae of the three species when they developed in guava and the microbiota of the fruit pulp larvae fed on. We also compared the gut microbiota of A. ludens developing in C. x aurantium with the pulp microbiota of this widely used host. The three flies modified the composition of the host pulp microbiota (i.e., pulp the larvae fed on). We observed a depletion of Acetic Acid Bacteria (AAB) associated with a deleterious phenotype in A. ludens when infesting P. guajava. In contrast, the ability of A. striata and A. fraterculus to infest this fruit is likely associated to a symbiotic interaction with species of the Komagataeibacter genus, which are known to degrade a wide spectrum of tannins and polyphenols. The three flies establish genera specific symbiotic associations with AABs. In the case of A. ludens, the association is with Gluconobacter and Acetobacter, but importantly, it cannot be colonized by Komagataeibacter, a factor likely inhibiting its development in guava.
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Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste has become a major challenge for the conservation of the environment due to difficult degradation. For this reason, it is important to develop new recycling strategies for reusing this waste. In this work, the electrospinning technique was used to synthesize composite nanofibers of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), recycling PET (RPET) that was obtained from the chemical recycling of postconsumer PET with glycolysis and styrene (ST) as a crosslinking agent. The polymer solutions were analyzed by viscosity and frequency sweeping, while the composite nanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC), and nanoindentation to compare their properties. The PVP nanofibers presented an average diameter of 257 nm; the RPET/PVP and RPET/PVP/ST composite nanofibers had average diameters of 361 nm and 394 nm, respectively; and the modulus of elasticity and hardness of the RPET/PVP/ST composite nanofibers were 29 and 20 times larger, respectively, than those of the PVP nanofibers. With the synthesis of these composite nanofibers, a new approach to PET recycling is presented.
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The objective of this review was to carry out a comprehensive investigation of the benefits of incorporating insects as a pet food ingredient and the implications this can have in determining a market demand for insect-based pet foods. Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens), mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) and adult house crickets (Acheta domesticus) are currently used in pet food. These insects are widely fed to exotic pets, mainly in whole, live or dehydrated formats. They are also incorporated as meal or fat and are offered to cats and dogs as dry or wet food and treats. Scientific studies about the use of insects for dog and cat feed are scarce. Most studies are in dogs. Research shows that insect nutrients, mainly amino acids, have high digestibility, are beneficial to health, do not have any detrimental effect on the gut microbiota and are accepted by dogs. In several countries, insects are approved for use in pet food and commercialization has spread throughout the world. Pet owners are willing to try foods made with insect meal for their pets. In conclusion, the use of insects in pet food is a reality that is taking on more and more prominence.
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Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) is an evolutionarily conserved plant defense mechanism against viruses. This paper aimed to evaluate a dsDNA construct (77 bp) as a template for in vitro production of virus-derived artificial small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) and test for their potential to trigger the RNAi mechanism in Nicotiana benthamiana plants against CMV after their foliar infiltration. This approach allowed for the production of significant amounts of shRNAs (60-mers) quickly and easily. The gene silencing was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunological-based assays, and real-time PCR (qPCR). The highest levels of gene silencing were recorded for mRNAs coding for replication protein (ORF1a), the viral suppressor of RNA silencing (ORF2b), and the capsid protein (ORF3b), with 98, 94, and 70% of total transcript silencing, respectively. This protocol provides an alternative to producing significant shRNAs that can effectively trigger the RNAi mechanism against CMV.
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Cucumovirus , Infecções por Citomegalovirus , Cucumovirus/genética , Cucumovirus/metabolismo , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/genética , Doenças das Plantas/genética , Plantas/metabolismo , Interferência de RNA , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Nicotiana/metabolismoRESUMO
Introducción: Por los beneficios demostrados de este proceder, la cirugía bariátrica es una opción de tratamiento para el síndrome metabólico. Objetivo: Describir los efectos de las técnicas gástricas restrictivas laparoscópicas en pacientes obesos con síndrome metabólico asociado. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y prospectivo en 22 pacientes con índice de masa corporal mayor o igual a 35 Kg/m2 y diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico, intervenidos por técnicas restrictivas laparoscópicas en el Hospital Universitario "General Calixto García" entre noviembre de 2018 y enero de 2020. Se estudió el grado de obesidad, el perímetro de cintura, el porcentaje de sobrepeso perdido, el porcentaje del exceso de índice de masa corporal perdido, las cifras de glucosa, el colesterol, los triglicéridos y el tratamiento antihipertensivo e hipoglicemiante. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 41,8±10,6 años, con predominio de las mujeres. El índice de masa corporal disminuyó al año, al igual que el perímetro de la cintura. La media al año del porcentaje de sobrepeso perdido y del porcentaje del exceso de índice de masa corporal perdido fue de 75 y 83 por ciento, respectivamente. Las cifras de glucemia, colesterol y los triglicéridos disminuyeron respecto a los valores preoperatorios. El 78,6 por ciento de los diabéticos y el 81,2 por ciento de los hipertensos lograron suspender toda medicación. Conclusiones: Disminuyó significativamente el grado de obesidad, el porcentaje de sobrepeso perdido, el porcentaje del exceso de índice de masa corporal perdido y el perímetro de la cintura. Los valores de glucemia, triglicéridos y colesterol descendieron significativamente respecto a los basales, con una disminución en el uso de fármacos hipoglicemiantes y antihipertensivos(AU)
Introduction: Due to the proven benefits of this procedure, bariatric surgery is a treatment option for metabolic syndrome. Objective: To describe the effects of laparoscopic gastric restrictive techniques in obese patients with associated metabolic syndrome. Methods: A descriptive and prospective study was performed in 22 patients with a body mass index higher than or equal to 35 Kg/m2 and with diagnosis of metabolic syndrome; they had undergone surgery by laparoscopic restrictive techniques at the General Calixto García University Hospital, from November 2018 to January 2018 2020. The degree of obesity, waist circumference, percentage of overweight lost, percentage of excess body mass index lost, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and antihypertensive and hypoglycemic treatment were studied. Results: The average age was 41.8±10.6 years, with predominance of women. Body mass index decreased at one year, as did waist circumference. The mean per year of the percentage of overweight lost and the percentage of excess body mass index lost was 75 percent and 83 percent, respectively. Blood glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels decreased compared to preoperative values. 78.6 percent of diabetics managed to suspend all medication and 81.2 percent hypertensive. Conclusions: The degree of obesity, the percentage of overweight lost, the percentage of excess body mass index lost and the waist circumference decreased significantly. Blood glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol values decreased significantly compared to baseline, with a decrease in the use of hypoglycemic and antihypertensive drugs(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Laparoscopia/métodos , Síndrome Metabólica/diagnóstico , Cirurgia Bariátrica/métodos , Índice de Massa Corporal , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Introducción: El presente artículo resume la guía de práctica clínica (GPC) para la prevención, diagnóstico y manejo de infecciones asociadas al acceso de hemodiálisis en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud). Objetivo: Proveer recomendaciones clínicas basadas en evidencia para la prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de infecciones asociadas al acceso de hemodiálisis en EsSalud. Material y Métodos: Se conformó un grupo elaborador de la guía (GEG) que incluyó especialistas y metodólogos. El GEG formuló 7 preguntas clínicas. Se realizó búsquedas sistemáticas de revisiones sistemáticas y estudios primarios en PubMed y CENTRAL de Cochrane entre noviembre del 2019 y marzo del 2020. Se seleccionó la evidencia para responder a las preguntas clínicas planteadas. La certeza de la evidencia fue evaluada usando la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). El GEG usó la metodología GRADE para revisar la evidencia y formular recomendaciones, los puntos de buena práctica clínica y el flujograma de tratamiento. Finalmente, la GPC fue aprobada con Resolución N° 116-IETSI-ESSALUD-2020. Resultados: La presente GPC abordó 7 preguntas clínicas, divididas en tres temas: tamizaje, diagnóstico, estadiaje y tratamiento. En base a estas preguntas se formularon 12 recomendaciones (11 fuertes y 1 condicional), 33 puntos de buena práctica clínica y 2 flujogramas de manejo. Conclusión: El presente artículo resume la metodología y las conclusiones basadas en evidencias de la GPC para la prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de infecciones asociadas al acceso de hemodiálisis en EsSalud.
Background: This article summarizes the clinical practice guidelines (CPG) for the prevention, diagnosis and management of infections associated with hemodialysis access of the Peruvian Health Social Security (EsSalud). To provide clinical Objective: recommendations based on evidence for the prevention, diagnosis and management of infections associated with hemodialysis access in EsSalud. Aguideline development Material and Methods:group (GDG) was established, including medical specialists and methodologists. The GDG formulated 7 clinical questions to be answered in this CPG. Systematic searches of systematic reviews and primary studies (when pertinent) were conducted in PubMed, and CENTRAL(Cochrane) from November 2019 to March 2020. The evidence was selected to answer each of the clinical questions. The accuracy of the evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation(GRADE) methodology. In periodic work meetings, the GEG used the GRADE methodology to review the evidence and formulate the recommendations, the points of good clinical practice and the treatment flow chart. Finally, the CPG was approved with Resolution No. 116-IETSI-ESSALUD-2020. The present Results:CPG addressed 7 clinical questions of four topics: prevention, diagnosisandtreatment.Basedonthesequestions,12 recommendations (11strongrecommendationsand1weak recommendation), 33 points of good clinical practice, and 2 flowcharts were formulated. This paper summarizes Conclusion:the methodology and evidence-based conclusions from the CPG for the prevention, diagnosis and management of infections associated with hemodialysis access of EsSalud
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Introducción: Los métodos de enseñanza utilizados en terapia ocupacional son numerosos y podrían clasificarse en dos grupos: métodos de enseñanza tradicionales y alternativos. La simulación es un método alternativo que permite el aprendizaje autónomo y el desarrollo de habilidades de pensamiento crítico de los estudiantes durante su participación activa en una práctica segura. Objetivo: Analizar la efectividad del aprendizaje a través de la simulación con pacientes estandarizados frente a la enseñanza tradicional en ciencias de la salud. Método: La estrategia de búsqueda fue: ("Patient Simulation" OR "Role Playing" OR "Simulation Scenario" OR "Simulation Education") AND ("Program Evaluation" OR Effectiveness) AND (Student OR Postgraduate). El análisis de validez interna de los artículos incluidos en la revisión se realizó mediante la escala PEDro. Resultados: Se incluyeron catorce estudios y las variables evaluadas se organizaron en cuatro categorías: adquisición de conocimiento, aprendizaje de la práctica clínica, autoeficacia y desarrollo de habilidades de comunicación. Las muestras estuvieron compuestas por estudiantes de las profesiones de la salud y las simulaciones tuvieron una duración de entre 10 y 40 minutos por sesión (4-24 sesiones). Conclusión: No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ambas metodologías en la adquisición de habilidades prácticas por parte de los estudiantes. Aun así, la visualización de videos explicativos al principio y el resumen al final del proceso de simulación, han demostrado ser etapas fundamentales para mejorar la efectividad de este método de enseñanza. Futuros estudios son necesarios para analizar los posibles beneficios de la simulación en la titulación de terapia ocupacional.
Introduction: Teaching methods used in occupational therapy are numerous and could be classified into two groups: traditional and alternative teaching methods. Simulation is an alternative method that allows autonomous learning while developing the critical thinking skills of students during their active participation in safe practice. Objective: To analyze the effectiveness of learning through simulation with standardized patients compared to traditional teaching in health sciences. Method: The search strategy was: ("Patient Simulation" OR "Role Playing" OR "Simulation Scenario" OR "Simulation Education") AND ("Program Evaluation" OR Effectiveness) AND (Student OR Postgraduate). The analysis of internal validity of the articles included in the review was performed using the PEDro scale. Results: Fourteen studies were included and variables measured were organized into four categories: acquisition of knowledge, learning of clinical practice, self-efficacy and development of communication skills. The samples were health professions students and simulations had a duration from 10 to 40 minutes per session (424 sessions). Conclusion: No significant differences were found between both methodologies in the acquisition of practical skills by students. Even so, the visualization of explanatory videos at the beginning and the summary at the end of the simulation process have proven to be fundamental steps to improve the effectiveness of this teaching method. Future studies are needed to analyze the possible benefits of simulation in the occupational therapy degree.
Assuntos
Humanos , Estudantes , Terapia Ocupacional , Simulação de Paciente , Exercício de Simulação , Educação , Ciências da Saúde , AprendizagemRESUMO
The aim of the present research was to analyse the relationships among physical self-concept, physical activity engagement and Mediterranean diet adherence in a sample of 1650 secondary school students from the province of Granada. The study design was descriptive-exploratory, cross-sectional and ex post facto. Measurements were taken from a single group. The PSQ, PAQ-A and KIDMED questionnaires were used to measure diet quality. Results showed the presence of a positive relationship among all dimensions of physical self-concept and physical activity engagement, with better outcomes being achieved in this self-perception with increasing engagement in sport. With regard to diet quality and its repercussions on physical self-concept, it was highlighted that the dimensions of the general self-concept, physical attractiveness and strength tended to be more positive as quality improved. In contrast, worse outcomes were produced in those with a low-quality diet. In this way, it was deemed necessary to continue investigating psychosocial factors with the aim of clarifying the relationships with psychological factors and health indicators. This would enable the development of prevention and intervention programs focused on promoting wellbeing in adolescents.