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The cyclopoid copepod family Bradophilidae includes a few species of mesoparasitic copepods infecting flabelligerid polychaetes. It contains two species of Bradophila Levinsen, 1878, the type genus: B. pygmaea Levinsen, 1878 and B. minuta Boxshall, O'Reilly, Sikorski & Summerfield, 2019, both known from North Europe. Two other genera (i.e., Trophoniphila M'Intosh, 1885 and Flabellicola Gravier, 1918) have some affinities with this family including their host preference. Mesoparasitic copepods are highly specialized, morphologically reduced forms. Part of their body (endosoma) is partially lodged in the host body and the other part is external (ectosoma); both parts are connected by an intersomital stalk. Infection by these copepods can be readily detected by the presence of the egg-carrying ectosoma on the host external surface. From the analysis of flabelligerid polychaetes collected in 2012 from the Chukchi Sea, two ovigerous female individuals of a bradophilid copepod were recorded. These specimens were recognized as representative of an undescribed species of Bradophila. The new species, B. susanae n. sp., shows the generic diagnostic characters and differs from its two other known congeners in several respects, including the cuticular ectosomal ornamentation, body proportions, size of the intersomital stalk, position of the genital pore, and shape and arrangement of egg sacs. Also, the new species ectosomal size range (0.440 - 0.450 µm) falls between the size range of its two known congeners. Our finding expands the known host range of bradophilid copepods to include a new flabelligerid host, Bradabyssa nuda (Annenkova-Chlopina) from the Russsian Arctic region.

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The discovery of four undescribed flabelligerid species from deep-water in Pacific Costa Rica resulted in the restriction of Diplocirrus Haase, 1915. As currently understood, Diplocirrus and Pherusa Oken, 1807 are separated after their morphological pattern. The species belonging in Diplocirrus have two types of branchiae, poorly developed cephalic cages and multiarticulate neurochaetae, whereas Pherusa species have branchiae of one type, well-developed cephalic cages and completely anchylosed neurochaetae. Benthic sampling and processing usually damage cephalic cages and if chaetae are completely broken, one could regard specimens without them, when they actually have it, but lost after sieving. Sampling using Alvin deep-sea submarine at methane seeps off Costa Rica resulted in some well-preserved specimens, and some of them fall between these two genera because they have well developed cephalic cages, and multiarticulate neurochaetae. Saphobranchia Chamberlin, 1919, with Stylarioides longisetosa von Marenzeller, 1890, as type species, is herein reinstated for some species previously included in Diplocirrus, restricted. The transferred species, including three ones newly described herein, have branchiae of a single type, long cephalic cage and body chaetae, and neurochaetae basally anchylosed and medially and distally articulated; some species currently included in Diplocirrus described from Arctic or deep water sediments are transferred into it. A key to identify all species in Saphobranchia, and another key to identify species in the restricted Diplocirrus are also included. The three new Saphobranchia species are S. canela n. sp., S. ilys n. sp. and S. omorpha n. sp. The fourth species belongs in Lamispina Salazar-Vallejo, 2014, and it is herein described as L. polycerata n. sp. after the presence of some long papillae along anterior margin of chaetiger 1.

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Abstract: There are many taxonomic problems in polychaete species names and solving confusing or inadequate taxonomic procedures is both time-demanding and extremely important. Our objective in this contribution was to analyse what is the current taxonomic situation for Nereis falsa de Quatrefages, 1866; it was based upon Nereis pulsatoria? Rathke, 1837 from the Black Sea, and it is currently regarded as having a very wide distribution. The species has been collected from different benthic substrates and even can be found on floating objects or marine turtles. Nereis falsa has been recorded from the Mediterranean Sea, the Eastern Atlantic along Africa, the Western Atlantic (Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Brazil), and the Indian Ocean. However, despite the fact N. falsa was proposed as a species from the Black Sea, it has not yet been found there. How can we explain that a species is able to attain a very wide distribution and yet be missing from its type locality? After a careful study of previous publications and with our understanding of the systematics of nereidid polychaetes, we clarify the current situation by examining several related species and pointed out some nomenclatural issues. Our analysis indicates there is more than one species included under the same name, and in this contribution we propose some means to promote discussion and actions, and suggest some basic research for solving this issue. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (3): 847-857. Epub 2017 September 01.

Resumen: Entre los nombres de especies de poliquetos hay muchos problemas taxonómicos y resolver los procedimientos taxonómicos confusos o inadecuados consume mucho tiempo y es muy importante. Nuestro objetivo en esta contribución es analizar cuál es la situación para Nereis falsa de Quatrefages, 1866; fue basada en Nereis pulsatoria? Rathke, 1837 del Mar Negro, y se considera como una especie de amplia distribución. La especie se ha recolectado en diferentes sustratos bénticos e incluso puede hallarse en objetos flotantes o sobre tortugas marinas. Nereis falsa se ha registrado del Mar Mediterráneo, en el Atlántico oriental a lo largo del África, en el Atlántico occidental (Golfo de México, Mar Caribe, Brasil), y en el Índico. Sin embargo, a pesar de haber sido propuesta para una especie del Mar Negro no se ha vuelto a encontrar en el mismo. ¿Cómo conjugar que una especie pueda alcanzar una vasta distribución y faltar en su localidad tipo? Después de un estudio cuidadoso de las publicaciones sobre el tema y con nuestra comprensión de la sistemática de los poliquetos neréididos, clarificamos la situación prevalente al examinar varias especies relacionadas e indicamos algunas cuestiones nomenclaturales. Nuestro análisis indica que hay más de una especie bajo el mismo nombre y en esta contribución, nos enfocamos al problema, proponemos algunas formas para promover la discusión y la acción, y sugerimos algunas actividades de investigación para resolver el problema.

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AbstractThe family Nereididae includes more than 500 polychaete species described worldwide, and includes species common in many benthic environments, but some other species may tolerate freshwater or can even thrive in humid substrates in tropical forests. In estuarine environments, nereidid polychaetes can be abundant and relevant as a food source for resident or migratory birds. Laeonereis culveri (Webster, 1879) is a common estuarine species found in tropical and subtropical Atlantic American shores and was described from New Jersey; its median and posterior parapodia have upper notopodial ligules usually longer than the lower ones, and the latter are parallel to the notaciculae throughout the body. L. culveri distribution is from Connecticut to central Argentina; however, this wide distribution might be due to the inclusion of several other species as junior synonyms, despite that some morphological differences were found between them. One of such species is L. nota (Treadwell, 1941), that was described from Texas; its parapodia have notopodial ligules of about the same size, and the lower ones are oblique to the notaciculae. In order to clarify the differences between these two species, and to define which inhabits the Northwestern Caribbean region, topotype materials from these two species and specimens from Chetumal Bay were collected, and their morphological features were compared. Our results indicated that L. culveri and L. nota are different species and that the latter is found in Chetumal Bay. On the basis of mature specimens, L. culveri is hereby restricted to the Northern Gulf of Mexico and Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, and L. nota is reinstated and its distribution extends from Texas, in the Gulf of Mexico to Chetumal Bay, in the Northwestern Caribbean Sea. A key to identify all species in Laeonereis Hartman (1945) is also included.

ResumenLa familia Nereididae incluye especies comunes y frecuentes en muchos ambientes bénticos y cuenta con más de 500 especies en todo el mundo, y algunas pueden tolerar ambientes dulceacuícolas e incluso viven en sustratos húmedos en bosques tropicales. Como ocurre en otras especies estuarinas, los poliquetos neréididos pueden ser abundantes y relevantes como fuente de alimento para aves residentes o migratorias. Laeonereis culveri (Webster, 1879) es una especie común en estuarios, fue descrita de Nueva Jersey, E.U.A.; sus parápodos medianos y posteriores tienen lígulas notopodiales superiores generalmente más largas que las inferiores, y estas últimas son paralelas a las notacículas a lo largo del cuerpo. La distribución de L. culveri comprende desde Connecticut, E.U.A. hasta el litoral central de Argentina; esta amplia distribución podría deberse a la inclusión de otras especies como sinónimos menores, a pesar de las diferencias morfológicas entre ellas. Una de dichas especies, L. nota (Treadwell, 1941) fue descrita de Texas; sus parápodos medios y posteriores tienen lígulas notopodiales superiores de longitud similar a las inferiores, y estas últimas son oblicuas a las notacículas. Para clarificar las diferencias entre estas dos especies y determinar cuál de ellas se encuentra en el Caribe noroccidental, se estudiaron topotipos de ambas especies y se recolectaron ejemplares de la Bahía de Chetumal para comparar sus atributos morfológicos. Nuestros resultados indican que L. culveri y L. nota son especies diferentes y que la última se presenta en la Bahía de Chetumal. Con base en ejemplares maduros, L. culveri se restringe al norte del Golfo de México y Atlántico noroccidental y L. nota se reestablece con una distribución que se extiende desde Texas, en el Golfo de México a la Bahía de Chetumal, en el Caribe noroccidental. También se incluye una clave para la identificación de todas las especies de Laeonereis Hartman, 1945.

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The family Nereididae includes more than 500 polychaete species described worldwide, and includes species common in many benthic environments, but some other species may tolerate freshwater or can even thrive in humid substrates in tropical forests. In estuarine environments, nereidid polychaetes can be abundant and relevant as a food source for resident or migratory birds. Laeonereis culveri (Webster, 1879) is a common estuarine species found in tropical and subtropical Atlantic American shores and was described from New Jersey; its median and posterior parapodia have upper notopodial ligules usually longer than the lower ones, and the latter are parallel to the notaciculae throughout the body. L. culveri distribution is from Connecticut to central Argentina; however, this wide distribution might be due to the inclusion of several other species as junior synonyms, despite that some morphological differences were found between them. One of such species is L. nota (Treadwell, 1941), that was described from Texas; its parapodia have notopodial ligules of about the same size, and the lower ones are oblique to the notaciculae. In order to clarify the differences between these two species, and to define which inhabits the Northwestern Caribbean region, topotype materials from these two species and specimens from Chetumal Bay were collected, and their morphological features were compared. Our results indicated that L. culveri and L. nota are different species and that the latter is found in Chetumal Bay. On the basis of mature specimens, L. culveri is hereby restricted to the Northern Gulf of Mexico and Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, and L. nota are reinstated and its distribution extends from Texas, in the Gulf of Mexico to Chetumal Bay, in the Northwestern Caribbean Sea. A key to identify all species in Laeonereis Hartman (1945) is also included.

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Among polychaetes, polynoids have the highest number of symbiotic species found living with a wide variety of marine invertebrates, including other polychaetes. Lepidasthenia Malmgren, 1867 and Lepidametria Webster, 1879 were regarded as synonyms but belong to different subfamilies, although both have species associated with thelepodid or terebellid polychaetes. In this contribution Lepidasthenia loboi sp. n. is described from several specimens associated with the thelepodid Thelepus antarcticus Kinberg, 1867, collected on a rocky shore near Puerto Madryn, Argentina. Lepidasthenia loboi sp. n. can be confused with Lepidasthenia esbelta Amaral & Nonato, 1982 because both live with Thelepus, are of similar sizes with similar pigmentation patterns, and have giant neurochaetae. However, in Lepidasthenia loboi sp. n. all eyes are of the same size, cephalic and parapodial cirri are tapered and mucronate, the second pair of elytra is larger than the third, the ventral cirri arise at the base of parapodia such that they do not reach chaetal lobe tips, and neuraciculae are tapered. On the contrary, in Lepidasthenia esbelta the posterior eyes are larger than anterior ones, cephalic and parapodial appendages are swollen subdistally, the second and third pairs of elytra are of the same size, the ventral cirri arise medially such that their tips reach the neurochaetal lobe tips, and the neuraciculae have falcate tips. Some comments about other genera in the Lepidastheniinae, a simplified key to its genera, and a key to Lepidasthenia species with giant neurochaetae are also included.

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On the basis of extensive intertidal and subtidal samplings in South-Southeastern Brazil, five hesionid species were found; four are newly described and Podarkeopsis levisfuscina Perkins, 1984 is redescribed. Micropodarke pleijeli n. sp. differs from the other species because it lacks eyes, and by having a large number of pharynx papillae and by neurochaetal features; this species differs from M. dubia (Hessle, 1925) by lacking eyes, having a pharynx with more papillae, and by the neurochaetal features. Syllidia amaralae n. sp. resembles more closely S. armata sensu Day, 1967 (non S. armata de Quatrefages, 1865) because both have dorsal and tentacular cirri annulated or moniliform, and 10-15 pharyngeal papillae. However, S. amaralae n. sp. specimens differ from Day's ones because they have a quadrangular prostomium, by the relative size and arrangement of eyes, and by a reduced number of chaetae which are disposed in two bundles; these features are consistent and present in juveniles and mature specimens. Neogyptis nonatoi n. sp. is distinguishable from the others by having four types of neurochaetae; this species resembles N. crypta (Pleijel, 1993), and N. plurisetis (Hilbig, 1992). It differs from N. crypta by having a few acicular notochaetae with blunt tip, a small number of compound neurochaetae, simple capillary neurochaetae distally curved, and much slender notopodial and neuropodial lobes. The new species also differs from N. plurisetis by having four types of neurochaetae instead of having only falciger chaetae; there are less pharyngean papillae and they are far apart to each other, conical and shorter in N. plurisetis when compared to those of N. nonatoi n. sp., which are fringed, longer and closer among them, having some other longer lateral papillae. Oxydromus lanai n. sp. resembles O. obscurus (Verrill, 1873) as recorded by Uebelacker (1984), O. pugettensis by Hilbig (1994), O. guanicus by Hoagland (1919), and O. cf. guanicus by Hartman (1951). The pharynx of O. obscurus does not have fringe or papilla on its border, and it has two types of neurochaetae, differing from O. lanai n. sp. which has a single furcate notochaeta, with its shorter tine serrated. Oxydromus pugettensis and O. cf. guanicus also have usually two, instead of one, furcate notochaeta, differing from O. lanai n. sp. Oxydromus guanicus differs from our new species in having a characteristic pigmentation pattern, to be very large, its median antenna is less than one-third as long as lateral antennae, and its cirrophores are distally constricted producing a colorless ring, whereby the cirrostyle is inserted. These species are the first Brazilian records for the genera Podarkeopsis and Syllidia, and for Micropodarke, it is newly recorded from the Atlantic Ocean. Keys are included to identify hesionid genera and the species of Syllidia, Micropodarke, Neogyptis, and Podarkeopsis. 

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Eupanthalis rudipalpa Amaral & Nonato, 1984 was described based on three incomplete, colorless specimens and has not been reported since its original description; the epithet rudipalpa means "hirsute palps", a characteristic that separates it from other congeneric species. Eupanthalis McIntosh, 1876 and Euarche Ehlers, 1887, and their respective type species, E. kinbergi McIntosh, 1876 and E. tubifex Ehlers, 1887, were considered synonyms (E. rudipalpa as a junior synonym of E. tubifex, a cosmopolitan species) by some authors, because both have sessile eyes and two or three antennae. Nonetheless, these two genera are, in fact, distinct. Their type species can clearly be separated using some prostomial features. We provide an emended diagnosis of Euarche, and re-instate E. rudipalpa, redescribing it based on a Brazilian specimen (original type specimens lost). Illustrations showing body pigmentation pattern and a key to all species of Eupanthalis are also provided.

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Eupanthalis rudipalpa Amaral & Nonato, 1984 was described based on three incomplete, colorless specimens and has not been reported since its original description; the epithet rudipalpa means "hirsute palps", a characteristic that separates it from other congeneric species. Eupanthalis McIntosh, 1876 and Euarche Ehlers, 1887, and their respective type species, E. kinbergi McIntosh, 1876 and E. tubifex Ehlers, 1887, were considered synonyms (E. rudipalpa as a junior synonym of E. tubifex, a cosmopolitan species) by some authors, because both have sessile eyes and two or three antennae. Nonetheless, these two genera are, in fact, distinct. Their type species can clearly be separated using some prostomial features. We provide an emended diagnosis of Euarche, and re-instate E. rudipalpa, redescribing it based on a Brazilian specimen (original type specimens lost). Illustrations showing body pigmentation pattern and a key to all species of Eupanthalis are also provided.(AU)

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The collecting trips by Ørsted and Kröyer in Central and South America resulted in a series of papers by Grube, the Annulata örstediana which contained the proposal for seven genera and descriptions for 84 species. There are some problems dealing with the correct number of contributions, their publication dates, the correct citation for the authors for each species name and sometimes even for the type locality. In order to improve the current situation, we have consulted the original publications together with the corresponding collections. Our results indicate that there were only three parts in the series which were published in the journal, and repagination in reprints sometimes caused some further confusion. Additionally, we provided some review comments on the species current status and we added a short nomenclatural note on Hemipodus (Polychaeta: Glyceridae) trying to clarify the correct generic name and type species.

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The collecting trips by Ørsted and Kröyer in Central and South America resulted in a series of papers by Grube, the Annulata örstediana which contained the proposal for seven genera and descriptions for 84 species. There are some problems dealing with the correct number of contributions, their publication dates, the correct citation for the authors for each species name and sometimes even for the type locality. In order to improve the current situation, we have consulted the original publications together with the corresponding collections. Our results indicate that there were only three parts in the series which were published in the journal, and repagination in reprints sometimes caused some further confusion. Additionally, we provided some review comments on the species current status and we added a short nomenclatural note on Hemipodus (Polychaeta: Glyceridae) trying to clarify the correct generic name and type species.

Los viajes de recolecta por Ørsted y Kröyer en Centroamérica y Sudamérica resultaron en una serie de notas por Grube, los Annulata örstediana que contienen la propuesta de siete géneros y 84 especies. Hay algunos problemas en relación con el número correcto de contribuciones, sus fechas de publicación, la citación correcta de los autores para cada nombre específico y a veces incluso para la localidad tipo. Para mejorar la situación, hemos consultado las publicaciones originales junto con las colecciones correspondientes. Nuestros resultados indican que hubo tres partes en la serie, que fueron publicadas en la revista y cuyas páginas fueron re-enumeradas para las separatas lo que a veces ocasionó confusiones adicionales. Además, brindamos algunos comentarios para revisar el estado de cada especie y agregamos una breve nota nomenclatural sobre Hemipodus (Polychaeta: Glyceridae) para aclarar el nombre correcto del género y la especie tipo.

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Some species of Eunice might reach giant size, often being longer than 2m, and they are known from tropical and temperate seas. Despite their large size and recent internet notoriety, there remain some taxonomic problems in large-sized eunicids, especially since original descriptions were brief and type materials are often missing. As a mean to encourage the solution of this situation, we review the historical progress in the taxonomy of the group, including some comments on generic and specific delineation, and recommend some critical steps to solve the current confusion. These ideally would include collecting in type localities, evaluate ontogenetic morphological changes, and generate some molecular analysis to complement the morphological approach. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (4): 1463-1474. Epub 2011 December 01.

Algunas species de Eunice pueden alcanzar tamaño gigantesco, a menudo sobrepasan los 2m de largo, y se conocen de mares tropicales y templados. A pesar de su gran tamaño y de su reciente notoriedad en Internet, todavía hay problemas taxonómicos entre los eunícidos gigantes, especialmente dado que las descripciones originales fueron breves y a menudo se carece de materiales tipo. Para incentivar la solución del problema, revisamos el desarrollo histórico de la taxonomía del grupo y se incluyen algunos comentarios sobre la delineación de los géneros y de las especies y recomendamos algunos pasos críticos para alcanzar este fin. Idealmente, esto incluiría recolectar en las localidades tipo, evaluar cambios morfológicos durante la ontogenia y generar algunos análisis moleculares para complementar el enfoque morfológico.

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Some species of Eunice might reach giant size, often being longer than 2m, and they are known from tropical and temperate seas. Despite their large size and recent internet notoriety, there remain some taxonomic problems in large-sized eunicids, especially since original descriptions were brief and type materials are often missing. As a mean to encourage the solution of this situation, we review the historical progress in the taxonomy of the group, including some comments on generic and specific delineation, and recommend some critical steps to solve the current confusion. These ideally would include collecting in type localities, evaluate ontogenetic morphological changes, and generate some molecular analysis to complement the morphological approach.

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La taxonomía es una disciplina fundamental en la biología y es indispensable para la determinación de especies indicadoras o exóticas y para actividades de monitoreo. Para su desarrollo, se requiere de colecciones de historia natural y herbarios que documenten la biodiversidad regional. Por la gran biodiversidad del planeta, la taxonomía merece la misma atención que los programas del cambio climático. Los resultados de varias reuniones internacionales, desde la Convención sobre Diversidad Biológica de 1992, resaltaron la necesidad de mejorar el respaldo gubernamental para esta disciplina. Una de las principales conclusiones alcanzadas fue establecer una iniciativa global para la taxonomía en 1998. Los países se comprometieron a establecer programas nacionales pero como no se avanzó, la Conferencia de las Partes consideró urgente su implementación en 2006. En el presente trabajo se revisan los problemas y avances principales, y se propone una ruta crítica para organizar programas en Latinoamérica, con énfasis en los invertebrados marinos. Se plantea que es necesario que los taxónomos y responsables de colecciones se organicen, mejoren sus relaciones con los tomadores de decisiones y preparen una iniciativa nacional, la cual debe incluir un programa de contratación progresiva para mantener y diversificar el conocimiento de la biota marina. Al mismo tiempo, se enfatiza que la investigación taxonómica debe incorporar métodos y enfoques bioinformáticas y moleculares, y ser considerada como ciencia planetaria.

Taxonomy is a fundamental discipline of biology and it is indispensable for the identification of species, either indicator ones or exotic, and for monitoring activities. To achieve its potential, this discipline requires the establishment of natural history collections and herbaria that document local and regional biodiversity. Because of the high levels of global biodiversity, taxonomy deserves the same attention as the climate change programs. Several international meetings, since the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1992, have pointed out the need to imcrease government support for taxonomy. One of the main conclusions was to establish a Global Taxonomy Initiative (GTI) in 1998. Governments failed to establish national programs for taxonomy; thus in 2006 the Conference of the Parties stressed again the urgency of their implementation. This review lists the problems faced and main progress achieved by the GTI and proposes a road map for Latin America with an emphasis on marine invertebrates. It is recommended that taxonomists and collection managers team together, improve their relationships with policy makers and funding science agencies, and prepare national initiatives. These initiatives should include a stepwise hiring program in order to improve and diversify the knowledge of the marine biota. At the same time, taxonomic research should involve state of the art bioinformatics and molecular tools, and become a global science.

A taxonomia é uma disciplina fundamental na biologia e é indispensável para a determinação de espécies indicadoras ou exóticas e para atividades de monitoração. Para seu desenvolvimento, se requer de coleções de historia natural e herbários que documentem a biodiversidade regional. Pela grande biodiversidade do planeta, a taxonomia merece a mesma atenção que os programas de mudança climática. Os resultados de varias reuniões internacionais, desde a Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica de 1992, destacaram a necessidade de melhorar o apoio governamental para esta disciplina. Uma das principais conclusões alcançadas foi estabelecer uma iniciativa global para a taxonomia em 1998. Os países se comprometeram a estabelecer programas nacionais, mas como não houve avanço, a Conferência das Partes considerou urgente sua implementação em 2006. Este trabalho revisa os problemas e avanços principais, e propõe uma rota crítica para organizar programas na América Latina com ênfase nos invertebrados marinhos. Propõe-se há necessidade de que os taxônomos e responsáveis de coleções se organizem, melhorem suas relações com os tomadores de decisões e preparem uma iniciativa nacional que deve incluir um programa de contratação progressiva para manter e diversificar o conhecimento da biota marinha. Ao mesmo tempo, se enfatiza que a investigação taxonômica deve incorporar métodos e enfoques bioinformáticos e moleculares, e ser considerada como ciência planetária.

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Nereis garwoodi n. sp. is described on the basis of eight syntype specimens (six atokous and two heteronereis) collected in Bahía Chetumal, Mexican Caribbean coast, and the variability in the paragnath numbers in the pharynx is established using 180 specimens; paragnath numbers are I:10(SD = 1.9); II:30 (SD = 2.6); III:41 (SD = 5.2); IV:29 (SD = 3.5), V:1, VI:4, VII-VIII: > 30. Its eyes are big and its longest tentacular cirri reaches setiger 11. A revised key to species of Nereis recorded from the Grand Caribbean Sea is included.

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Nereis garwoodi n. sp. is described on the basis of eight syntype specimens (six atokous and two heteronereis) collected in Bahía Chetumal, Mexican Caribbean coast, and the variability in the paragnath numbers in the pharynx is established using 180 specimens; paragnath numbers are I:10(SD = 1.9); II:30 (SD = 2.6); III:41 (SD = 5.2); IV:29 (SD = 3.5), V:1, VI:4, VII-VIII: > 30. Its eyes are big and its longest tentacular cirri reaches setiger 11. A revised key to species of Nereis recorded from the Grand Caribbean Sea is included.

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Tropical coastal biodiversity has been modulated by tropical storms during a long time and it is currently facing a heavy human impact. The purpose of this review is to compile the available information to improve our understanding of hurricane impacts and to promote the establishment of coastal landscape monitoring, because that is the best way to assess these impacts. Although generalizations on hurricane effects are elusive, some historical dynamics and temporal relationships are included and some details are presented on the impacts by resuspension and movement of sediments, storm waves, and breaking off of coral reef organisms. Some effects on marine turtles and coastal forests are also briefly pointed out.

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This paper identifies the Exogoninae (Syllidae) from the Mexican Caribbean coasts and includes a key to identify all the species recorded from the Grand Caribbean Sea. The classification of the family and the composition of Exogoninae are briefly examined; the correct names of the subfamilies are Syllinae Grube, 1850, Eusyllinae Malaquin, 1893, Autolytinae Malaquin, 1893 and Exogoninae Langerhans, 1879. Exogoninae includes Anguillosyllis Day, 1963, Brania de Quatrefages, 1866, Braniella Hartman, 1963, Exogone Orsted, 1845, Exogonella Hartman, 1961, Exogonoides Day, 1963, Parapionosyllis Fauvel, 1923, Psammosyllis Westheide, 1990, Spermosyllis Claparède, 1864, and Sphaerosyllis Claparède, 1863. Pseudexogone Augener, 1922, formerly included in the group, is not a syllid; it belongs to Pilargidae. We collected 814 specimens belonging to 3 genera, 3 subgenera and 13 species as Brania (4), Exogone (4) and Sphaerosyllis (5); five new species are described: Brania russelli n. sp, Brania uebelackerae n. sp, Brania westheidei n. sp., Exogone (Exogone) bondi n. sp. and Exogone (Parexogone) sanmartini n. sp. For each species, selected references, diagnostic features, observations on morphological variability, distribution and illustrations are provided; new species also have an english diagnosis. Most abundant species were B. uebelackerae n. sp. (295), S. taylori Perkins (169), E. (E.) dispar Webster (76), and E. (E.) bondi n sp. (72).

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