RESUMO
We aimed to evaluate the impact of nutrient supplementation of beef female calves at pre-weaning on adipogenic determination. Thirty-four female calves were assigned to two experimental treatments: Control (CON, n = 17), where animals were supplemented only with mineral mixture; Supplemented (SUP, n = 17), where animals received energy-protein supplement containing minerals (5 g/kg of BW per day) of their body weight. Animals were supplemented from 100 to 250 days of age, and muscle samples were biopsied at the end of the supplementation period. Regarding the performance variables, there were no differences between treatments for initial body weight (P = 0.75). The final body weight (P = 0.07), average daily gain (P = 0.07), rib eye area (P = 0.03), and rib fat thickness (P = 0.08) were greater in SUP female calves compared with CON treatment. The number of fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells (P = 0.69) did not differ between treatments, while a greater number of intramuscular pre-adipocytes were observed in SUP than CON female calves (P = 0.01). The expression of miRNA-4429 (P = 0.20) did not differ between treatments, while the expression of miRNA-129-5p (P = 0.09) and miRNA-129-2-3p (P = 0.05) was greater in CON than SUP female calves. Our results suggest that nutrient supplementation at early postnatal stages of development enhances the commitment of fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells into the adipogenic lineages allowing to an increase in intramuscular fat deposition potential of the animals later in life.
Assuntos
Dieta , MicroRNAs , Bovinos , Animais , Feminino , Dieta/veterinária , Desmame , Ração Animal/análise , Suplementos Nutricionais , Peso Corporal , NutrientesRESUMO
Chemical stabilization is an in-situ remediation that uses amendments to reduce contaminant availability in polluted soils. Rates of phosphate, lime, biochar, and biosolids were evaluated as affecting Pb speciation and mobility in soil samples of a mining area located in Vazante, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Chemical and mineralogical characterization, desorption kinetics, sequential extraction, leaching evaluation in columns and speciation using X-ray absorption near edge structure were performed. Pb adsorbed on bentonite and on anglesite were the predominant species in the unamended soil. The treatments with phosphate and lime transformed part of the Pb species to pyromorphite. Conversely, part of Pb species was transformed to Pb adsorbed on citrate in the soil amended with biochar, while PbCl2 was formed in soil samples amended with biosolids. Phosphate and lime increased the Pb extracted in the residual fraction, thus showing that more recalcitrant species, such as pyromorphite, were formed. Biosolids and biochar treatments decreased the Pb in the residual fraction, and the fraction associated to organic matter increased after the addition of biosolids. Phosphate and lime were effective to immobilize Pb and to decrease Pb desorption kinetics, but the organic amendments increased the desorption kinetics of Pb in all rates applied. The soil amended with phosphate decreased the Pb leached in the experiment with leaching columns.
Assuntos
Poluentes do Solo , Solo , Cinética , Chumbo , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Espectroscopia por Absorção de Raios XRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate the type and the amount of fluoridated dentifrice applied on children's toothbrushes by parents/guardians according to descriptions typically recommended by scientific societies, as well as to assess the influence of demographic and socioeconomic variables on dentifrice use. METHODS: Parents/guardians of children (0-7 years old; n = 306; convenience sample) attending vaccination centres from Araçatuba (Brazil), answered to a structured questionnaire comprising items related to interviewees' education, child's age, gender, brushing habits and use of fluoridated dentifrice. The amount of toothpaste used by children during toothbrushing was estimated using a portable scale. Similarly, the interviewees were requested to apply dentifrices on toothbrushes according to eight descriptions, ranging from "smear" to "all bristles", following a random sequence. Data were submitted to Mann-Whitney's, Kruskal-Wallis' and Friedman's tests, and Spearman's correlation coefficient (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The type of toothpaste and the amount of product used at home were not affected by the respondents' educational level or family income. However, child's age was significantly correlated with the amount of toothpaste placed on the toothbrush (r = 0.324, p < 0.001). Also, the amount of toothpaste placed on the toothbrush increased according to what would be expected from the descriptions, although wide variations were observed within each description, with large interquartile and overall ranges. CONCLUSION: The amount and the type of dentifrice used by children were influenced by their age, while parents/caregivers' interpretation on verbal instructions regarding appropriate dentifrice quantities varied widely. This reinforces the need for educative measures on the appropriate use by dentifrices by children.
Assuntos
Dentifrícios , Brasil , Cariostáticos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Fluoretos/análise , Hábitos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Escovação DentáriaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This in vitro study aimed to characterize the superficial and subsurface morphology of dental enamel treated with fluoridated gels containing different biomimetic compounds after erosive challenge. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bovine incisor teeth were sectioned to obtain enamel blocks (4 mm × 4 mm × 6 mm; n = 5) that were demineralized to create an artificial caries lesion and treated by pH cycling interspersed with exposure to fluoridated toothpaste slurries under agitation. During pH cycling (demineralization and remineralization for 2 and 22 hours, respectively) for 6 days, the enamel blocks were exposed to toothpaste slurries under agitation with one of the dental gels: Regenerate Enamel Science (NR-5 technology), Daily Regenerator Dental Clean (REFIX technology), and Sensodyne Repair & Protect (Novamin technology). The enamel blocks were subjected to an erosive challenge, immersed in 50% citric acid for 2 minutes, and then washed with plenty of distilled water. The surface and cross-sectional micromorphology were assessed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The elemental analyses (weight percentage) were determined with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). RESULTS: Enamel treated with the product containing REFIX technology presented a smoother surface morphology compared to the other treatments. The higher resistance to the erosive challenge can be attributed to a silicon-enriched mineral layer formed on the enamel induced by the REFIX-based toothpaste. This was not observed in the specimens treated with the other technology-containing toothpastes. CONCLUSION: The REFIX technology seemed to be the most promising compared to the Novamin and NR-5 technologies. In addition to forming a surface mineralized layer, the enamel treated with REFIX technology associated with the pH cycling resisted a subsequent erosive challenge.
RESUMO
Since nutritional requirements are increased at the end of gestation to meet the demands of the pregnant uterus, pregnant beef cows are susceptible to mobilization of body reserves (mainly fat and amino acids (AAs)) and to alter the metabolism of nutrients in the liver and muscle to support such demands. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of CP supplementation on maternal nutrient metabolism in the late gestation of beef cows grazing a low-quality pasture. Forty-three pregnant Nellore cows gestating male fetuses (average age = 6 years; average weight = 544 kg) at 193 ± 30 (mean ± SD) days (d) of gestation were divided into eight groups (experimental units, with four to five cows each). Treatments were (1) control (CON, n = 4): pasture-based (PB) diet without CP supplementation and (2) supplemented (SUP, n = 4): PB diet daily supplemented with 2 g/kg of BW of a 43.5% CP supplement. Liver and skeletal muscle biopsies were performed at 265 days of gestation and samples were collected for mRNA expression. On day 280 of gestation, blood samples were collected to assess plasma levels of AA. The CON-fed cows tended to have greater (P = 0.057) total circulating AA than SUP-fed cows. The circulating glycogenic AA was greater (P = 0.035) in CON than in SUP cows. CON cows was greater for histidine (P = 0.015), methionine (P = 0.007) and alanine (P = 0.036) than SUP cows. The CON- and SUP-fed showed no differences for gluconeogenesis, fatty acid transport and signaling axis markers in the liver. The mRNA expression of markers for skeletal muscle synthesis, p7056k (P = 0.060) and GSK3B (P = 0.096), tended to be greater in cows from CON than SUP group. No differences were found for mRNA expression of markers for skeletal muscle degradation. We conclude that CP supplementation to CP-restricted late-pregnant beef cows reduces the maternal tissue mobilization and changes the profile of plasma circulating AA and the mRNA expression of markers for the synthesis of skeletal muscle tissue.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Dieta , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Bovinos , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais , Feminino , Fígado , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético , GravidezRESUMO
Occurrence of multiple whitetip reef sharks Triaenodon obesus in the Atlantic Ocean is reported for the first time from near a sunken ferry off the Paraná coast in south-eastern Brazil. This occurrence is hypothesized to have been caused by either a human introduction or a remarkably long oceanic displacement.
Assuntos
Distribuição Animal , Tubarões , Animais , Oceano Atlântico , Brasil , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Renal fibrosis is characterized by glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis and its pathogenesis is associated with the activity of mesenchymal cells (fibroblasts), being essentially characterized by a process of excessive accumulation resulting from the deposition of extracellular matrix components. The aim of this study was to characterize the morphological presentation of chronic and fibrotic lesions in the glomerular, tubular, interstitial, and vascular compartments in feline CKD, as well as the possible participation of myofibroblasts in renal fibrotic processes in this species. Cat kidneys were collected and processed according to the conventional techniques for light microscopy, circular polarization, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. Fibrotic alterations were present in all compartments analyzed. The main findings in the glomerular compartment were different degrees of glomerular sclerosis, synechia formation, Bowman's capsule calcification, in addition to glomerular basement membrane thickening and pericapsular fibrosis. The tubulointerstitial compartment had intense tubular degeneration and the immunostaining in tubular cells for mesenchymal cell markers demonstrated the possibility of mesenchymal epithelial transition and consequent involvement of myofibroblasts in the development of interstitial tubule damage. Infiltration of inflammatory cells, added to vessel thickening and fibrosis, demonstrated the severity and role of inflammation in the development and perpetuation of damage. Thus, we may conclude that fibrotic lesions play a relevant role in feline CKD and the mechanism of perpetuation of these lesions need further elucidation regarding the origin and participation of myofibroblasts and consequent mesenchymal epithelial transition in this species.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/patologia , Rim/patologia , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/veterinária , Actinas/ultraestrutura , Animais , Gatos , Colágeno/ultraestrutura , Matriz Extracelular/ultraestrutura , Feminino , Fibroblastos/ultraestrutura , Fibrose/veterinária , Imuno-Histoquímica/métodos , Imuno-Histoquímica/veterinária , Inflamação/veterinária , Rim/ultraestrutura , Glomérulos Renais/patologia , Glomérulos Renais/ultraestrutura , Masculino , Microscopia/métodos , Microscopia/veterinária , Microscopia Confocal/veterinária , Microscopia Eletrônica/veterinária , Microscopia de Polarização/veterinária , Miofibroblastos/ultraestrutura , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/patologiaRESUMO
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a relevant disease in feline clinic. The tubulointerstitial damage, with collagen deposition and fibrosis, is an important result of this process. The aim of this study was to quantify and correlate the deposition of collagen and severity of interstitial fibrosis (IF) in the kidney from cats in different stages of CKD. Kidney fragments from 10 adult cats with CKD were analyzed and stained by Masson's trichrome (MT) and Picrosirius red (PSR) for circular polarized microscopy. Random quantitative analysis was performed on MT sections to classify the degree of IF, per field area, with and without circular polarization. Statistics correlations were performed by Spearman's (ρ; p < .05). There was a significant correlation of IF quantification with the area of interstitial collagen deposition by polarized PSR (PSRp) (r = .7939, p = .0098) and nonpolarized PSR (PSRn) (r = .7781, p = .0080). There was a positive correlation of serum creatinine (sCr) at different stages of CKD with PSRp (r = .7939, p = .0098), PSRn (r = .8667, p = .0027) and MT (r = .7818, p = .0117). Correlations between the percentage of quantified area was also positive from PSRp to PSRn (r = .9030, p = .0009) and PSRp to MT (r = .7939, p = .0098). The PSRN was also correlated with MT (r = .9273, p = .0001). The correlation with IF and sCr follows the disease evolution and the quantification of collagen by PSR is an excellent tool for analyzing the disease severity at different stages.
Assuntos
Compostos Azo/química , Doenças do Gato/patologia , Colágeno/análise , Corantes/química , Microscopia de Polarização/métodos , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/veterinária , Animais , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Gatos , Colágeno/ultraestrutura , Creatinina/sangue , Feminino , Fibrose , Rim/química , Rim/patologia , Rim/ultraestrutura , Masculino , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/patologia , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
Based on material deposited in collections, photographic records and other reports from fishermen and divers, the occurrence of the hogfish Lachnolaimus maximus (Labridae) is confirmed in the south-western Atlantic Ocean, near the Brazilian coast as far south as southern Brazil. The recognized range of this species should therefore be extended c. 3000 km further south.
Assuntos
Perciformes , Animais , Oceano Atlântico , Brasil , FotografaçãoRESUMO
A biotecnologia que envolve as técnicas de resfriamento e criopreservação pode permitir a conservaçãode material genético e ser utilizada para preservação de desovas de animais ameaçados de extinção. No entanto,o sucesso da aplicação dessas técnicas abrange o entendimento da ação de diluidores, fluxo e influxo de agentescrioprotetores, toxicidade, curvas de resfriamento, além dos processos de congelamento e descongelamento.Também é importante levar em consideração que a influência de todos esses fatores varia dentre as diversasespécies de animais. Assim, este artigo sistematiza os recentes avanços no resfriamento e na criopreservação deinvertebrados aquáticos de interesse comercial.
Biotechnology involving cooling and cryopreservation techniques can allow the preservation of geneticmaterial and be used to preserve spawning of endangered animals. However the application of these techniquessuccessfully includes understanding extenders action, flux and influx of cryoprotectants agents as well as theirtoxicity, cooling, plus the process of freezing/thawing until reaching the freezing itself, considering that theinfluence of all these factors varies among the various species of animals. Thus, this article systematizes recentadvances in cooling and cryopreservation of aquatic invertebrates commercially interesting.
Assuntos
Animais , Criopreservação/tendências , Criopreservação/veterinária , Fauna Aquática , Invertebrados/citologia , Invertebrados/embriologia , Preservação do Sêmen/veterináriaRESUMO
A biotecnologia que envolve as técnicas de resfriamento e criopreservação pode permitir a conservaçãode material genético e ser utilizada para preservação de desovas de animais ameaçados de extinção. No entanto,o sucesso da aplicação dessas técnicas abrange o entendimento da ação de diluidores, fluxo e influxo de agentescrioprotetores, toxicidade, curvas de resfriamento, além dos processos de congelamento e descongelamento.Também é importante levar em consideração que a influência de todos esses fatores varia dentre as diversasespécies de animais. Assim, este artigo sistematiza os recentes avanços no resfriamento e na criopreservação deinvertebrados aquáticos de interesse comercial.(AU)
Biotechnology involving cooling and cryopreservation techniques can allow the preservation of geneticmaterial and be used to preserve spawning of endangered animals. However the application of these techniquessuccessfully includes understanding extenders action, flux and influx of cryoprotectants agents as well as theirtoxicity, cooling, plus the process of freezing/thawing until reaching the freezing itself, considering that theinfluence of all these factors varies among the various species of animals. Thus, this article systematizes recentadvances in cooling and cryopreservation of aquatic invertebrates commercially interesting.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Invertebrados/citologia , Invertebrados/embriologia , Fauna Aquática , Criopreservação/tendências , Criopreservação/veterinária , Preservação do Sêmen/veterináriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The function of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in renal tissue is not completely understood. Kidney function is closely related to ion reabsorption in the proximal tubule, the nephron segment responsible for the re-absorption of 70-80% of the filtrate. We studied the effect of compounds modulating the activity of cannabinoid (CB) receptors on the active re-absorption of Na(+) in LLC-PK1 cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Changes in Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase activity were assessed after treatment with WIN55,212-2 (WIN), a non-selective lipid agonist, and haemopressin (HP), an inverse peptide agonist at CB1 receptors. Pharmacological tools were used to investigate the signalling pathways involved in the modulation of Na(+) transport. KEY RESULTS: In addition to CB1 and CB2 receptors and TRPV1 channels, the mRNAs encoding for enzymes of the ECS were also expressed in LLC-PK1. WIN (10(-7) M) and HP (10(-6) M) altered Na(+) re-absorption in LLC-PK1 in a dual manner. They both acutely (after 1 min) increased Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase activity in a TRPV1 antagonist-sensitive way. WIN's stimulating effect persisted for 30 min, and this effect was partially blocked by a CB1 antagonist or a PKC inhibitor. In contrast, HP inhibited Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase after 30 min incubation, and this effect was attenuated by a CB1 antagonist or a PKA inhibitor. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: The ECS is expressed in LLC-PK1 cells. Both CB1 receptors and TRPV1 channels regulate Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase activity in these cells, and are modulated by lipid and peptide CB1 receptor ligands, which act via different signalling pathways.
Assuntos
Endocanabinoides/metabolismo , Rim/metabolismo , Receptor CB1 de Canabinoide/metabolismo , Sódio/metabolismo , Animais , Benzoxazinas/farmacologia , Transporte Biológico , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Hemoglobinas/farmacologia , Células LLC-PK1 , Morfolinas/farmacologia , Naftalenos/farmacologia , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/farmacologia , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Receptor CB1 de Canabinoide/agonistas , Receptor CB1 de Canabinoide/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptor CB2 de Canabinoide/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , ATPase Trocadora de Sódio-Potássio/metabolismo , Suínos , Canais de Cátion TRPV/metabolismoRESUMO
The objective of this work was to evaluate combinations between acid digestion techniques and spectrophotometric quantification to measure chromium concentration in cattle feces. Digestion techniques were evaluated based on the use of nitric and perchloric acids, sulfuric and perchloric acids, and phosphoric acid. The chromium quantification in the solutions was performed by colorimetry and by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). When AAS was used, the addition of calcium chloride to the solutions as a releasing agent was also evaluated. Several standard samples containing known chromium contents were produced (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10g of chromium per kg of feces) using cattle feces obtained from three different animals to evaluate the accuracy of the different combinations of techniques. The accuracy was evaluated by adjusting a simple linear regression model of the estimated values on the actual values of chromium content in the standard samples. Regardless of the digestion technique, the chromium content estimates in the standard samples obtained by colorimetry were not accurate (P<0.05). Considering the AAS quantification, the digestion techniques based on nitric and perchloric acids and based on sulfuric and perchloric acids provided complete chromium recovery (P>0.05). The use of the digestion technique in phosphoric acid provided incomplete recovery of the fecal chromium (P<0.05). Subsequently, the digestion techniques in nitric and perchloric acids and digestion in sulfuric and perchloric acids, both evaluated by AAS, were compared using 84 cattle feces samples. The results indicate that these techniques provide similar (P>0.05) fecal chromium contents.
Objetivou-se avaliar combinações entre técnicas de digestão ácida e quantificação espectrofotométrica para estimar a concentração de cromo em amostras de fezes bovinas. Foram avaliadas técnicas de digestão baseadas na utilização de ácidos nítrico e perclórico, ácidos sulfúrico e perclórico e ácido fosfórico. A quantificação da concentração de cromo nas soluções foi realizada por colorimetria e por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica (EAA). Na quantificação por EAA, foi avaliada a adição de cloreto de cálcio como agente de liberação. Amostras-padrão contendo quantidades conhecidas de cromo foram produzidas (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10g de cromo por kg de fezes) utilizando-se fezes bovinas obtidas de três animais diferentes, para avaliar a acurácia das diferentes técnicas. A acurácia foi avaliada pelo ajustamento de modelo de regressão linear simples dos valores estimados sobre os valores reais de cromo nas amostras-padrão. Independentemente da técnica de digestão ácida, as estimativas da concentração de cromo nas amostras-padrão obtidas por colorimetria não foram acuradas (P<0,05). Considerando-se a quantificação de cromo por EAA, as técnicas de digestão baseadas nos ácidos nítrico e perclórico e nos ácidos sulfúrico e perclórico promoveram completa recuperação de cromo (P>0,05). A utilização da técnica de digestão em ácido fosfórico promoveu recuperação incompleta do cromo fecal (P<0,05). Posteriormente, as técnicas de digestão em ácidos nítrico e perclórico e em ácidos sulfúrico e perclórico, ambas avaliadas por EAA, foram comparadas utilizando-se 84 amostras de fezes bovinas. Os resultados indicam que aquelas combinações de técnicas promovem resultados similares (P>0,05) da concentração fecal de cromo.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Bovinos , Digestão , Fezes/química , Colorimetria , Colorimetria/veterinária , EspectrofotometriaRESUMO
The objective of this work was to evaluate combinations between acid digestion techniques and spectrophotometric quantification to measure chromium concentration in cattle feces. Digestion techniques were evaluated based on the use of nitric and perchloric acids, sulfuric and perchloric acids, and phosphoric acid. The chromium quantification in the solutions was performed by colorimetry and by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). When AAS was used, the addition of calcium chloride to the solutions as a releasing agent was also evaluated. Several standard samples containing known chromium contents were produced (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10g of chromium per kg of feces) using cattle feces obtained from three different animals to evaluate the accuracy of the different combinations of techniques. The accuracy was evaluated by adjusting a simple linear regression model of the estimated values on the actual values of chromium content in the standard samples. Regardless of the digestion technique, the chromium content estimates in the standard samples obtained by colorimetry were not accurate (P<0.05). Considering the AAS quantification, the digestion techniques based on nitric and perchloric acids and based on sulfuric and perchloric acids provided complete chromium recovery (P>0.05). The use of the digestion technique in phosphoric acid provided incomplete recovery of the fecal chromium (P<0.05). Subsequently, the digestion techniques in nitric and perchloric acids and digestion in sulfuric and perchloric acids, both evaluated by AAS, were compared using 84 cattle feces samples. The results indicate that these techniques provide similar (P>0.05) fecal chromium contents.(AU)
Objetivou-se avaliar combinações entre técnicas de digestão ácida e quantificação espectrofotométrica para estimar a concentração de cromo em amostras de fezes bovinas. Foram avaliadas técnicas de digestão baseadas na utilização de ácidos nítrico e perclórico, ácidos sulfúrico e perclórico e ácido fosfórico. A quantificação da concentração de cromo nas soluções foi realizada por colorimetria e por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica (EAA). Na quantificação por EAA, foi avaliada a adição de cloreto de cálcio como agente de liberação. Amostras-padrão contendo quantidades conhecidas de cromo foram produzidas (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10g de cromo por kg de fezes) utilizando-se fezes bovinas obtidas de três animais diferentes, para avaliar a acurácia das diferentes técnicas. A acurácia foi avaliada pelo ajustamento de modelo de regressão linear simples dos valores estimados sobre os valores reais de cromo nas amostras-padrão. Independentemente da técnica de digestão ácida, as estimativas da concentração de cromo nas amostras-padrão obtidas por colorimetria não foram acuradas (P<0,05). Considerando-se a quantificação de cromo por EAA, as técnicas de digestão baseadas nos ácidos nítrico e perclórico e nos ácidos sulfúrico e perclórico promoveram completa recuperação de cromo (P>0,05). A utilização da técnica de digestão em ácido fosfórico promoveu recuperação incompleta do cromo fecal (P<0,05). Posteriormente, as técnicas de digestão em ácidos nítrico e perclórico e em ácidos sulfúrico e perclórico, ambas avaliadas por EAA, foram comparadas utilizando-se 84 amostras de fezes bovinas. Os resultados indicam que aquelas combinações de técnicas promovem resultados similares (P>0,05) da concentração fecal de cromo.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Bovinos , Fezes/química , Digestão , Espectrofotometria , Colorimetria , Colorimetria/veterináriaRESUMO
Abstract : The persistence of Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Rotavirus, and Adenovirus in samples of raw and treated sewage collected monthly in 2010 at the Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant of Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, was analyzed. The USEPA Method 1623 was used to detect and quantify Giardia and Cryptosporidium. An enzyme immunoassay was carried out to test Rotavirus and Adenovirus antigen optical density (Rotascreen® and Adenoscreen®). The results show a significant decrease in the concentrations of Giardia, Rotavirus and Adenovirus (P < 0.05) and a trend of decreasing Cryptosporidium densities, without statistical significance. Giardia concentrations ranged from 120 to 2,200 cysts/L in raw sewage and from 0.45 to 3.5 cysts/L in treated sewage. Cryptosporidium concentration ranged from undetectable to 28.9 oocysts/L in raw sewage and undetectable to 1.05 oocysts/L in treated sewage. Rotavirus presented absorbance values that ranged from 1.17 ± 0.81 in raw sewage to 0.46 ± 0.32 in treated sewage. Adenovirus, in turn, presented absorbance values of 0.64 ± 0.20 in raw sewage and of 0.45 ± 0.04 in treated sewage. There was no significant seasonal tendency observed in the distribution of protozoa (oo)cysts and in the viral antigen density in the monthly sewage samples during 2010 (P > 0.05). Even though these pathogenic agents decreased after treatment, the remaining loads observed in treated sewage can reach the watercourses receiving it. Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Rotavirus, and Adenovirus are pathogens with very low infectious doses, representing a public health risk especially for vulnerable groups, such as children living near these watercourses and homeless people using this water for various purposes. Studies addressing the environmental persistence of opportunistic pathogens in watercourses are hugely important in the public health sphere, especially in developing countries, where economic, social, cultural, and environmental factors still persist that are favorable to population's exposure to diarrhea-causing agents.
Assuntos
Adenoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Cryptosporidium/isolamento & purificação , Giardia/isolamento & purificação , Rotavirus/isolamento & purificação , Esgotos/parasitologia , Esgotos/virologia , Adenoviridae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Adenoviridae/imunologia , Antígenos Virais/análise , Brasil , Cryptosporidium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Giardia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Oocistos , Rotavirus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Rotavirus/imunologia , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/normasRESUMO
Nanofillers have been incorporated into glass ionomer (GI) restorative materials to improve their mechanical and surface properties. The aim of this present laboratory study was to compare the superficial roughness (Ra) of nanofilled GI (Ketac N100) with that of conventional GI (Fuji IX GP), resin-modified GI (Vitremer), and a nanofilled resin composite (Filtek Supreme) after pH cycling and toothbrush abrasion. Ten specimens of each material were made using Teflon molds, which were polished using aluminum-oxide abrasive disks. Three measurements of Ra were made of each specimen to serve as baseline values. The specimens were submitted to pH cycling for 10 days in a demineralization solution for six hours (pH 4.3) and were then stored in remineralization solution for 18 hours (pH 7.0). Ra measurements were recorded after the pH cycling. Specimens were then submitted to toothbrush abrasion in a brushing machine with a 200g load for 30,000 cycles at 250 cycles/min. The Ra values were then recorded. The surface morphology of specimens from each group was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance, Tukey, and t-tests. After toothbrushing, only Fuji IX GP (1.10 ± 0.80) showed Ra values that were statistically different from those of the other materials evaluated. Ketac N100 (0.68 ± 0.16) showed intermediate Ra values, but it did not differ statistically from the results associated with Vitremer (1.04 ± 0.46) and Filtek (0.30 ± 0.15). Ketac N100 showed intermediate values of superficial roughness among the conventional glass ionomer cement, resin-modified glass ionomer cements, and the nanofilled resin after chemical and mechanical degradation.
Assuntos
Resinas Compostas/química , Cimentos de Ionômeros de Vidro/química , Nanocompostos/química , Nanopartículas/química , Óxido de Alumínio/química , Polimento Dentário/instrumentação , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Teste de Materiais , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Estresse Mecânico , Propriedades de Superfície , Fatores de Tempo , Escovação Dentária/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
PURPOSE: The invariance of the total direct strand break yield when DNA is irradiated by different types of particles and energies has been reported by previous works. This study is intended to explain the physical causes of this behavior. METHODS: The GEANT4-DNA extension of the GEANT4 general purpose Monte Carlo simulation toolkit has been used to determine direct strand break yields induced by protons and alpha particles impacting on a B-DNA geometrical model, including five organization levels of the human genetic material. The linear energy transfer (LET) of such particles ranges from 4.8 keV/microm (10 MeV protons) to about 235 keV/microm (2 MeV alpha particles), at 5.225 pm depth (near the center of the region of interest). Direct total, single and double strand break probabilities have been determined in a liquid water homogeneous medium with a 1.06 g/cm3 density. The energetic spectra of single strand breaks (SSB), the number of energy deposition events, and the SSB/event ratio were determined. RESULTS: The target-hit probability was found to be independent of both the type and the energy of the incident particle, even if this latter is a secondary electron. This probability is determined by the geometrical properties of the system. The total strand break yield and the number of energy deposition events required to reach a certain absorbed dose were found nearly independent of the type and energy of the incident ion (proton or alpha). In contrast, the double strand break (DSB) yield was found strongly dependent on the LET of the incident radiation. CONCLUSIONS: The SSB generation process is homogeneous and independent of the LET of the particles involved, at least within the proton and alpha particle energy range here studied. The target-hit probability is only determined by the ratio between the total volume occupied by targets and that of the ROI where the radiation deposits its energy. The maximum separation distance between two adjacent SSBs to produce a DSB is the parameter that breaks the homogeneity of the target-hit process, making the DSB production process strongly heterogeneous.
Assuntos
Dano ao DNA , DNA/genética , DNA/efeitos da radiação , Modelos Químicos , Simulação por Computador , DNA/química , Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação , Humanos , Doses de RadiaçãoRESUMO
Neonatal anoxia is a worldwide clinical problem that has serious and lasting consequences. The diversity of models does not allow complete reproducibility, so a standardized model is needed. In this study, we developed a rat model of neonatal anoxia that utilizes a semi-hermetic system suitable for oxygen deprivation. The validity of this model was confirmed using pulse oximetry, arterial gasometry, observation of skin color and behavior and analysis of Fos immunoreactivity in brain regions that function in respiratory control. For these experiments, 87 male albino neonate rats (Rattus norvegicus, lineage Wistar) aged approximate 30 postnatal hours were divided into anoxia and control groups. The pups were kept in an euthanasia polycarbonate chamber at 36±1 °C, with continuous 100% nitrogen gas flow at 3 L/min and 101.7 kPa for 25 min. The peripheral arterial oxygen saturation of the anoxia group decreased 75% from its initial value. Decreased pH and partial pressure of oxygen and increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide were observed in this group, indicating metabolic acidosis, hypoxia and hypercapnia, respectively. Analysis of neuronal activation showed Fos immunoreactivity in the solitary tract nucleus, the lateral reticular nucleus and the area postrema, confirming that those conditions activated areas related to respiratory control in the nervous system. Therefore, the proposed model of neonatal anoxia allows standardization and precise control of the anoxic condition, which should be of great value in indentifying both the mechanisms underlying neonatal anoxia and novel therapeutic strategies to combat or prevent this widespread public health problem.
Assuntos
Modelos Animais de Doenças , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Hipóxia/metabolismo , Hipóxia/fisiopatologia , Proteínas Oncogênicas v-fos/metabolismo , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Artérias , Gasometria/instrumentação , Gasometria/métodos , Hipóxia/mortalidade , Masculino , Atividade Motora/fisiologia , Pressão Parcial , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Respiração , Formação Reticular/metabolismo , Pele/patologiaRESUMO
A qualidade da água oferecida aos animais é um fator importante que deve ser observado na produção animal, pois a água pode veicular organismos patogênicos e substâncias tóxicas prejudiciais à saúde de rebanhos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar a qualidade microbiológica e físico-química da água de fontes de abastecimento e do ponto de consumo animal quanto a potabilidade animal em propriedades rurais da Microbacia Hidrográfica do Córrego Rico, Jaboticabal, SP. Para isso, as análises microbiológicas realizadas foram: determinações dos números mais prováveis de Escherichia coli e enterococos e contagem de microrganismos heterotróficos mesófilos. As análises físico-químicas realizadas foram: determinações do pH, cor e turbidez e concentrações de nitrato e amônia. As colheitas de amostras de água ocorreram na estação de seca e chuva, a fim de se verificar a existência de influência da estação na qualidade da água. Os resultados indicaram que a maioria das fontes era representada por poços, não havia tratamento da água antes de ser oferecida aos animais e os bebedouros não eram limpos com frequência, prejudicando a qualidade da água. Altas porcentagens de amostras de água das fontes e dos bebedouros estavam impróprias para consumo animal, segundo os padrões microbiológicos, nas duas estações. A qualidade físico-química da água nos dois pontos de colheita não estava compro
RESUMO
A qualidade da água oferecida aos animais é um fator importante que deve ser observado na produção animal, pois a água pode veicular organismos patogênicos e substâncias tóxicas prejudiciais à saúde de rebanhos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar a qualidade microbiológica e físico-química da água de fontes de abastecimento e do ponto de consumo animal quanto a potabilidade animal em propriedades rurais da Microbacia Hidrográfica do Córrego Rico, Jaboticabal, SP. Para isso, as análises microbiológicas realizadas foram: determinações dos números mais prováveis de Escherichia coli e enterococos e contagem de microrganismos heterotróficos mesófilos. As análises físico-químicas realizadas foram: determinações do pH, cor e turbidez e concentrações de nitrato e amônia. As colheitas de amostras de água ocorreram na estação de seca e chuva, a fim de se verificar a existência de influência da estação na qualidade da água. Os resultados indicaram que a maioria das fontes era representada por poços, não havia tratamento da água antes de ser oferecida aos animais e os bebedouros não eram limpos com frequência, prejudicando a qualidade da água. Altas porcentagens de amostras de água das fontes e dos bebedouros estavam impróprias para consumo animal, segundo os padrões microbiológicos, nas duas estações. A qualidade físico-química da água nos dois pontos de colheita não estava compro