RESUMO

Abstract Anticarsia gemmatalis Hünber, 1818 is one of the main defoliating species in the soybean crop. Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, 1915, is a bacterium used in the biological control of this pest species. Resistant populations and their sublethal effects caused by the use of the bacteria have already been reported; however, there are no studies on phenotypic plasticity in adulthood exposed to Bt-based bioinsecticide sub-doses. This study aimed to evaluate the morphometry of A. gemmatalis adults under laboratory conditions submitted to the Bt-based bioinsecticide Dipel® over the three generations. The body segments mensuread were width, length, and area of the anterior and posterior wings, the weight of the integument, chest, abdomen, wings, and the whole adult of males and females. Among the treatments, LC5 in the first generation and LC10 in the second generation were those with lower thresholds in relation to the weight of the chest and abdomen, considering the proportions of the body smaller than the females. The females weight adulthood was reduced by 10% about males, and, only in the first generation. Males have larger body size and more pronounced phenotypic plasticity than females. Here, we demonstrate the first study assessing the phenotypic plasticity of A. gemmatalis adults.

Resumo Anticarsia gemmatalis Hünber, 1818 é uma das principais espécies desfolhadoras da cultura da soja. Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, 1915, é uma bactéria utilizada no controle biológico dessa espécie de praga. Populações resistentes e seus efeitos subletais causados pelo uso da bactéria já foram relatados, no entanto, não há estudos sobre a plasticidade fenotípica na idade adulta exposta a subdoses de bioinseticida à base de Bt. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a morfometria de adultos de A. gemmatalis em condições de laboratório submetidos ao bioinseticida Dipel® ao longo de três gerações. Os segmentos corporais mensuráveis eram largura, comprimento e área das asas anterior e posterior, o peso do tegumento, tórax, abdômen, asas e todo o adulto de machos e fêmeas. Dentre os tratamentos, CL5 na primeira geração e CL10 na segunda geração foram aqueles com limiares mais baixos em relação ao peso do tórax e abdômen, considerando as proporções do corpo menores que as do sexo feminino. O peso da fêmea na idade adulta foi reduzido em 10% em relação aos machos e, apenas na primeira geração. Os machos têm tamanho corporal maior e plasticidade fenotípica mais pronunciada do que as fêmeas. Este estudo demonstra o primeiro estudo avaliando a plasticidade fenotípica de adultos de A. gemmatalis.

RESUMO

Anticarsia gemmatalis Hünber, 1818 is one of the main defoliating species in the soybean crop. Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, 1915, is a bacterium used in the biological control of this pest species. Resistant populations and their sublethal effects caused by the use of the bacteria have already been reported; however, there are no studies on phenotypic plasticity in adulthood exposed to Bt-based bioinsecticide sub-doses. This study aimed to evaluate the morphometry of A. gemmatalis adults under laboratory conditions submitted to the Bt-based bioinsecticide Dipel® over the three generations. The body segments mensuread were width, length, and area of the anterior and posterior wings, the weight of the integument, chest, abdomen, wings, and the whole adult of males and females. Among the treatments, LC5 in the first generation and LC10 in the second generation were those with lower thresholds in relation to the weight of the chest and abdomen, considering the proportions of the body smaller than the females. The female's weight adulthood was reduced by 10% about males, and, only in the first generation. Males have larger body size and more pronounced phenotypic plasticity than females. Here, we demonstrate the first study assessing the phenotypic plasticity of A. gemmatalis adults.

Anticarsia gemmatalis Hünber, 1818 é uma das principais espécies desfolhadoras da cultura da soja. Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, 1915, é uma bactéria utilizada no controle biológico dessa espécie de praga. Populações resistentes e seus efeitos subletais causados pelo uso da bactéria já foram relatados, no entanto, não há estudos sobre a plasticidade fenotípica na idade adulta exposta a subdoses de bioinseticida à base de Bt. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a morfometria de adultos de A. gemmatalis em condições de laboratório submetidos ao bioinseticida Dipel® ao longo de três gerações. Os segmentos corporais mensuráveis eram largura, comprimento e área das asas anterior e posterior, o peso do tegumento, tórax, abdômen, asas e todo o adulto de machos e fêmeas. Dentre os tratamentos, CL5 na primeira geração e CL10 na segunda geração foram aqueles com limiares mais baixos em relação ao peso do tórax e abdômen, considerando as proporções do corpo menores que as do sexo feminino. O peso da fêmea na idade adulta foi reduzido em 10% em relação aos machos e, apenas na primeira geração. Os machos têm tamanho corporal maior e plasticidade fenotípica mais pronunciada do que as fêmeas. Este estudo demonstra o primeiro estudo avaliando a plasticidade fenotípica de adultos de A. gemmatalis.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Anticarsia gemmatalis Hünber, 1818 is one of the main defoliating species in the soybean crop. Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, 1915, is a bacterium used in the biological control of this pest species. Resistant populations and their sublethal effects caused by the use of the bacteria have already been reported; however, there are no studies on phenotypic plasticity in adulthood exposed to Bt-based bioinsecticide sub-doses. This study aimed to evaluate the morphometry of A. gemmatalis adults under laboratory conditions submitted to the Bt-based bioinsecticide Dipel® over the three generations. The body segments mensuread were width, length, and area of the anterior and posterior wings, the weight of the integument, chest, abdomen, wings, and the whole adult of males and females. Among the treatments, LC5 in the first generation and LC10 in the second generation were those with lower thresholds in relation to the weight of the chest and abdomen, considering the proportions of the body smaller than the females. The female's weight adulthood was reduced by 10% about males, and, only in the first generation. Males have larger body size and more pronounced phenotypic plasticity than females. Here, we demonstrate the first study assessing the phenotypic plasticity of A. gemmatalis adults.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Bordetella avium is an opportunistic pathogen that presents tropism for ciliated epithelia, leading to upper respiratory tract disease in turkeys. This agent has also been associated with Lockjaw Syndrome in psittacine birds, but literatures describing the importance of this agent in such species are rare. The purpose of the present study was to report the first outbreak of B. avium infection in juvenile cockatiels demonstrating the Lockjaw Syndrome in Brazil and to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profile and phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of these strains. Surprising, the strains obtained from five infected cockatiel chicks from three different breeders from different Brazilian states showed a clonal relationship using the Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis and Single Enzyme Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism techniques. The virulence potentials of the B. avium strains were assessed using tracheal adherence and cytotoxic effects on a VERO cell monolayer.

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This study investigated the occurrence of rotavirus infections in ostriches (Struthio camelus) reared in Northern Paraná, Brazil. Fecal (n=66) and serum (n=182) samples from nine farms located in four different cities were analyzed by silver stained-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (ss-PAGE), RT-PCR assay, virus isolation, and counterimmunoelectroosmophoresis (CIE). Rotavirus group A seropositivity occurred in 5.49% (10/182) of serum samples of ostriches originated from two farms. Only 9.09% (6/66) of fecal samples from ostriches with diarrhea maintained in one farm were positive by ss-PAGE, RT-PCR, and virus isolation. The G (VP7) and P (VP4) genotypes of rotavirus wild strains isolated in cell culture were determined by multiplex-nested PCR. The genotyping identified two rotavirus strains: G6P[1] and G10P[1]. In three rotavirus strains it was only possible to identify the P type; one strain being P[1] and two strains that presented the combination of P[1]+P[7]. These findings might represent the first characterization of rotavirus in ostriches, and the finding of porcine and bovine-like rotavirus genotypes in ostriches might suggest virus reassortment and possible interspecies transmission.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate vascular and metabolic effects of chronic mild unpredictable stress (CMS) and hypercaloric diet (HD) without carbohydrate supplementation in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: Control, HD, CMS, and HD plus CMS. CMS consisted of the application of different stressors for 3 weeks. The rats were killed 15 days after CMS exposure. The HD group presented higher plasma lipid concentrations, without changes in fasting glucose concentration, glucose tolerance test, and vascular function and morphology, in comparison with the control group. Stressed rats presented higher fasting blood concentration of insulin, higher homeostasis model assessment index values and area under the curve in an oral glucose tolerance test, in comparison with non-stressed rats. CMS increased the plasma concentrations of corticosterone and lipids, and the atherogenic index values, without change in high-density lipoprotein level. CMS increased intima-media thickness and induced endothelium-dependent supersensitivity to phenylephrine, and lowered the relaxation response to acetylcholine in the thoracic aorta isolated from rats fed with control or HD, in comparison with non-stressed groups. CMS effects were independent of diet. In non-stressed rats, the HD induced dyslipidemia, but did not change glucose metabolism, vascular function, or morphology. The data from this study indicate that CMS promotes a set of events which together can contribute to impair function of the thoracic aorta.

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The occurrence of platynosomiasis and intestinal sparganosis is described in feral cats from Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands. Spirometra spp. was observed within the intestine of 18.18% (10/55) of cats; 1.18% (1/55) of cats demonstrated gross and histological manifestation of parasitism by Platynosomum fastosum, but 14.5% (8/55) of cats had the characteristic pathological manifestations of P. fastosum-induced intrahepatic cholangitis without the concomitant presence of the intraductal trematode. Combined parasitism (Spirometra spp. and P. fastosum) was observed in 9.09% (5/55) of feral cats. Significant pathological findings were only associated with the hepatic fluke, P. fastosum, and were grossly characterized by moderate hepatomegaly with enlarged and dilated bile ducts. Examples of cestodes with morphological features characteristic of Spirometra spp. were observed within the small intestine without any associated pathological lesion. The histopathological evaluation of liver fragments revealed chronic intrahepatic cholangitis with and without the associated intraductal trematode, and was characterized by marked periductal fibrosis, adenomatous proliferation of bile duct epithelium, dilation of intrahepatic bile ducts and portal accumulations of inflammatory cells. The occurrence of the cestode in feral cats coupled with factors that are unique to Grand Cayman makes this island the ideal location for sporadic cases of human sparganosis.

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This study evaluated the microbiological aspects of tracheobronchial washes obtained through tracheal puncture of 25 healthy horses and 65 horses with respiratory distress admitted to the Hospital Veterinario (HOVET, USP). In the control group, only 8 of the 25 animals did not present bacterial growth in the obtained samples. Furthermore, the group that included eight horses with bacterial bronchopneumonia (12.3% of the animals studied) presented bacterial growth in 100% of the samples, with special attention to Streptococcus alpha-hemolyticus. The technique proved to be efficient, but more research is needed to improve its use as a complementary exam on the diagnosis of equine respiratory disorders.

Foram avaliados os achados microbiológicos do lavado traqueobrônquico, obtido por coleta transtraqueal, de 65 equinos com sintomas de alteração do sistema respiratório e de 25 equinos assintomáticos (grupo controle) encaminhados ao HOVET - USP. No grupo controle somente oito dos 25 animais não apresentaram crescimento de patógenos nas amostras obtidas, enquanto que no grupo que incluiu oito equinos portadores de broncopneumonia bacteriana (12,3%dos animais estudados) houve crescimento em 100% das amostras, destacando-se Streptococcus alfa-hemolítico. A técnica mostrou-se eficiente, porém mais estudos precisam ser conduzidos tanto em equinos saudáveis como naqueles portadores de afecções do sistema respiratório com o propósito de aperfeiçoar o uso de tal exame complementar no diagnóstico definitivo de doenças respiratórias em equinos.

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RESUMO

Human activities have a considerable impact on hydrographic systems and fish fauna. The present review on conservation genetics of neotropical freshwater fish reveals that DNA analyses have been promoting increased knowledge on the genetic structure of fish species and their response to environmental changes. This knowledge is fundamental to the management of wild fish populations and the establishment of Evolutionary Significant Units capable of conserving genetic integrity. While population structuring can occur even in long-distance migratory fish, isolated populations can show reduced genetic variation and be at greater risk of extinction. Phylogeography and phylogeny have been powerful tools in understanding the evolution of fish populations, species and communities in distinct neotropic environments. Captive fish can be used to introduce new individuals and genes into the wild and their benefits and disadvantages can be monitored through genetic analysis. Understanding how fish biodiversity in neotropical freshwaters is generated and maintained is highly important, as these habitats are transformed by human development and fish communities are increasingly exploited as food sources to sustain a growing human population.

Atividades humanas têm um grande impacto sobre os sistemas hidrográficos e a fauna de peixes. A presente revisão em genética da conservação dos peixes de água doce neotropicais revela que as análises de DNA têm promovido um crescimento no conhecimento da estrutura genética das espécies e suas respostas às alterações ambientais. Este conhecimento é fundamental para o manejo das populações de peixes nativos e para o estabelecimento de Unidades Evolutivas Significantes capazes de conservar a integridade genética dessas populações. Enquanto o fenômeno de estruturação de populações pode ocorrer mesmo em peixes migradores de longas distâncias, populações isoladas podem mostrar reduzida variação genética e apresentar grande risco de extinção. Em adição, a filogeografia e a filogenia têm dado importantes contribuições para o entendimento da evolução das populações, espécies e comunidades de peixes em distintos ambientes neotropicais. Populações de cativeiro podem ser utilizadas como fonte de introdução de novos indivíduos e genes no ambiente natural e seus benefícios e desvantagens podem ser monitorados por meio de análises genéticas. É altamente importante, portanto, entender como é gerada e mantida a biodiversidade de peixes de água doce neotropicais, uma vez que os habitats são transformados pelo desenvolvimento humano e as comunidades de peixes têm sido intensamente exploradas como alimento de sustentação desse crescimento das populações humanas.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Human activities have a considerable impact on hydrographic systems and fish fauna. The present review on conservation genetics of neotropical freshwater fish reveals that DNA analyses have been promoting increased knowledge on the genetic structure of fish species and their response to environmental changes. This knowledge is fundamental to the management of wild fish populations and the establishment of Evolutionary Significant Units capable of conserving genetic integrity. While population structuring can occur even in long-distance migratory fish, isolated populations can show reduced genetic variation and be at greater risk of extinction. Phylogeography and phylogeny have been powerful tools in understanding the evolution of fish populations, species and communities in distinct neotropic environments. Captive fish can be used to introduce new individuals and genes into the wild and their benefits and disadvantages can be monitored through genetic analysis. Understanding how fish biodiversity in neotropical freshwaters is generated and maintained is highly important, as these habitats are transformed by human development and fish communities are increasingly exploited as food sources to sustain a growing human population.

Atividades humanas têm um grande impacto sobre os sistemas hidrográficos e a fauna de peixes. A presente revisão em genética da conservação dos peixes de água doce neotropicais revela que as análises de DNA têm promovido um crescimento no conhecimento da estrutura genética das espécies e suas respostas às alterações ambientais. Este conhecimento é fundamental para o manejo das populações de peixes nativos e para o estabelecimento de Unidades Evolutivas Significantes capazes de conservar a integridade genética dessas populações. Enquanto o fenômeno de estruturação de populações pode ocorrer mesmo em peixes migradores de longas distâncias, populações isoladas podem mostrar reduzida variação genética e apresentar grande risco de extinção. Em adição, a filogeografia e a filogenia têm dado importantes contribuições para o entendimento da evolução das populações, espécies e comunidades de peixes em distintos ambientes neotropicais. Populações de cativeiro podem ser utilizadas como fonte de introdução de novos indivíduos e genes no ambiente natural e seus benefícios e desvantagens podem ser monitorados por meio de análises genéticas. É altamente importante, portanto, entender como é gerada e mantida a biodiversidade de peixes de água doce neotropicais, uma vez que os habitats são transformados pelo desenvolvimento humano e as comunidades de peixes têm sido intensamente exploradas como alimento de sustentação desse crescimento das populações humanas.

RESUMO

Human activities have a considerable impact on hydrographic systems and fish fauna. The present review on conservation genetics of neotropical freshwater fish reveals that DNA analyses have been promoting increased knowledge on the genetic structure of fish species and their response to environmental changes. This knowledge is fundamental to the management of wild fish populations and the establishment of Evolutionary Significant Units capable of conserving genetic integrity. While population structuring can occur even in long-distance migratory fish, isolated populations can show reduced genetic variation and be at greater risk of extinction. Phylogeography and phylogeny have been powerful tools in understanding the evolution of fish populations, species and communities in distinct neotropic environments. Captive fish can be used to introduce new individuals and genes into the wild and their benefits and disadvantages can be monitored through genetic analysis. Understanding how fish biodiversity in neotropical freshwaters is generated and maintained is highly important, as these habitats are transformed by human development and fish communities are increasingly exploited as food sources to sustain a growing human population.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Human activities have a considerable impact on hydrographic systems and fish fauna. The present review on conservation genetics of neotropical freshwater fish reveals that DNA analyses have been promoting increased knowledge on the genetic structure of fish species and their response to environmental changes. This knowledge is fundamental to the management of wild fish populations and the establishment of Evolutionary Significant Units capable of conserving genetic integrity. While population structuring can occur even in long-distance migratory fish, isolated populations can show reduced genetic variation and be at greater risk of extinction. Phylogeography and phylogeny have been powerful tools in understanding the evolution of fish populations, species and communities in distinct neotropic environments. Captive fish can be used to introduce new individuals and genes into the wild and their benefits and disadvantages can be monitored through genetic analysis. Understanding how fish biodiversity in neotropical freshwaters is generated and maintained is highly important, as these habitats are transformed by human development and fish communities are increasingly exploited as food sources to sustain a growing human population.

Atividades humanas têm um grande impacto sobre os sistemas hidrográficos e a fauna de peixes. A presente revisão em genética da conservação dos peixes de água doce neotropicais revela que as análises de DNA têm promovido um crescimento no conhecimento da estrutura genética das espécies e suas respostas às alterações ambientais. Este conhecimento é fundamental para o manejo das populações de peixes nativos e para o estabelecimento de Unidades Evolutivas Significantes capazes de conservar a integridade genética dessas populações. Enquanto o fenômeno de estruturação de populações pode ocorrer mesmo em peixes migradores de longas distâncias, populações isoladas podem mostrar reduzida variação genética e apresentar grande risco de extinção. Em adição, a filogeografia e a filogenia têm dado importantes contribuições para o entendimento da evolução das populações, espécies e comunidades de peixes em distintos ambientes neotropicais. Populações de cativeiro podem ser utilizadas como fonte de introdução de novos indivíduos e genes no ambiente natural e seus benefícios e desvantagens podem ser monitorados por meio de análises genéticas. É altamente importante, portanto, entender como é gerada e mantida a biodiversidade de peixes de água doce neotropicais, uma vez que os habitats são transformados pelo desenvolvimento humano e as comunidades de peixes têm sido intensamente exploradas como alimento de sustentação desse crescimento das populações humanas.

RESUMO

Brycon hilarii is a migratory fish widely distributed throughout the Paraguay River Basin. It is appreciated in sport fishing and for its superior meat quality. It is also the main species for tourist attraction in the Bonito region (State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). Considering the lack of information on the genetic structure of the fish of this species, the aim of the present study was to detect the genetic variability of Brycon hilarii through RAPD markers. A total of eighty specimens collected in different seasons at four sites of the Miranda River sub-basin (Paraguay River Basin, Brazil) were used for analysis. The results of genetic similarity, Shannon diversity, and AMOVA revealed differences between the sampling sites. Through AMOVA, differences between populations were more evident among the animals collected during the non-reproductive season, corresponding to a time of less movement of these fish. A population structuring model in which B. hilarii appears organized into genetically differentiated reproductive units that coexist and co-migrate through the studied system was suggested, contrasting the currently accepted idea that freshwater migratory fish form large panmictic populations in a determined hydrographic system. Despite the lack of a complete picture regarding the distribution of B. hilarii in the studied region, this initial idea on its population genetic structure could be an important contribution to providing aid for management and conservation programs of these fish.

Brycon hilarii é uma espécie de peixe migrador, distribuída por toda a Bacia do Paraguai, bastante apreciada tanto pela qualidade da carne quanto para a pesca esportiva, além de ser a principal espécie de interesse turístico da região de Bonito (MS, Brasil). Considerando a ausência de informações sobre a estrutura genética dos peixes desta espécie, o presente trabalho visou detectar a variabilidade genética de Brycon hilarii através de marcadores RAPD. Foi estudado um total de 80 exemplares amostrados em diferentes períodos do ano, em 4 localidades da sub-bacia do Rio Miranda (Bacia do Rio Paraguai, Brasil). Os resultados de similaridade genética, de diversidade de Shanon e AMOVA evidenciaram diferenças entre as localidades amostradas. Através da AMOVA, a diferenciação populacional foi mais evidente entre os peixes coletados no período não-reprodutivo, que representa a época de menor deslocamento desses peixes. Desta forma, ao contrário da idéia até então aceita de que os peixes migradores de água doce formam grandes populações panmíticas em um dado sistema hidrográfico, sugere-se a ocorrência de um modelo de sub-estruturação populacional onde os indivíduos de B. hilarii se organizam em unidades reprodutivas geneticamente diferenciadas e mantêm sua integridade co-existindo e co-migrando através do sistema estudado. Apesar da falta de um cenário completo a respeito da distribuição de B. hilarii na região estudada, esta idéia inicial acerca de sua estrutura genético-populacional pode ser uma contribuição muito importante principalmente por fornecer subsídios para planos de manejo e conservação desses peixes.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Brycon hilarii is a migratory fish widely distributed throughout the Paraguay River Basin. It is appreciated in sport fishing and for its superior meat quality. It is also the main species for tourist attraction in the Bonito region (State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). Considering the lack of information on the genetic structure of the fish of this species, the aim of the present study was to detect the genetic variability of Brycon hilarii through RAPD markers. A total of eighty specimens collected in different seasons at four sites of the Miranda River sub-basin (Paraguay River Basin, Brazil) were used for analysis. The results of genetic similarity, Shannon diversity, and AMOVA revealed differences between the sampling sites. Through AMOVA, differences between populations were more evident among the animals collected during the non-reproductive season, corresponding to a time of less movement of these fish. A population structuring model in which B. hilarii appears organized into genetically differentiated reproductive units that coexist and co-migrate through the studied system was suggested, contrasting the currently accepted idea that freshwater migratory fish form large panmictic populations in a determined hydrographic system. Despite the lack of a complete picture regarding the distribution of B. hilarii in the studied region, this initial idea on its population genetic structure could be an important contribution to providing aid for management and conservation programs of these fish.

Brycon hilarii é uma espécie de peixe migrador, distribuída por toda a Bacia do Paraguai, bastante apreciada tanto pela qualidade da carne quanto para a pesca esportiva, além de ser a principal espécie de interesse turístico da região de Bonito (MS, Brasil). Considerando a ausência de informações sobre a estrutura genética dos peixes desta espécie, o presente trabalho visou detectar a variabilidade genética de Brycon hilarii através de marcadores RAPD. Foi estudado um total de 80 exemplares amostrados em diferentes períodos do ano, em 4 localidades da sub-bacia do Rio Miranda (Bacia do Rio Paraguai, Brasil). Os resultados de similaridade genética, de diversidade de Shanon e AMOVA evidenciaram diferenças entre as localidades amostradas. Através da AMOVA, a diferenciação populacional foi mais evidente entre os peixes coletados no período não-reprodutivo, que representa a época de menor deslocamento desses peixes. Desta forma, ao contrário da idéia até então aceita de que os peixes migradores de água doce formam grandes populações panmíticas em um dado sistema hidrográfico, sugere-se a ocorrência de um modelo de sub-estruturação populacional onde os indivíduos de B. hilarii se organizam em unidades reprodutivas geneticamente diferenciadas e mantêm sua integridade co-existindo e co-migrando através do sistema estudado. Apesar da falta de um cenário completo a respeito da distribuição de B. hilarii na região estudada, esta idéia inicial acerca de sua estrutura genético-populacional pode ser uma contribuição muito importante principalmente por fornecer subsídios para planos de manejo e conservação desses peixes.

RESUMO

Introducción: Los trastornos Acido Base (TAB) son una patología Frecuente de los pacientes de las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCIs), por ello es importante evaluar la morbimortalidad de este trastorno en estas unidades. Objetivo: determinar la incidencia de los Trastornos Acido Base (TAB) y su relación con la estancia hospitalaria y mortalidad en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). Material y métodos: Resultados: durante el período del estudio se hospitalizaron 131 pacientes. En 100 la edad promedio fue 66.9 ± 18, 9 años, el puntaje APACHE II promedio fue 18,07 ± 7,62 puntos, la estancia hospitalaria en UCI fue 6,42 ± 7,78 días y la mortalidad dentro de la UCI fue del 24% (24 pacientes). Los valores gasométricos fueron pH 7,39 ± 0.11, paCO2 37.79 ± 10,08 mmHg. BE- 1,40 ± 6,93 mEq/Lt y bicarbonato 23.78 ± 5,92 mEq/Lt. Los TAB más frecuentes fueron acidosis metabólica (21%) y los trastornos mixtos primariamente metabólicos (20%). No se encontró TAB en 14% de los pacientes. El TAB con mayor estancia hospitalaria en UCI fue la acidosis respiratoria (9,14 ± 6,1 días) y los trastornos mixtos primariamente respiratorios (9,75 ± 8,0 días). El mayor porcentaje de mortalidad se observó en los grupos con acidosis metabólica (28,6%) y acidosis respiratoria (27%). Conclusiones: la incidencia de los TAB fue alta (86%). Los trastornos metabólicos (acidosis y mixto) fueron los de mayor incidencia; los trastornos respiratorios (acidosis y mixto) estuvieron asociados a mayor estancia en UCI y la acidosis (metabólica y respiratoria) estuvieron asociadas a mayor mortalidad.

Introducction: Acid-Base(A - B) alterations are a frequent problem of patients in Intensive Care Units (ICUs); therefore, it’s important to evaluate morbidity and mortality of this pathology in the ICUs Objetive: to determine the incidence of Acid Base (A-B) disorders and their relationship with lenght of hospitalization and mortality in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Material and methods: Results: during the period of the study of 131 pacients were hospitalized. In 100 the mean age was 66.9 ± 18,9 years, the mean APACHE II score was 18,07 7,62 points; the mean hospital stay in ICU was 6,42 ± 7,78 days and the mortality within the ICU was 24% (24 patients). The gasometric mean values were pH 7,39 ± 0.11, paCO2 37.79 ± 10,08 mmHg. BE- 1,40 ± 6,93 mEQ/Lt. The more frequent A-B disorders were metabolic acidosis (21%) and mixed primary metabolic alterations (20%). No A-B disorder was found in 14% of the patients. The A-B disorders with longer hospital stays in ICU were respiratory acidosis (9,14 6,1 days) and mixed primary metabolic alterations (9,75 ± 8,0 days). Greater mortality was observed in the groups with metabolic acidosis (28,6%) and respiratory acidosis (27%). Conclusions: the incidence of A-B disorders was high (86%). Metabolic alterations (acidosis and mixed) had a greater incidence; the respiratory alterations (acidosisand mixed) were associated with longer ICU stays and the acidoses (metabolic and respiratory) were associated with greater mortality.

RESUMO

The aim of the present study was to investigate the pharmacological properties of the crude lyophilized extract (EBPC) of Paullinia cupana seeds (guaraná) and the semi-purified extracts (EPA and EPB) after acute or chronic administration by the oral route in rats. Anxiolytic-like, antidepressant-like and motor stimulant effects were evaluated using the plus maze (PMT), forced swimming (FST) and open field (OFT) tests, respectively. Acute or chronic administration of EBPC (3.0, 30.0 or 60.0 mg/kg) did not alter the percentage of entries or the time spent in the open arm in the PMT. In the FST, chronic treatment with 30.0 mg EBPC/kg and 4.0 mg EPA/kg extract decreased the immobility time similarly to the antidepressant reference drug, imipramine (20.0 mg/kg). Locomotor activity in the OFT was not increased by these extracts. Caffeine (10.0 mg/kg) significantly reduced the immobility time in the FST, but increased locomotor activity in the OFT, indicating psychostimulant activity. The EPB extract did not induce any effect after acute or chronic treatment in the different models used. The present results suggest that the crude EBPC extract and EPA extract produced an antidepressant-like effect after long-term administration.

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RESUMO

Citrus sudden death (CSD) has greatly affected sweet orange cultivars grafted on Rangpur lime in São Paulo and Minas Gerais States, Brazil. To characterize and quantify CSD damage, fruit yield and quality were assessed in each combination of sweet orange cultivar (Hamlin, Pera, Natal, and Valencia), age class (3 to 5, 6 to 10, and 11 to 15 years old), and CSD severity class (0 = no symptom, 1 = initial symptoms, and 2 = severe symptoms). For each combination, 10 trees were harvested and 20 fruit were taken for quality analysis. Damage was characterized by reduction of: (i) total weight of fruit/tree (36 and 67% for severity class 1 and 2, respectively), (ii) number of fruit/tree (27 and 55%), (iii) fruit size (13 and 25% in diameter and height [stem to styler distance]), (iv) fruit weight (32 and 56%), (v) total soluble solids (TSS)/fruit (18 and 42%), and increase of (vi) Brix (14 and 34%), (vii) acidity (16 and 41%), and (viii) TSS/90-lb. box (21 and 33%). There was no alteration on Brix/acidity ratio and percentage of juice on fruit of affected trees. Sweet orange cultivars did not differ in percentage of reduction or increase of all yield and quality variables, with the exception of Pera, which expressed increases of Brix and acidity. For more severe affected trees, the youngest plants showed a higher reduction in fruit number/tree, whereas plants 6 to 10 years old showed a higher increase in fruit acidity and TSS/box. However, no differences in percentage of reduction or increase for other variables were observed among different age classes. The damage to the above probably was associated with reduced water absorption capacity of CSD-affected trees.

RESUMO

Brycon hilarii is a migratory fish widely distributed throughout the Paraguay River Basin. It is appreciated in sport fishing and for its superior meat quality. It is also the main species for tourist attraction in the Bonito region (State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). Considering the lack of information on the genetic structure of the fish of this species, the aim of the present study was to detect the genetic variability of Brycon hilarii through RAPD markers. A total of eighty specimens collected in different seasons at four sites of the Miranda River sub-basin (Paraguay River Basin, Brazil) were used for analysis. The results of genetic similarity, Shannon diversity, and AMOVA revealed differences between the sampling sites. Through AMOVA, differences between populations were more evident among the animals collected during the non-reproductive season, corresponding to a time of less movement of these fish. A population structuring model in which B. hilarii appears organized into genetically differentiated reproductive units that coexist and co-migrate through the studied system was suggested, contrasting the currently accepted idea that freshwater migratory fish form large panmictic populations in a determined hydrographic system. Despite the lack of a complete picture regarding the distribution of B. hilarii in the studied region, this initial idea on its population genetic structure could be an important contribution to providing aid for management and conservation programs of these fish.

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RESUMO

Brycon hilarii is a migratory fish widely distributed throughout the Paraguay River Basin. It is appreciated in sport fishing and for its superior meat quality. It is also the main species for tourist attraction in the Bonito region (State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). Considering the lack of information on the genetic structure of the fish of this species, the aim of the present study was to detect the genetic variability of Brycon hilarii through RAPD markers. A total of eighty specimens collected in different seasons at four sites of the Miranda River sub-basin (Paraguay River Basin, Brazil) were used for analysis. The results of genetic similarity, Shannon diversity, and AMOVA revealed differences between the sampling sites. Through AMOVA, differences between populations were more evident among the animals collected during the non-reproductive season, corresponding to a time of less movement of these fish. A population structuring model in which B. hilarii appears organized into genetically differentiated reproductive units that coexist and co-migrate through the studied system was suggested, contrasting the currently accepted idea that freshwater migratory fish form large panmictic populations in a determined hydrographic system. Despite the lack of a complete picture regarding the distribution of B. hilarii in the studied region, this initial idea on its population genetic structure could be an important contribution to providing aid for management and conservation programs of these fish.

Brycon hilarii é uma espécie de peixe migrador, distribuída por toda a Bacia do Paraguai, bastante apreciada tanto pela qualidade da carne quanto para a pesca esportiva, além de ser a principal espécie de interesse turístico da região de Bonito (MS, Brasil). Considerando a ausência de informações sobre a estrutura genética dos peixes desta espécie, o presente trabalho visou detectar a variabilidade genética de Brycon hilarii através de marcadores RAPD. Foi estudado um total de 80 exemplares amostrados em diferentes períodos do ano, em 4 localidades da sub-bacia do Rio Miranda (Bacia do Rio Paraguai, Brasil). Os resultados de similaridade genética, de diversidade de Shanon e AMOVA evidenciaram diferenças entre as localidades amostradas. Através da AMOVA, a diferenciação populacional foi mais evidente entre os peixes coletados no período não-reprodutivo, que representa a época de menor deslocamento desses peixes. Desta forma, ao contrário da idéia até então aceita de que os peixes migradores de água doce formam grandes populações panmíticas em um dado sistema hidrográfico, sugere-se a ocorrência de um modelo de sub-estruturação populacional onde os indivíduos de B. hilarii se organizam em unidades reprodutivas geneticamente diferenciadas e mantêm sua integridade co-existindo e co-migrando através do sistema estudado. Apesar da falta de um cenário completo a respeito da distribuição de B. hilarii na região estudada, esta idéia inicial acerca de sua estrutura genético-populacional pode ser uma contribuição muito importante principalmente por fornecer subsídios para planos de manejo e conservação desses peixes.

RESUMO

Children with an uncomplicated femoral fracture, treated with superimposition of fragments and intentional shortening, usually develop overgrowth of the fractured femur and the ipsilateral tibia which may compensate for the initial shortening and enable the limb in question to reach a length similar to that on the normal side. The overgrowth is evaluated clinically and by scanography. The increased metabolic activity of the growth plates that support this overgrowth has not been documented by any laboratory method. In order to evaluate the metabolic activity of the growth plates, 18 patients (11 males, seven females; mean age 6.1 years) with fractures of the femur were studied at three different time intervals (2-5 months, 6-12 months and 18-24 months). Three-phase bone scintigraphy was performed in all patients. Ten children (five males, five females; mean age 7.5 years) who had had bone imaging for other reasons were used as the control group. Visual analysis of the flow and equilibrium phases was performed for the distal femoral and proximal tibial growth plates. Visual and semi-quantitative analyses of the delayed images were performed for the distal femoral and proximal and distal tibial growth plates. Semi-quantitative analyses yielded the following activity ratios: (a) the distal femoral growth plate of the fractured femur to the contralateral one (FR); (b) the proximal growth plate of the tibia on the side of the fractured femur to the contralateral one (TpR); (c) the distal growth plate of the tibia on the side of the fractured femur to the contralateral one (TdR); and (d) in the control group, the distal growth plates of both femora (FCG) and the proximal (TCGp) and distal (TCGd) growth plates of the tibiae. Visual analysis of the blood flow, equilibrium and delayed images showed increased activity in the distal femoral growth plates during the first and second time intervals, but not during the third. No significant activity changes were found in the proximal and distal tibial growth plates during any of the phases analysed. The mean and standard deviation for FR in the three time intervals were: FRI=1.22+/-0.27, FRII=1.17+/-0.16 and FRIII=1.09+/-0.20. FR values were significantly higher than in the control group (FCG=0.99+/-0.03) (P=0.033). The mean and standard deviation for TpR in the three time intervals were: TpRI=1.08+/-0.18, TpRII=0.94+/-0.09 and TpRIII=0.96+/-0.20. TpR values were not significantly different from those in the control group (TCGp=1.00+/-0.05). However, TpRI was significantly higher than TpRII (P=0.043). The mean and standard deviation for TdR in the three time intervals were: TdRI=1.10+/-0.41, TdRII=1.05+/-0.15 and TdRIII=1.13+/-0.36. TdR values were not significantly higher than in the control group (TCGd=1.00+/-0.04) (P=0.777). These results support the concept that three-phase bone imaging is able to quantify and determine that activation occurs in the distal femoral and proximal tibial growth plates of fractured femora. This phenomenon may explain the overgrowth observed in this injured bone structure.

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