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The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) contains parasympathetic motoneurons that project to the heart and lungs. These motoneurons control ventricular excitability/contractility and airways secretions/blood flow, respectively. However, their electrophysiological properties, morphology and synaptic input activity remain unknown. One important ionic current described in DMV motoneurons controlling their electrophysiological behaviour is the A-type mediated by voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) channels. Thus, we compared the electrophysiological properties, synaptic activity, morphology, A-type current density, and single cell expression of Kv subunits, that contribute to macroscopic A-type currents, between DMV motoneurons projecting to either the heart or lungs of adult male rats. Using retrograde labelling, we visualized distinct DMV motoneurons projecting to the heart or lungs in acutely prepared medullary slices. Subsequently, whole cell recordings, morphological reconstruction and single motoneuron qRT-PCR studies were performed. DMV pulmonary motoneurons were more depolarized, electrically excitable, presented higher membrane resistance, broader action potentials and received greater excitatory synaptic inputs compared to cardiac DMV motoneurons. These differences were in part due to highly branched dendritic complexity and lower magnitude of A-type K+ currents. By evaluating expression of channels that mediate A-type currents from single motoneurons, we demonstrated a lower level of Kv4.2 in pulmonary versus cardiac motoneurons, whereas Kv4.3 and Kv1.4 levels were similar. Thus, with the distinct electrical, morphological, and molecular properties of DMV cardiac and pulmonary motoneurons, we surmise that these cells offer a new vista of opportunities for genetic manipulation providing improvement of parasympathetic function in cardiorespiratory diseases such heart failure and asthma.
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Coração , Pulmão , Neurônios Motores , Nervo Vago , Animais , Neurônios Motores/fisiologia , Masculino , Coração/fisiologia , Coração/inervação , Pulmão/fisiologia , Pulmão/inervação , Nervo Vago/fisiologia , Bulbo/fisiologia , Bulbo/citologia , Bulbo/metabolismo , Potenciais de Ação/fisiologia , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Ratos , Técnicas de Patch-ClampRESUMO
Menopause is characterized by a reduction in sex hormones in women and is associated with metabolic changes, including fatty liver and insulin resistance. Lifestyle changes, including a balanced diet and physical exercise, are necessary to prevent these undesirable changes. Strength training (ST) has been widely used because of the muscle and metabolic benefits it provides. Our study aims to evaluate the effects of ST on hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in ovariectomized mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) divided into four groups as follows: simulated sedentary surgery (SHAM-SED), trained simulated surgery (SHAM-EXE), sedentary ovariectomy (OVX-SED), and trained ovariectomy (OVX-EXE). They were fed an HFD for 9 weeks. ST was performed thrice a week. ST efficiently reduced body weight and fat percentage and increased lean mass in OVX mice. Furthermore, ST reduced the accumulation of ectopic hepatic lipids, increased AMPK phosphorylation, and inhibited the de novo lipogenesis pathway. OVX-EXE mice also showed a better glycemic profile, associated with greater insulin sensitivity identified by the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, and reduced markers of hepatic oxidative stress compared with sedentary animals. Our data support the idea that ST can be indicated as a non-pharmacological treatment approach to mitigate metabolic changes resulting from menopause.
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Dieta Hiperlipídica , Fígado Gorduroso , Resistência à Insulina , Ovariectomia , Treinamento Resistido , Animais , Feminino , Ovariectomia/efeitos adversos , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Camundongos , Fígado Gorduroso/metabolismo , Fígado Gorduroso/prevenção & controle , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Estresse Oxidativo , Fígado/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Peso Corporal , LipogêneseRESUMO
An evaluation of the inflammatory enzymatic interactions related to pulmonary function can help identify biomarkers for interventions or prophylactic measures to improve patient prognosis. This study aimed to determine the effect of epoxide hydrolase inhibition by GSK2256294 in different pulmonary inflammation models. A secondary search was performed using Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, SciELO, Cochrane Library, Embase, Academic Google, and gray literature by two independent reviewers, who analyzed the methodological quality and consistency of the data. Different variables were compared using a meta-analysis. A total of 86 studies were found, 4 of which were selected from the gray literature. Based on the eligibility criteria, two clinical and one preclinical studies were evaluated. GSK2256294 inhibited the soluble epoxide hydrolase enzyme in both clinical and preclinical models, exhibiting greater effectiveness in clinical studies and contributing to the anti-inflammatory activity mediated by the eicosatrienoic pathway by reducing the levels of dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids and leukotoxin-diol. Overall, GSK2256294 was identified as a promising drug for controlling the deleterious manifestations of lung inflammation. Further clinical and preclinical studies are required to ensure consistency among the evidence and identify other biological activities mediated by GSK2256294.
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Introducción. La salud ambiental infantil es la rama de la pediatría que estudia la influencia del medioambiente en la salud y la enfermedad de los niños. Las exposiciones ambientales globales representan una seria amenaza para la salud, lo que justifica una mayor investigación y acción. Objetivo. Evaluar la salud ambiental de una muestra de niños que viven en áreas urbanas y rurales de la ciudad de Uruguaiana, Brasil. Población y métodos. Se incluyeron padres/tutores (n = 714) de niños atendidos en el Policlínico Infantil de la Ciudad de Uruguaiana de enero a octubre de 2021, que respondieron la anamnesis ambiental en pediatría (Sociedad Brasileña de Pediatría). Los datos obtenidos se analizaron según la residencia en zona urbana o rural, o el ingreso familiar. Resultados. Al comparar los habitantes de la zona urbana (n = 660) con los de la zona rural (n = 54), verificamos que entre los de la zona rural fue significativamente mayor la actividad con productos químicos (15 % vs. 32,7 %; p = 0,004), vivir cerca de plantación (7,5 % vs. 74,5 %; p <0,001) o con fuente de contaminación (4,8 % vs. 32,7 %; p <0,001), tener perro (62 % vs. 87,3 %; p <0,001), usar plaguicidas (0,6 % vs. 32,7 %; p <0,001) y exposición a contaminación química (2,6 % vs. 18,2 %; p <0,001). En el área urbana predominó la exposición al tránsito de vehículos cerca de la vivienda (85 % vs. 48,1 %; p <0,001), renta media inferior a 3 salarios mínimos (90 %) y baja escolaridad. Conclusión. Realizar la anamnesis ambiental es fundamental para la detección de amenazas ambientales presentes en los lugares donde los niños y adolescentes viven, aprenden, juegan y estudian.
Introduction. Children's environmental health studies the influence of the environment on health and disease in children. Global environmental exposures pose a serious threat to health, warranting further research and action. Objective. To assess the environmental health of a sample of children living in urban and rural areas in Uruguaiana, Brazil. Population and methods. We included parents/legal guardians (n = 714) of children seen at Policlinica Infantil de Uruguaiana between January and October 2021, who completed the environmental history- taking in pediatrics (Brazilian Society of Pediatrics). Collected data were analyzed based on place of residence (urban or rural) or household income. Results. The comparison between inhabitants of the urban area (n = 660) and the rural area (n = 54) established that, among those living in the rural area, activity with chemical substances (15% versus 32.7%; p = 0.004), living near a plantation (7.5% versus 74.5%; p < 0.001) or near a source of contamination (4.8% versus 32.7%; p < 0.001), having a dog (62% versus 87.3%; p < 0.001), using pesticides (0.6% versus 32.7%; p < 0.001), and exposure to chemical contamination (2.6% versus 18.2%; p < 0.001) were significantly higher. In the urban area, exposure to vehicle traffic near the house (85% versus 48.1%; p < 0.001), an average income below 3 minimum wages (90%), and a low level of education predominated. Conclusion. Environmental history-taking is critical for the detection of environmental threats present in the areas where children and adolescents live, learn, play, and study
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Humanos , Animais , Criança , População Rural , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , População Urbana , Brasil , Projetos Piloto , CãesRESUMO
Despite advances in the treatment of heart failure, prognosis is poor, mortality high and there remains no cure. Heart failure is associated with reduced cardiac pump function, autonomic dysregulation, systemic inflammation and sleep-disordered breathing; these morbidities are exacerbated by peripheral chemoreceptor dysfunction. We reveal that in heart failure the carotid body generates spontaneous, episodic burst discharges coincident with the onset of disordered breathing in male rats. Purinergic (P2X3) receptors were upregulated two-fold in peripheral chemosensory afferents in heart failure, and when antagonized abolished these episodic discharges, normalized both peripheral chemoreceptor sensitivity and the breathing pattern, reinstated autonomic balance, improved cardiac function, and reduced both inflammation and biomarkers of cardiac failure. Aberrant ATP transmission in the carotid body triggers episodic discharges that via P2X3 receptors play a crucial role in the progression of heart failure and as such offer a distinct therapeutic angle to reverse multiple components of its pathogenesis.
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Corpo Carotídeo , Insuficiência Cardíaca , Ratos , Masculino , Animais , Receptores Purinérgicos P2X3 , Células Quimiorreceptoras/fisiologia , RespiraçãoRESUMO
The globally important carbon sink of intact, old-growth tropical humid forests is declining because of climate change, deforestation and degradation from fire and logging1-3. Recovering tropical secondary and degraded forests now cover about 10% of the tropical forest area4, but how much carbon they accumulate remains uncertain. Here we quantify the aboveground carbon (AGC) sink of recovering forests across three main continuous tropical humid regions: the Amazon, Borneo and Central Africa5,6. On the basis of satellite data products4,7, our analysis encompasses the heterogeneous spatial and temporal patterns of growth in degraded and secondary forests, influenced by key environmental and anthropogenic drivers. In the first 20 years of recovery, regrowth rates in Borneo were up to 45% and 58% higher than in Central Africa and the Amazon, respectively. This is due to variables such as temperature, water deficit and disturbance regimes. We find that regrowing degraded and secondary forests accumulated 107 Tg C year-1 (90-130 Tg C year-1) between 1984 and 2018, counterbalancing 26% (21-34%) of carbon emissions from humid tropical forest loss during the same period. Protecting old-growth forests is therefore a priority. Furthermore, we estimate that conserving recovering degraded and secondary forests can have a feasible future carbon sink potential of 53 Tg C year-1 (44-62 Tg C year-1) across the main tropical regions studied.
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Sequestro de Carbono , Carbono , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Florestas , Umidade , Árvores , Clima Tropical , Carbono/metabolismo , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/estatística & dados numéricos , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/tendências , Árvores/metabolismo , Agricultura Florestal/estatística & dados numéricos , Imagens de Satélites , Temperatura , Floresta Úmida , Bornéu , África Central , BrasilRESUMO
Introduction. Children's environmental health studies the influence of the environment on health and disease in children. Global environmental exposures pose a serious threat to health, warranting further research and action. Objective. To assess the environmental health of a sample of children living in urban and rural areas in Uruguaiana, Brazil. Population and methods. We included parents/legal guardians (n = 714) of children seen at Policlinica Infantil de Uruguaiana between January and October 2021, who completed the environmental historytaking in pediatrics (Brazilian Society of Pediatrics). Collected data were analyzed based on place of residence (urban or rural) or household income. Results. The comparison between inhabitants of the urban area (n = 660) and the rural area (n = 54) established that, among those living in the rural area, activity with chemical substances (15% versus 32.7%; p = 0.004), living near a plantation (7.5% versus 74.5%; p < 0.001) or near a source of contamination (4.8% versus 32.7%; p < 0.001), having a dog (62% versus 87.3%; p < 0.001), using pesticides (0.6% versus 32.7%; p < 0.001), and exposure to chemical contamination (2.6% versus 18.2%; p < 0.001) were significantly higher. In the urban area, exposure to vehicle traffic near the house (85% versus 48.1%; p < 0.001), an average income below 3 minimum wages (90%), and a low level of education predominated. Conclusion. Environmental history-taking is critical for the detection of environmental threats present in the areas where children and adolescents live, learn, play, and study.
Introducción. La salud ambiental infantil es la rama de la pediatría que estudia la influencia del medioambiente en la salud y la enfermedad de los niños. Las exposiciones ambientales globales representan una seria amenaza para la salud, lo que justifica una mayor investigación y acción. Objetivo. Evaluar la salud ambiental de una muestra de niños que viven en áreas urbanas y rurales de la ciudad de Uruguaiana, Brasil. Población y métodos. Se incluyeron padres/tutores (n = 714) de niños atendidos en el Policlínico Infantil de la Ciudad de Uruguaiana de enero a octubre de 2021, que respondieron la anamnesis ambiental en pediatría (Sociedad Brasileña de Pediatría). Los datos obtenidos se analizaron según la residencia en zona urbana o rural, o el ingreso familiar. Resultados. Al comparar los habitantes de la zona urbana (n = 660) con los de la zona rural (n = 54), verificamos que entre los de la zona rural fue significativamente mayor la actividad con productos químicos (15 % vs. 32,7 %; p = 0,004), vivir cerca de plantación (7,5 % vs. 74,5 %; p <0,001) o con fuente de contaminación (4,8 % vs. 32,7 %; p <0,001), tener perro (62 % vs. 87,3 %; p <0,001), usar plaguicidas (0,6 % vs. 32,7 %; p <0,001) y exposición a contaminación química (2,6 % vs. 18,2 %; p <0,001). En el área urbana predominó la exposición al tránsito de vehículos cerca de la vivienda (85 % vs. 48,1 %; p <0,001), renta media inferior a 3 salarios mínimos (90 %) y baja escolaridad. Conclusión. Realizar la anamnesis ambiental es fundamental para la detección de amenazas ambientales presentes en los lugares donde los niños y adolescentes viven, aprenden, juegan y estudian.
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Exposição Ambiental , População Rural , Humanos , Criança , Animais , Cães , Projetos Piloto , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , População UrbanaRESUMO
Background: Patients with sleep apnea (SA) and coronary artery disease (CAD) are at higher risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) than the general population. Our objectives were: to evaluate the role of CAD and SA in determining AF risk through cluster and survival analysis, and to develop a risk model for predicting AF. Methods: Electronic medical record (EMR) database from 22,302 individuals including 10,202 individuals with AF, CAD, and SA, and 12,100 individuals without these diseases were analyzed using K-means clustering technique; k-nearest neighbor (kNN) algorithm and survival analysis. Age, sex, and diseases developed for each individual during 9 years were used for cluster and survival analysis. Results: The risk models for AF, CAD, and SA were identified with high accuracy and sensitivity (0.98). Cluster analysis showed that CAD and high blood pressure (HBP) are the most prevalent diseases in the AF group, HBP is the most prevalent disease in CAD; and HBP and CAD are the most prevalent diseases in the SA group. Survival analysis demonstrated that individuals with HBP, CAD, and SA had a 1.5-fold increased risk of developing AF [hazard ratio (HR): 1.49, 95% CI: 1.18-1.87, p = 0.0041; HR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.09-1.96, p = 0.01; HR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.22-1.94, p = 0.0039, respectively] and individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) developed AF approximately 50% earlier than patients without these comorbidities in a period of 7 years (HR: 3.36, 95% CI: 1.46-7.73, p = 0.0023). Comorbidities that contributed to develop AF earlier in females compared to males in the group of 50-64 years were HBP (HR: 3.75 95% CI: 1.08-13, p = 0.04) CAD and SA in the group of 60-75 years were (HR: 2.4 95% CI: 1.18-4.86, p = 0.02; HR: 2.51, 95% CI: 1.14-5.52, p = 0.02, respectively). Conclusion: Machine learning based algorithms demonstrated that CAD, SA, HBP, and CKD are significant risk factors for developing AF in a Latin-American population.
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Clinical data point to adverse cardiovascular events elicited by testosterone replacement therapy. Testosterone is the main hormone used in gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) by transmasculine people. However, the cardiovascular impact of testosterone in experimental models of GAHT remains unknown. Sex hormones modulate T-cell activation, and immune mechanisms contribute to cardiovascular risk. The present study evaluated whether testosterone negatively impacts female cardiovascular function by enhancing Th17 cell-linked effector mechanisms. Female (8 wk old) C57BL/6J mice received testosterone (48 mg/kg/wk) for 8 wk. Male mice were used for phenotypical comparisons. The hormone treatment in female mice increased circulating testosterone to levels observed in male mice. Testosterone increased lean body mass and body mass index, and decreased perigonadal fat mass, mimicking clinical findings. After 8 wk, testosterone decreased endothelium-dependent vasodilation and increased peripheral Th17 cells. After 24 wk, testosterone increased blood pressure in female mice. Ovariectomy did not intensify phenotypical or cardiovascular effects by testosterone. Female mice lacking T and B cells [Rag1 knockout (-/-)], as well as female mice lacking IL-17 receptor (IL-17Ra-/-), did not exhibit vascular dysfunction induced by testosterone. Testosterone impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in female mice lacking γδ T cells, similarly to the observed in wild-type female mice. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells restored testosterone-induced vascular dysfunction in Rag1-/- female mice. Together, these data suggest that CD4+ T cells, most likely Th17 cells, are central to vascular dysfunction induced by testosterone in female mice, indicating that changes in immune-cell balance are important in the GAHT in transmasculine people.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sex hormone-induced cardiovascular events are important undesirable effects in transgender people under GAHT. Studies addressing the cardiovascular impact of GAHT will certainly contribute to improve healthcare services offered to this population. Our study showing that vascular dysfunction, via Th17 cell-related mechanisms, precedes increased blood pressure induced by testosterone in a GAHT mouse model, reveals potential mechanisms involved in GAHT-related cardiovascular events and may provide new markers/targets for clinical practices in transmasculine people.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares , Testosterona , Animais , Doenças Cardiovasculares/tratamento farmacológico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais , Proteínas de Homeodomínio , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Células Th17RESUMO
Periodontal disease is an infectious inflammatory disease related to the destruction of supporting tissues of the teeth, leading to a functional loss of the teeth. Inflammatory molecules present in the exudate are catalyzed and form different metabolites that can be identified and quantified. Thus, we evaluated the inflammatory exudate present in crevicular fluid to identify metabolic biological markers for diagnosing chronic periodontal disease in older adults. Research participants were selected from long-term institutions in Brazil. Participants were individuals aged 65 years or older, healthy, or with chronic periodontal disease. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to evaluate potential biomarkers in 120 crevicular fluid samples. We identified 969 metabolites in the individuals. Of these, 15 metabolites showed a variable importance with projection score > 1 and were associated with periodontal disease. Further analysis showed that among the 15 metabolites, two (5-aminovaleric acid and serine, 3TMS derivative) were found at higher concentrations in the crevicular fluid, indicating their potential diagnostic power for periodontal disease in older adults. Our findings indicated that some metabolites are present at high concentrations in the crevicular fluid in older adults with periodontal disease and can be used as biomarkers of periodontal disease.
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Periodontite Crônica/metabolismo , Metabolômica/métodos , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores , Periodontite Crônica/diagnóstico , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Líquido do Sulco Gengival/metabolismo , HumanosRESUMO
Deforestation is the primary driver of carbon losses in tropical forests, but it does not operate alone. Forest fragmentation, a resulting feature of the deforestation process, promotes indirect carbon losses induced by edge effect. This process is not implicitly considered by policies for reducing carbon emissions in the tropics. Here, we used a remote sensing approach to estimate carbon losses driven by edge effect in Amazonia over the 2001 to 2015 period. We found that carbon losses associated with edge effect (947 Tg C) corresponded to one-third of losses from deforestation (2592 Tg C). Despite a notable negative trend of 7 Tg C year-1 in carbon losses from deforestation, the carbon losses from edge effect remained unchanged, with an average of 63 ± 8 Tg C year-1 Carbon losses caused by edge effect is thus an additional unquantified flux that can counteract carbon emissions avoided by reducing deforestation, compromising the Paris Agreement's bold targets.
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Carbono , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Biomassa , Sequestro de Carbono , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , FlorestasRESUMO
Scorpion envenomation is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among accidents caused by venomous animals. Major clinical manifestations that precede death after scorpion envenomation include heart failure and pulmonary edema. Here, we demonstrate that cardiac dysfunction and fatal outcomes caused by lethal scorpion envenomation in mice are mediated by a neuro-immune interaction linking IL-1 receptor signaling, prostaglandin E2, and acetylcholine release. IL-1R deficiency, the treatment with a high dose of dexamethasone or blockage of parasympathetic signaling using atropine or vagotomy, abolished heart failure and mortality of envenomed mice. Therefore, we propose the use of dexamethasone administration very early after envenomation, even before antiserum, to inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators and acetylcholine release, and to reduce the risk of death.
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Acetilcolina/metabolismo , Dinoprostona/biossíntese , Insuficiência Cardíaca/etiologia , Receptores Tipo I de Interleucina-1/metabolismo , Venenos de Escorpião/toxicidade , Animais , Antivenenos/administração & dosagem , Atropina/farmacologia , Dexametasona/administração & dosagem , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Insuficiência Cardíaca/tratamento farmacológico , Insuficiência Cardíaca/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Modelos Cardiovasculares , Neuroimunomodulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores Tipo I de Interleucina-1/deficiência , Receptores Tipo I de Interleucina-1/genética , Picadas de Escorpião/complicações , Escorpiões , Transdução de Sinais , VagotomiaRESUMO
The restoration and reforestation of 12 million hectares of forests by 2030 are amongst the leading mitigation strategies for reducing carbon emissions within the Brazilian Nationally Determined Contribution targets assumed under the Paris Agreement. Understanding the dynamics of forest cover, which steeply decreased between 1985 and 2018 throughout Brazil, is essential for estimating the global carbon balance and quantifying the provision of ecosystem services. To know the long-term increment, extent, and age of secondary forests is crucial; however, these variables are yet poorly quantified. Here we developed a 30-m spatial resolution dataset of the annual increment, extent, and age of secondary forests for Brazil over the 1986-2018 period. Land-use and land-cover maps from MapBiomas Project (Collection 4.1) were used as input data for our algorithm, implemented in the Google Earth Engine platform. This dataset provides critical spatially explicit information for supporting carbon emissions reduction, biodiversity, and restoration policies, enabling environmental science applications, territorial planning, and subsidizing environmental law enforcement.
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An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EET) and related epoxy fatty acids (EpFA) are endogenous anti-inflammatory compounds, which are converted by the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) to dihydroxylethersatrienoic acids (DHETs) with lessened biological effects. Inhibition of sEH is used as a strategy to increase EET levels leading to lower inflammation. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease that leads to destruction of joint tissues. This pathogenesis involves a complex interplay between the immune system, and environmental factors. Here, we investigate the effects of inhibiting sEH with 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea (TPPU) on a collagen-induced arthritis model. The treatment with TPPU ameliorates hyperalgesia, edema, and decreases the expression of important pro-inflammatory cytokines of Th1 and Th17 profiles, while increasing Treg cells. Considering the challenges to control RA, this study provides robust data supporting that inhibition of the sEH is a promising target to treat arthritis.
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Artrite Experimental/imunologia , Epóxido Hidrolases/antagonistas & inibidores , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Compostos de Fenilureia/farmacologia , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Animais , Artrite Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Artrite Experimental/patologia , Colágeno/toxicidade , Inflamação/etiologia , Inflamação/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos DBA , Linfócitos T Reguladores/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? What is the carotid bodies' contribution to active inspiratory and expiratory response to exercise? What is the main finding and its importance? Removal of the carotid bodies reduced the active inspiratory and expiratory responses of diaphragm and abdominal internal oblique muscles, respectively, to high-intensity, but not to low-intensity, exercise in rats. Removal of the carotid bodies increased PaCO2 and decreased arterial pH in response to high-intensity exercise. The carotid bodies contribute to the inspiratory and expiratory adjustments to high-intensity exercise in rats. ABSTRACT: Exercise involves the interaction of several physiological processes, in which adjustments in pulmonary ventilation occur in response to increased O2 consumption, CO2 production and altered acid-base equilibrium. The peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid bodies; CBs) are sensitive to changes in the chemical composition of arterial blood, and their activation induces active inspiratory and expiratory responses. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that the CBs contribute to the active inspiratory and expiratory responses to exercise in rats. We performed electromyographic recordings of the diaphragm (DiaEMG ) and abdominal internal oblique (AbdEMG ) muscles in rats before and after bilateral removal of the CBs (CBX) during constant-load low-intensity and high-intensity progressive treadmill exercise. We also collected arterial blood samples for gaseous and pH analyses. Similar increases in DiaEMG frequency in both experimental conditions (before and after CBX) during low-intensity exercise were observed, without significant changes in the DiaEMG amplitude. During high-intensity exercise, lower responses of both DiaEMG frequency and DiaEMG amplitude were observed in rats after CBX. The AbdEMG phasic active expiratory response was not significant either before or after CBX during low-intensity exercise. However, CBX reduced the phasic active expiratory responses during high-intensity exercise. The blunted responses of inspiratory and expiratory adjustments to high-intensity exercise after CBX were associated with higher PaCO2 levels and lower arterial pH values. Our data show that in rats the CBs do not participate in the inspiratory and expiratory responses to low-intensity exercise, but are involved in the respiratory compensation against the metabolic acidosis induced by high-intensity exercise.
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Corpo Carotídeo/fisiologia , Expiração/fisiologia , Inalação/fisiologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , Animais , Diafragma/fisiologia , Eletrodos Implantados , Eletromiografia , Ventilação Pulmonar , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder, and amyloid peptide plays a central role in its pathogenesis. Physical training contributes as a beneficial adaptation to AD. However, these effects may be underestimated because much of the literature used fixed training prescription variables (intensity and volume) throughout the protocol. Moreover, researchers poorly understand whether chronic high-intensity interval training (HIIT) exerts similar effects on the brain tissue of individuals with AD. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effect of 8 minutes of HIIT with incremental overload in an AD model. METHODS: Forty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: an untrained Sham group, Sham trained group, Aß1-42 (Alzheimer's) untrained group, and Aß1-42 (Alzheimer's) trained group (n=10 rats per group). Animals underwent stereotactic surgery and received a hippocampal injection of Aß1-42 or a saline solution. Seven days after surgery, two weeks of treadmill adaptation followed by a maximal running test (MRT) was performed. Then, animals were subjected to eight weeks of HIIT. Rats were sacrificed 24 h after the behavioral tests (open field and Morris water maze), hippocampal tissue was extracted to analyze the redox balance and BDNF/TrkB pathway, and neuritic plaques (NP) were detected by evaluating silver impregnation. RESULTS: The AD trained group presented a physical capacity amelioration every two weeks and locomotor, learning, and memory improvements (p<0.05). These effects were accompanied by increased CAT and SOD levels, followed by decreased lipid peroxidation (p<0.05). Furthermore, increased activation of the BDNF/TrkB (p<0.05) pathway and decreased NP was observed. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, MRT was essential for an excellent chronic training protocol prescription and overload adjustment. Therefore, 8 minutes of HIIT daily for 8 weeks may reduce behavioral deficits by promoting a positive redox balance and increased activity of the BDNF/TrkB pathway that may contribute to NP attenuation.
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Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Treinamento Intervalado de Alta Intensidade , Hipocampo , Neuroproteção , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Animais , Aprendizagem , Masculino , Memória/fisiologia , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
RESUMO Objetivo Analisar o perfil e a sobrevida de adultos jovens com carcinoma de células escamosas oral, atendidos entre 2010 a 2016 na Unidade de Alta Complexidade em Oncologia de Feira de Santana, Brasil. Métodos Coorte retrospectiva, realizada através das informações dos prontuários de todos os pacientes jovens atendidos no referido centro. Foi realizada análise descritiva das variáveis, teste exato de Fisher, curva de Kaplan-Meier e teste log rank. Resultados Um total de 35 pacientes foram registrados. A maioria era do sexo masculino, fumantes e etilistas. Os tumores estavam localizados predominantemente em língua, diagnosticados tardiamente e classificados como bem diferenciado, tendo como tratamento de escolha cirurgia associada a radioterapia e quimioterapia. O tempo mediano de sobrevida foi de 31 meses e 22,8% dos pacientes foram a óbito. As variáveis que apresentaram significância estatística em relação ao tempo de sobrevida foram a localização do tumor e o tipo de tratamento. Conclusão O perfil e o baixo tempo de sobrevida refletem a necessidade de uma maior atenção à doença nesta população.(AU)
ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the profile and survival in young adults with oral squamous cell carcinoma, attended at the High Complexity in Oncology of Feira de Santana, Brazil, between 2010 and 2016. Methods Retrospective cohort, performed through the information of the medical records of all young patients attended in the referred center. Descriptive analysis of the variables, Fisher's exact test, Kaplan-Meier curve and log-rank test were performed. Results A total of 35 patients were registered. The majority were male, smokers and former alcoholics. Tumors were predominantly localized in the tongue, diagnosed at late stages, classified as well differentiated and treated mainly with surgery associated to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The median survival time was 31 months and 22.8% of the patients died. The variables that presented statistical significance in relation to the survival time were the tumor site and the type of treatment. Conclusion The profile and low survival time reflect the need for greater attention to the disease in this population.(AU)
RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar el perfil y la supervivencia de adultos jóvenes con carcinoma de células escamosas atendidos en el Centro de Alta Complejidad en Oncología de Feira de Santana (Brasil), durante el periodo 2010-2016. Métodos cohorte retrospectivo realizado mediante la información de registros médicos de todos los pacientes jóvenes atendidos en el centro médico mencionado. Asimismo, se hizo un análisis descriptivo de las variables, test exacto de Fisher, curva de Kaplan-Meier y una prueba de rango logarítmico. Resultados Se registró un total de 35 pacientes: la mayoría, hombres fumadores y exalcohólicos. Gran parte de los tumores fueron hallados en la lengua y diagnosticados en la última fase; asimismo, se clasificaron, se diferenciaron y se trataron con cirugía apoyada en radioterapia y quimioterapia. El tiempo promedio de supervivencia fue de 31 meses. El 22,8% de los pacientes fallecieron. Las variables que demostraron una gran significancia estadística en relación con el tiempo de supervivencia fueron la ubicación del tumor y el tipo de tratamiento. Conclusión El perfil y el escaso tiempo de supervivencia demuestran que es necesaria una mejor atención de la enfermedad que padece esta población.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Adulto , Perfil de Saúde , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/diagnóstico , Prognóstico , Brasil/epidemiologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/epidemiologia , Análise de Sobrevida , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos LongitudinaisRESUMO
There is a body of evidence that supports the notion that gut dysbiosis plays a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Decreased cardiac function can reduce intestinal perfusion, resulting in morphological alterations, which may contribute to changes in the gut microbiota composition in patients with heart failure (HF). In this regard, a germane question is whether changes in gut microbiota composition are a cause or consequence of the cardiovascular disturbance. We tested the hypothesis that the development of HF, after myocardial infarction, would cause gut dysbiosis. Fecal samples were collected before and 6 wk after myocardial infarction or sham surgery. Gut microbiota were characterized by sequencing the bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA. The composition of bacterial communities in the fecal samples was evaluated by calculating three major ecological parameters: 1) the Chao 1 richness, 2) the Pielou evenness, and 3) the Shannon index. None of these indices was changed in either sham or HF rats. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was not altered in HF rats. The number of species in each phylum was also not different between sham and HF rats. ß-Diversity analysis showed that the composition of gut microbiota was not changed with the development of HF. Bacterial genera were grouped according to their major metabolic end-products (acetate, butyrate, and lactate), but no differences were observed in HF rats. Therefore, we conclude that HF induced by myocardial infarction does not affect gut microbiota composition, at least in rats, indicating that the dysbiosis observed in patients with HF may precede cardiovascular disturbance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study demonstrated that, following myocardial infarction in rats, heart failure (HF) development did not affect the intestinal microbiota despite distinct differences reported in the gut microbiota of humans with HF. Our finding is consistent with the notion that dysbiosis observed in patients with HF may precede cardiovascular dysfunction and therefore offers potential for early diagnosis and treatment.
Assuntos
Disbiose/microbiologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/fisiopatologia , Intestinos/microbiologia , Infarto do Miocárdio/microbiologia , Animais , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Insuficiência Cardíaca/complicações , Intestinos/patologia , Masculino , Microbiota/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Assessing the persistent impacts of fragmentation on aboveground structure of tropical forests is essential to understanding the consequences of land use change for carbon storage and other ecosystem functions. We investigated the influence of edge distance and fragment size on canopy structure, aboveground woody biomass (AGB), and AGB turnover in the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP) in central Amazon, Brazil, after 22+ yr of fragment isolation, by combining canopy variables collected with portable canopy profiling lidar and airborne laser scanning surveys with long-term forest inventories. Forest height decreased by 30% at edges of large fragments (>10 ha) and interiors of small fragments (<3 ha). In larger fragments, canopy height was reduced up to 40 m from edges. Leaf area density profiles differed near edges: the density of understory vegetation was higher and midstory vegetation lower, consistent with canopy reorganization via increased regeneration of pioneers following post-fragmentation mortality of large trees. However, canopy openness and leaf area index remained similar to control plots throughout fragments, while canopy spatial heterogeneity was generally lower at edges. AGB stocks and fluxes were positively related to canopy height and negatively related to spatial heterogeneity. Other forest structure variables typically used to assess the ecological impacts of fragmentation (basal area, density of individuals, and density of pioneer trees) were also related to lidar-derived canopy surface variables. Canopy reorganization through the replacement of edge-sensitive species by disturbance-tolerant ones may have mitigated the biomass loss effects due to fragmentation observed in the earlier years of BDFFP. Lidar technology offered novel insights and observational scales for analysis of the ecological impacts of fragmentation on forest structure and function, specifically aboveground biomass storage.