RESUMO
Occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC) might generate serious worker health damages. Therefore, biological monitoring is essential to evaluate exposure biomarkers from highly toxic chemicals, ensuring better attention to the worker health. In this study was developed and validated a bioanalytical method based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) for the quantification of VOC biomarkers in urine samples from Federal University of Goias (UFG) workers. Samples were collected from 30 occupationally exposed subjects after application of a questionnaire survey. The following biomarkers hippuric acid, methyl-hippuric acid, mandelic acid, phenylglyoxylic acid and phenol were quantified, representing exposition to toluene, xylene, styrene, ethylbenzene, benzene and phenol solvents, respectively. Hippuric acid levels were found close to or above the reference values, although a subject had levels higher than preconized by Biological Limit Values (BLV) guideline of 4.0 mg/g creatinine. Five subjects had 3 and 4-methylhippuric acid ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/g creatinine. These results indicate a moderate to high VOC exposure from UFG workers. Multivariate analysis generated four clusters and indicated that histotechnicians and graphic workers need especial attention on occupational VOC exposure. The results from this study reinforce the need for reliable methods able to the biological monitoring as an important tool for assessing occupational exposure.
Assuntos
Exposição Ocupacional , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis , Brasil , Monitoramento Ambiental , Humanos , Exposição Ocupacional/análise , Tolueno , Universidades , XilenosRESUMO
A anatoxina-a(s) (antx-a(s)) é uma neurotoxina produzida por cianobactérias, cujo mecanismo de ação conhecido consiste na inibição irreversível da atividade da enzima acetilcolinesterase (AChE). Em razão da instabilidade da molécula e da inexistência de um padrão analítico, as informações referentes a presença dessa toxina nos reservatórios de água doce e, a completa elucidação dos processos envolvidos na sua toxicidade, são escassas. Na última década, a pesquisa referente a capacidade dos inseticidas organofosforados de induzir estresse oxidativo em humanos e animais tem sido bastante importante. Pelo fato da antx-a(s) ser o único organofosforado produzido por cianobactérias conhecido, este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar os mecanismos bioquímicos envolvidos na ação pró-oxidante de extratos aquosos contendo antx-a(s). A atividade das enzimas colinesterásicas AChE e butirilcolinesterase (BuChE) e, das enzimas antioxidantes catalase (CAT), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), glutationa redutase (GR) e superóxido dismutase (SOD) foram avaliadas em dois modelos experimentais: (i) Camundongos Swiss tratados por via intraperitoneal (ip) com uma dose sub-letal (20 mg.kg-1) de extrato contendo antx-a(s) e sacrificados após 24 h, 48 h, 7 e 14 dias e, (ii) sementes de alfafa regadas com extrato contendo antx-a(s) por um período de 7 dias. Também foi avaliado o efeito de extratos contendo antx-a(s) em coração de baratas da espécie Leurolestes circunvagans. A atividade enzimática das colinesterases avaliadas em camundongos tratados com extrato contendo antx-a(s) manteve-se inibida 58% até 48 h após tratamento (n=9, p<0,001), voltando a níveis normais (comparada ao controle) a partir do sétimo dia (n=10, p>0,05). Em contraposição, as alterações na atividade das enzimas antioxidantes avaliadas iniciaram-se após 48 h do tratamento, quando foi observada uma diminuição na atividade das enzimas CAT e GPx (n=9, p<0,001). No sétimo dia, enquanto a atividade das enzimas CAT...
Anatoxin-a(s) (antx-a(s)) is a cyanobacterial neurotoxin whose principal mechanism of action is the irreversible inhibition of the enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Because of the molecule´s instability and the lack of an analytical standard, the occurrence of this toxin in freshwater reservoirs and the knowledge of the whole events related to its toxicity are scarce. In the last decade, research related to organophosphates insecticides capability to induce oxidative stress in humans and animals has been profuse. Considering that antx-a(s) is the unique organophosphate produced by cyanobacteria currently known; the main of this work was to investigate the biochemical mechanism related to the pro-oxidant capacity of antx-a(s)-containing extracts. In order to achieve the objective, there was determined the activity of cholinesterasic and antioxidant enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butirylcholinesterase (BuChE), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Two experimental models were used: (i) Swiss mice were treated intraperitoneally (ip) with 20 mg.kg-1 of antx-a(s)-containing extract and sacrificed after 24 h, 48 h, 7 and 14 days of treatment and, (ii) alfalfa seeds were irrigated with antx-a(s)-containing extract for 7 days. Additionally, the cardiac effect of antx-a(s)-containing extract on Leurolestes circunvagans cockroach was evaluated. The AChE and BuChE activity in mice treated with antx-a(s)-containing extract stayed inhibited more than 55% during 48 h (n=9, p<0,001). Normal activity of both enzymes was observed after seven days of treatment. By the other hand, changes in the antioxidant enzymes activity only began after the second day of treatment. Initially, both CAT and GPx showed lower activity than the control group after 48 h. Among those enzymes, GPx showed the highest decreased activity (n=9, p<0,001). After seven days, while the antx-a(s)- containing...