RESUMO

The occurrence of hyperostotic bones is common in marine fish, especially in the Carangidae family, despite few records of this condition in fishes from Brazilian waters. The present study describes the occurrence of hyperostosis in Atlantic moonfish (Selene setapinnis) in, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Radiographs of the fish specimens were taken and all of them presented hyperostosis in at least three different regions: cleithrum, pterygiophores and pleural ribs. The observed pattern is different from previously described for other species of the same genus. It is the first record for the species and a valuable contribution to the study of bone diseases in fishes from the Brazilian coast.(AU)

A ocorrência de ossos hipertostóticos é comum em peixes marinhos, especialmente na família Carangidae, apesar de poucos relatos dessa condição em peixes de águas brasileiras. O presente estudo descreve a ocorrência de hiperostose no peixe-galo-sem-penacho (Selene setapinnis) no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Radiografias dos espécimes de peixes foram feitas e todos os exemplares apresentaram hiperostoses em pelo menos três regiões diferentes: cleithrum, pterigióforos e costelas pleurais. O padrão observado é diferente do descrito previamente para outras espécies do mesmo gênero. Este é o primeiro relato para a espécie e é uma contribuição valiosa para o estudo de doenças ósseas em peixes da costa brasileira.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Sepsis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with increased burden in low- and middle-resource settings. The role of the inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of the syndrome has supported the modern concept of sepsis. Nevertheless, a definition of sepsis and the criteria for its recognition is a continuous process, which reflects the growing knowledge of its mechanisms and the success and failure of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Here we review the evolving concepts of sepsis, from the "systemic inflammatory response syndrome triggered by infection" (Sepsis-1) to "a severe, potentially fatal, organic dysfunction caused by an inadequate or dysregulated host response to infection" (Sepsis-3). We focused in the pathophysiology behind the concept and the criteria for recognition and diagnosis of sepsis. A major challenge in evaluating the host response in sepsis is to characterize what is protective and what is harmful, and we discuss that, at least in part, the apparent dysregulated host response may be an effort to adapt to a hostile environment. The new criteria for recognition and diagnosis of sepsis were derived from robust databases, restricted, however, to developed countries. Since then, the criteria have been supported in different clinical settings and in different economic and epidemiological contexts, but still raise discussion regarding their use for the identification versus the prognostication of the septic patient. Clinicians should not be restricted to definition criteria when evaluating patients with infection and should wisely use the broad array of information obtained by rigorous clinical observation.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Sepsis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with increased burden in low- and middle-resource settings. The role of the inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of the syndrome has supported the modern concept of sepsis. Nevertheless, a definition of sepsis and the criteria for its recognition is a continuous process, which reflects the growing knowledge of its mechanisms and the success and failure of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Here we review the evolving concepts of sepsis, from the "systemic inflammatory response syndrome triggered by infection" (Sepsis-1) to "a severe, potentially fatal, organic dysfunction caused by an inadequate or dysregulated host response to infection" (Sepsis-3). We focused in the pathophysiology behind the concept and the criteria for recognition and diagnosis of sepsis. A major challenge in evaluating the host response in sepsis is to characterize what is protective and what is harmful, and we discuss that, at least in part, the apparent dysregulated host response may be an effort to adapt to a hostile environment. The new criteria for recognition and diagnosis of sepsis were derived from robust databases, restricted, however, to developed countries. Since then, the criteria have been supported in different clinical settings and in different economic and epidemiological contexts, but still raise discussion regarding their use for the identification versus the prognostication of the septic patient. Clinicians should not be restricted to definition criteria when evaluating patients with infection and should wisely use the broad array of information obtained by rigorous clinical observation.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Os testículos são responsáveis pela produção de espermatozoides e do hormônio testosterona e estão diretamente relacionados ao comportamento sexual masculino e à capacidade de fecundar a fêmea. A análise reprodutiva do macho canino é composta de uma anamnese detalhada que inclua avaliação do comportamento reprodutivo, exame físico, análise do sêmen, dosagens hormonais, ultrassonografia testicular, citologia aspirativa por agulha fina e biópsia testicular. Esses procedimentos, no entanto, ainda são pouco utilizados na rotina clínica. Por isso, o objetivo dessa revisão foi descrever as principais afecções encontradas nos testículos dos cães e os meios de diagnóstico utilizados atualmente na detecção das alterações testiculares.(AU)

Testes are responsible for producing sperm and the hormone testosterone and are directly related to male sexual behavior and the ability to fertilize the female. Studies related to the normal pattern of the testes of dogs as well as the testicular changes and consequently its influence on soil fertility are scarce. Knowledge of the best diagnostic method for detection of testicular disorders is important for the evaluation and selection of potential players that can be used in breeding schemes. Our intention is, therefore, this review describes the main diseases found in the testicles of dogs and diagnostics in the evaluation.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Os testículos são responsáveis pela produção de espermatozoides e do hormônio testosterona e estão diretamente relacionados ao comportamento sexual masculino e à capacidade de fecundar a fêmea. A análise reprodutiva do macho canino é composta de uma anamnese detalhada que inclua avaliação do comportamento reprodutivo, exame físico, análise do sêmen, dosagens hormonais, ultrassonografia testicular, citologia aspirativa por agulha fina e biópsia testicular. Esses procedimentos, no entanto, ainda são pouco utilizados na rotina clínica. Por isso, o objetivo dessa revisão foi descrever as principais afecções encontradas nos testículos dos cães e os meios de diagnóstico utilizados atualmente na detecção das alterações testiculares.

Testes are responsible for producing sperm and the hormone testosterone and are directly related to male sexual behavior and the ability to fertilize the female. Studies related to the normal pattern of the testes of dogs as well as the testicular changes and consequently its influence on soil fertility are scarce. Knowledge of the best diagnostic method for detection of testicular disorders is important for the evaluation and selection of potential players that can be used in breeding schemes. Our intention is, therefore, this review describes the main diseases found in the testicles of dogs and diagnostics in the evaluation.

Assuntos