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BACKGROUND: Cancer treatment has many side effects; therefore, more efficient treatments are needed. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have immunoregulatory properties, tumor site migration and can be genetically modified. Some proteins, such as soluble TRAIL (sTRAIL) and interleukin-12 (IL-12), have shown antitumoral potential, thus its combination in solid tumors could increase their activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lentiviral transduction of bone marrow MSC with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and transgenes (sTRAIL and IL-12) was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and Western blot. Soluble TRAIL levels were quantified by ELISA. Lymphoma L5178Y cells express a reporter gene (GFP/mCherry), and TRAIL receptor (DR5). RESULTS: An in vivo model showed that combined treatment with MSC expressing sTRAIL+IL-12 or IL-12 alone significantly reduced tumor volume and increased survival in BALB/c mice (p < 0.05) with only one application. However, at the histological level, only MSC expressing IL-12 reduced tumor cell infiltration significantly in the right gastrocnemius compared with the control group (p < 0.05). It presented less tissue dysplasia confirmed by fluorescence and hematoxylin-eosin dye; nevertheless, treatment not inhibited hepatic metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: MSC expressing IL-12, is or combination with BM-MSC expressing sTRAIL represents an antitumor strategy for lymphoma tumors since they increase survival and reduce tumor development. However, the combination did not show significative additive effect. The localized application did not inhibit metastasis but reduced morphological alterations of tissue associated with liver metastasis.
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As the understanding of cancer grows, new therapies have been proposed to improve the well-known limitations of current therapies, whose efficiency relies mostly on early detection, surgery and chemotherapy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been introduced as a promissory and effective therapy. This fact is due to several useful features of MSCs, such as their accessibility and easy culture and expansion in vitro, and their remarkable ability for 'homing' towards tumors, allowing MSCs to exert their anticancer effects directly into tumors. Additionally, MSCs offer the practicability of being genetically engineered to carry anticancer genes, increasing their specificity and efficacy for fighting tumors. In the present study, the antitumoral efficacy and post-implant survival of mice bearing lymphomas implanted intratumorally were determined using mouse bone marrow-derived (BM)-MSCs transduced with soluble TRAIL (sTRAIL), full length TRAIL (flTRAIL), or interferon ß (IFNß), naïve BM-MSCs, or combinations of these. The percentage of surviving mice was determined once all not-implanted mice succumbed. It was found that the percentage of surviving mice implanted with the combination of MSCs-sTRAIL and MSCs-IFN-ß was 62.5%. Lymphoma model achieved 100% fatality in the non-treated group by day 41. On the other hand, the percentage of surviving mice implanted with MSCs-sTRAIL was 50% and with MSCs-INFß 25%. All the aforementioned differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). In conclusion, all implants exhibited tumor size reduction, growth delay, or apparent tumor clearance. MSCs proved to be effective anti-lymphoma agents; additionally, the combination of soluble TRAIL and IFN-ß resulted in the most effective antitumor and life enlarging treatment, showing an additive antitumoral effect compared with individual treatments.
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Linfoma , Transplante de Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Animais , Hipertrofia , Interferon beta/genética , Linfoma/genética , Linfoma/terapia , CamundongosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The iatrogenic effects of repairing peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) with autografts (AGTs) encouraged the present study to involve a new approach consisting of grafting xenogeneic prerecellularized allogeneic cells instead of AGTs. METHODS: We compared sheep's AGT regenerative and functional capacity with decellularized human nerves prerecellularized with allogeneic Schwann-like cell xenografts (onwards called xenografts). Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from ovine adipose tissue and induced in vitro to differentiate into Schwann-like cells (SLCs). Xenografts were grafted in ovine sciatic nerves. Left sciatic nerves (20 mm) were excised from 10 sheep. Then, five sheep were grafted with 20 mm xenografts, and five were reimplanted with their nerve segment rotated 180° (AGT). RESULTS: All sheep treated with xenografts or AGT progressively recovered the strength, movement, and coordination of their intervened limb, which was still partial when the study was finished at sixth month postsurgery. At this time, numerous intrafascicular axons were observed in the distal and proximal graft extremes of both xenografts or AGTs, and submaximal nerve electrical conduction was observed. The xenografts and AGT-affected muscles appeared partially stunted. CONCLUSIONS: Xenografts and AGT were equally efficacious in starting PNI repair and justified further studies using longer observation times. The hallmarks from this study are that human xenogeneic acellular scaffolds were recellularized with allogenic SCL and were not rejected by the nonhuman receptors but were also as functional as AGT within a relatively short time postsurgery. Thus, this innovative approach promises to be more practical and accessible than AGT or allogenic allografts and safer than AGT for PNI repair.
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The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains threaten the control of tuberculosis. New antitubercular dihydrosphingosine analogs, named UCIs, have been evaluated in preclinical studies but their cellular and molecular mechanisms of action against M. tuberculosis are still unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of UCI exposure on gene expression of drug-sensitive H37Rv and MDR CIBIN:UMF:15:99 clones of M. tuberculosis which were isolated, phenotypically, and genetically characterized, cultured to log phase and treated with UCI compounds; followed by total RNA isolation, reverse transcription and hybridization assays on Affymetrix genomic microarrays. Data were validated with RT-qPCR assays. As results, UCI-05 and UCI-14 exposure increased gltA1 expression in drug-sensitive H37Rv clones. Furthermore, UCI-05 increased lprQ expression in MDR CIBIN:UMF:15:99 M. tuberculosis clones while UCI-14 reduced the expression of this gene in drug-sensitive H37Rv clones. In addition, UCI-05 reduced rpsO expression in drug-sensitive H37Rv clones. We found gene expression alterations that suggest these molecules may alter carbon and lipid metabolism as well as interfere in the protein-producing machinery in M. tuberculosis.
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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the main causes of mortality. Recent studies suggest that cancer stem cells (CSCs) can survive after chemotherapy and promote tumor invasiveness and aggression. According to a higher hierarchy complexity of CSC, different protocols for isolation, expansion, and characterization have been used; however, there are no available resistance biomarkers that allow predicting the clinical response of treatment 5fluorouracil (5FU) and oxaliplatin. Therefore, the primary aim of the present study was to analyze the expression of gene resistance on tumors and CSCderived isolates from patients CRC. In the present study, adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum (CRAC) were classified based on an in vitro adenosine triphosphatebased chemotherapy response assay, as sensitive and resistant and the percentage of CD24 and CD44 markers are evaluated by immunohistochemistry. To isolate resistant colonCSC, adenocarcinoma tissues resistant to 5FU and oxaliplatin were evaluated. Finally, all samples were sequenced using a custom assay with chemoresistanceassociated genes to find a candidate gene on resistance colonCSC. Results showed that 59% of the CRC tissue analyzed was resistant and had a higher percentage of CD44 and CD24 markers. An association was found in the expression of some genes between the tumorresistant tissue and CSC. Overall, isolates of the CSC population CD44+ resistant to 5FU and oxaliplatin demonstrated different expression profiles; however, the present study was able to identify overexpression of the KRT18 gene, in most of the isolates. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed overexpression of KRT18 in CD44+ cells is associated with chemoresistance to 5FU and oxaliplatin in CRAC.
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Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Antígeno CD24 , Feminino , Fluoruracila/farmacologia , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Receptores de Hialuronatos , Imuno-Histoquímica/métodos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oxaliplatina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Vitiligo is a skin disorder characterized by depigmentation of the skin due to a lack of melanin. This condition affects men and woman of all ages and its incidence is not restricted by ethnicity or region. Vitiligo is a multifactorial disease, in which melanocytes, which serve important functions in skin pigmentation and immune processes, are impaired. There is sufficient evidence that immunological and genetic factors are primarily responsible for the destruction and dysfunction of melanocytes. Therefore, genetic DNA sequence variants that participate in skin homeostasis, pigmentation and immune response regulation, as well as altered expression patterns, may contribute to the risk of developing vitiligo. The current review presented an overview of the mechanism of pigmentation and of currently known factors involved in depigmentation, as well as the classification, epidemiology, associated comorbidities, risk factors, immunopathogenesis and several genetic and molecular changes associated with vitiligo.
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The microenvironment plays a fundamental role in carcinogenesis: Acidity and hypoxia are actively involved in this process. It is important to have in vitro models to study these mechanisms. The models that are most commonly referred to are the hypoxia chamber and the chemical induction [Cobalt (II) chloride]. It is not yet defined if these models are interchangeable if the metabolic effect is the same, and if the results may be compared in these models. In the present study, the response to the effect of stress (hypoxia and acidity) in both models was evaluated. The results indicated that in the chemical model, the effect of hypoxia appeared in an early form at 6 h; whereas in the gas chamber the effect was slow and gradual and at 72 h there was an overexpression of erythropoietin (EPO), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α). In addition to the genes analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, the global expression analysis between both models revealed the 9 most affected genes in common. The present study additionally identified 3 potential genes (lysyl oxidase, ankyrin repeat domain 37, B-cell lymphoma 2 interacting protein 3 like) previously identified in other studies, which may be considered as universal hypoxia genes along with HIF1α, EPO, VEGF, glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), CA9, and LDH. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first time that both hypoxia models have been compared, and it was demonstrated that the effect of hypoxia induction was time sensitive in each model. These observations must be considered prior to selecting one of these models to identify selective hypoxia genes and their effects in cancer.
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PURPOSE: Advanced cancer is a catastrophic medical condition that is generally treated with surgery and conventional anticancer drugs, which are very toxic and often fail. A promising alternative is using genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells. A popular method for genetically engineering mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is by employing transfection reagents. Nevertheless, a serious limitation of this procedure is its consistently low transfection efficiency. Therefore, the utility of transfection reagents in regenerative medicine - including cancer treatment - might increase strikingly by increasing their transfection efficiency and maintaining, to the greatest extent possible, cell viability and transgene expression levels. The purpose of this study was to analyze various effects on gene expression level, transfection efficiency, and cell viability by increasing the volume of transfection reagents and the plasmid DNA mass. METHODS: Mouse bone marrow MSCs were transfected with trademarked Xfect®, Turbofect® or Lipofectamine 3000® and the plasmid pTracer-EF-His-A® expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Additionally, we tested a protocol modification recommended by the Xfect manufacturer. The GFP expression level, transfection efficiency, and cell viability were evaluated together using a performance index. RESULTS: By doubling the quantities recommended by the manufacturers (reagent volume), plasmid DNA mass or both variables and by following a modified Xfect method, the transfection efficiency improved to 70%, the cell viability did not diminish, and the performance index increased to 47.7% with respect to the values determined using the original Xfect protocol. CONCLUSION: Transgene expression levels, transfection efficiency, and cell viability may be strikingly improved, by increasing the volume of the transfectant agent, the plasmid DNA mass or both, beyond those recommended by transfection kit manufacturers.
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Vetores Genéticos/administração & dosagem , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/citologia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Transfecção/métodos , Transgenes/fisiologia , Animais , Sobrevivência Celular , Células Cultivadas , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB CRESUMO
The implantation of adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has become a promising alternative in cancer treatments. Accordingly, in this article we revised the ultimate advances in the knowledge on the MSC-homing mechanism, the cancer cell and MSCs interactions and the microvesicles and exosomes used by malignant cells to transport and deliver pro-cancer cytokines or microRNA (miRNA), or by MSCs to favor or fight cancer progression. In addition, we analyzed the current knowledge generated by ongoing or terminated preclinical and clinical trials, using naive MSCs as natural anti-cancer living factors or gene-engineered MSCs as cytokine delivering vehicles, where anti-cancer cytokines were chosen and the pro-cancer factors were avoided. Finally, we present some concerns about the implantation of MSCs and anti-cancer therapies and hypothesize the MSC implantation combines with conventional or new therapies to treat cancer.
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Engenharia Genética/métodos , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , HumanosRESUMO
PURPOSE: To determine in vitro, the efficacy and safety window of not-front-line and first-line anti-colorectal (CRC) drug combinations. METHODS: The adenocarcinoma cell line Colo 320DM and normal human mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue were used respectively to determine the anti-CRC efficacy (% of Colo 320DM cell death [CD]) and safety window [SW] - % Colo 320DM percent cancer death (PCD)/% of mesenchymal stem cell's death) of drug combinations, using the adenosine triphosphate-based chemotherapy response assay (ATP-CRA). RESULTS: First-line anti-CRC drug combinations (5-fluorouracil [5FU]/oxaliplatin [oxa] and 5-FU/Oxa /leucovorin [Leuco]) produced 57.7% and 52.4% CD, and 1.38 and 2.44 SW, respectively. Combinations of 5-FU/Oxa and 1 to 3 non-front line drugs led to 56.3-99.8% CD and to 0.96-2.2 SW. The highest safety window corresponded to 5FU/Oxa/ carboplatin [Carbo] (93% CD and 1.4 SW) and to 5-FU/ Oxa/cisplatin [Cispl] (93.5% CD and 1.4 SW). In contrast, non-front line drugs led to 89.8-97.4% CD and to 1.1-78.2 SW. Outstandingly, those combinations containing Carbo/ Cispl/3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM), aspirin (Asp), or 3,3'- DIM/ Asp showed a very high CD (91.9-96.9% [39.2-39.5 times higher than first-line-combined drugs]) and very wide SW (57.8-81.56 [66.6-40 times higher than the first-line drug combinations]). CONCLUSIONS: Human mesenchymal stem cells could be an excellent alternative to laboratory animals, when testing the safety profiles of drugs. The most promising combinations of non-frontline drugs to treat CRC are Carbo/Cispl/ Asp and Carbo/Cispl/DIM.
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Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Colorretais/tratamento farmacológico , Compostos Organoplatínicos/uso terapêutico , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Compostos Organoplatínicos/farmacologiaAssuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Adenocarcinoma/complicações , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Adenocarcinoma/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Colo/complicações , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Neoplasias do Colo/epidemiologia , Período Pós-Operatório , Neoplasias Retais/complicações , Neoplasias Retais/patologia , Neoplasias Retais/epidemiologia , Fatores Etários , Distribuição por Sexo , Avaliação de Estado de Karnofsky , México/epidemiologiaAssuntos
Adenocarcinoma , Neoplasias do Colo , Avaliação de Estado de Karnofsky , Neoplasias Retais , Adenocarcinoma/complicações , Adenocarcinoma/epidemiologia , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Neoplasias do Colo/complicações , Neoplasias do Colo/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Período Pós-Operatório , Neoplasias Retais/complicações , Neoplasias Retais/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Retais/patologia , Distribuição por SexoRESUMO
An area of research that has been recently gaining attention is the relationship between cancer stem cell (CSC) biology and chemo-resistance in colon cancer patients. It is well recognized that tumor initiation, growth, invasion and metastasis are promoted by CSCs. An important reason for the widespread interest in the CSC model is that it can comprehensibly explain essential and poorly understood clinical events, such as therapy resistance, minimal residual disease, and tumor recurrence. This review discusses the recent advances in colon cancer stem cell research, the genes responsible for CSC chemoresistance, and new therapies against CSCs.
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The characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) patients related to a chain of recent TB transmissions were investigated. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates (120) were genotyped using the restriction fragment length polymorphism-IS6110 (R), spacer oligotyping (S) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (M) methods. The MTB isolates were clustered and the clusters were grouped according to the similarities of their genotypes. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients between the groups of MTB isolates with similar genotypes and those patient characteristics indicating a risk for a pulmonary TB (PTB) chain transmission were ana- lysed. The isolates showing similar genotypes were distributed as follows: SMR (5%), SM (12.5%), SR (1.67%), MR (0%), S (46.67%), M (5%) and R (0%). The remaining 35 cases were orphans. SMR exhibited a significant correlation (p < 0.05) with visits to clinics, municipalities and comorbidities (primarily diabetes mellitus). S correlated with drug consumption and M with comorbidities. SMR is needed to identify a social network in metropolitan areas for PTB transmission and S and M are able to detect risk factors as secondary components of a transmission chain of TB.
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Técnicas de Genotipagem/métodos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Tuberculose Pulmonar/microbiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/transmissão , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Cidades , Comorbidade , DNA Bacteriano/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Sequências Repetitivas Dispersas/genética , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Epidemiologia Molecular/métodos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/classificação , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição/genética , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sociológicos , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Sequências de Repetição em Tandem/genética , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/genética , População Urbana , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) patients related to a chain of recent TB transmissions were investigated. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates (120) were genotyped using the restriction fragment length polymorphism-IS6110 (R), spacer oligotyping (S) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (M) methods. The MTB isolates were clustered and the clusters were grouped according to the similarities of their genotypes. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients between the groups of MTB isolates with similar genotypes and those patient characteristics indicating a risk for a pulmonary TB (PTB) chain transmission were ana- lysed. The isolates showing similar genotypes were distributed as follows: SMR (5%), SM (12.5%), SR (1.67%), MR (0%), S (46.67%), M (5%) and R (0%). The remaining 35 cases were orphans. SMR exhibited a significant correlation (p < 0.05) with visits to clinics, municipalities and comorbidities (primarily diabetes mellitus). S correlated with drug consumption and M with comorbidities. SMR is needed to identify a social network in metropolitan areas for PTB transmission and S and M are able to detect risk factors as secondary components of a transmission chain of TB.
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Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Técnicas de Genotipagem/métodos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Tuberculose Pulmonar/microbiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/transmissão , Cidades , Comorbidade , DNA Bacteriano/isolamento & purificação , Genótipo , Sequências Repetitivas Dispersas/genética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , México/epidemiologia , Epidemiologia Molecular/métodos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/classificação , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição/genética , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sociológicos , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Sequências de Repetição em Tandem/genética , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/genética , População UrbanaRESUMO
The quantification of colony forming units (cfu), turbidity, and optical density at 600 nm (OD600) measurements were used to evaluate Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. Turbidity and OD600 measurements displayed similar growth curves, while cfu quantification showed a continuous growth curve. We determined the cfu equivalents to McFarland and OD600 units.
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The resistance of 139 Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates from the city of Monterrey, Northeast Mexico, to first and second-line anti-TB drugs was analysed. A total of 73 isolates were susceptible and 66 were resistant to anti-TB drugs. Monoresistance to streptomycin, isoniazid (INH) and ethambutol was observed in 29 cases. Resistance to INH was found in 52 cases and in 29 cases INH resistance was combined with resistance to two or three drugs. A total of 24 isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) resistant to at least INH and rifampicin and 11 MDR cases were resistant to five drugs. The proportion of MDR-TB among new TB cases in our target population was 0.72% (1/139 cases). The proportion of MDR-TB among previously treated cases was 25.18% (35/139 cases). The 13 polyresistant and 24 MDR isolates were assayed against the following seven second-line drugs: amikacin (AMK), kanamycin (KAN), capreomycin (CAP), clofazimine (CLF), ethionamide (ETH), ofloxacin (OFL) and cycloserine (CLS). Resistance to CLF, OFL or CLS was not observed. Resistance was detected to ETH (10.80%) and to AMK (2.70%), KAN (2.70%) and CAP (2.70%). One isolate of MDR with primary resistance was also resistant to three second-line drugs. Monterrey has a high prevalence of MDR-TB among previously treated cases and extensively drug-resistant-MTB strains may soon appear.
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Antituberculosos/farmacologia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/microbiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/microbiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Geografia Médica , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The resistance of 139 Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates from the city of Monterrey, Northeast Mexico, to first and second-line anti-TB drugs was analysed. A total of 73 isolates were susceptible and 66 were resistant to anti-TB drugs. Monoresistance to streptomycin, isoniazid (INH) and ethambutol was observed in 29 cases. Resistance to INH was found in 52 cases and in 29 cases INH resistance was combined with resistance to two or three drugs. A total of 24 isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) resistant to at least INH and rifampicin and 11 MDR cases were resistant to five drugs. The proportion of MDR-TB among new TB cases in our target population was 0.72% (1/139 cases). The proportion of MDR-TB among previously treated cases was 25.18% (35/139 cases). The 13 polyresistant and 24 MDR isolates were assayed against the following seven second-line drugs: amikacin (AMK), kanamycin (KAN), capreomycin (CAP), clofazimine (CLF), ethionamide (ETH), ofloxacin (OFL) and cycloserine (CLS). Resistance to CLF, OFL or CLS was not observed. Resistance was detected to ETH (10.80%) and to AMK (2.70%), KAN (2.70%) and CAP (2.70%). One isolate of MDR with primary resistance was also resistant to three second-line drugs. Monterrey has a high prevalence of MDR-TB among previously treated cases and extensively drug-resistant-MTB strains may soon appear.
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Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Antituberculosos/farmacologia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/microbiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/microbiologia , Geografia Médica , México/epidemiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The quantification of colony forming units (cfu), turbidity, and optical density at 600 nm (OD600) measurements were used to evaluate Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. Turbidity and OD600 measurements displayed similar growth curves, while cfu quantification showed a continuous growth curve. We determined the cfu equivalents to McFarland and OD600 units.
RESUMO
The quantification of colony forming units (cfu), turbidity, and optical density at 600 nm (OD600) measurements were used to evaluate Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. Turbidity and OD600 measurements displayed similar growth curves, while cfu quantification showed a continuous growth curve. We determined the cfu equivalents to McFarland and OD600 units.