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BACKGROUND: Thoracoabdominal normothermic regional perfusion (TA-NRP) has emerged as a powerful technique for optimizing organ procurement from donation after circulatory death donors. Despite its rapid adoption, standardized guidelines for TA-NRP implementation are lacking, prompting the need for consensus recommendations to ensure safe and effective utilization of this technique. METHODS: A working group composed of members from The American Society of Transplant Surgeons, The International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation, The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and The American Association for Thoracic Surgery was convened to develop technical guidelines for TA-NRP. The group systematically reviewed existing literature, consensus statements, and expert opinions to identify key areas requiring standardization, including predonation evaluation, intraoperative management, postdonation procedures, and future research directions. RESULTS: The working group formulated recommendations encompassing donor evaluation and selection criteria, premortem testing and therapeutic interventions, communication protocols, and procedural guidelines for TA-NRP implementation. These recommendations aim to facilitate coordination among transplant teams, minimize variability in practice, and promote transparency and accountability throughout the TA-NRP process. CONCLUSIONS: The consensus guidelines presented herein serve as a comprehensive framework for the successful and ethical implementation of TA-NRP programs in organ procurement from donation after circulatory death donors. By providing standardized recommendations and addressing areas of uncertainty, these guidelines aim to enhance the quality, safety, and efficiency of TA-NRP procedures, ultimately contributing to improved outcomes for transplant recipients.

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Abstract It is not common to encounter arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) during total hip arthroplasty (THA). We report the present case to draw attention to the possibility of an AVM during the direct anterior approach (DAA) for THA, which, if not borne in mind, may lead to the myriad of complications related to excessive bleeding. An 81-year-old female presented to the emergency department with a left femoral neck fracture. She elected to undergo a THA via the DAA. Abnormal appearing blood vessels were present near the ascending circumflex branches, which provided difficulty in achieving hemostasis. Excessive blood loss was noted, and the patient received one unit of packed red blood cells during the operation. Hemoglobin and hematocrit dropped in the days following surgery, requiring several additional transfusions of blood products. When the patient complained of progressive left leg swelling on postoperative day 3, a computed tomography revealed large hematomas within the left adductors and the left iliopsoas muscle. Active extravasation was identified arising from a branch of the left profunda femoral artery, as well as an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) in this area. Bleeding was controlled by selective endovascular coil embolization. As of current knowledge, this is the first reported intraoperative discovery of congenital arteriovenous malformation (AVM) with subsequent development of postoperative arteriovenous fistula and associated symptomatic hematomas in the setting of THA using the DAA. Early recognition and intervention of vascular malformations is essential in preventing potential limb- or life-threatening surgical complication.

Resumo Não é comum encontrar malformações arteriovenosas (MAV) durante a artroplastia total do quadril (ATQ). Relatamos o presente caso para chamar a atenção para a possibilidade de uma MAV durante a abordagem anterior direta (AAD) para ATQ, que se não for considerada, pode levar a uma miríade de complicações relacionadas ao sangramento excessivo. Uma mulher de 81 anos foi apresentada ao pronto-socorro com fratura no pescoço do fêmur esquerdo. Ela optou por se submeter a uma artroplastia total do quadril (ATQ) através da AAD. Vasos sanguíneos aparentemente anormais estavam presentes perto dos ramos circunflexos ascendentes, proporcionando dificuldade em alcançar hemostasia. A perda excessiva de sangue foi notada e a paciente recebeu uma unidade de glóbulos vermelhos embalados durante a operação. Hemoglobina e hematócrito caíram nos dias seguintes à cirurgia, exigindo várias transfusões adicionais de produtos sanguíneos. Quando a paciente reclamou de inchaço progressivo na perna esquerda no terceiro dia pós-operatório, a tomografia computadorizada revelou hematomas grandes dentro dos adutores esquerdos e do músculo iliopsoas esquerdo. A extravasão ativa foi identificada a partir de um ramo da artéria femoral esquerda, bem como de uma fístula arteriovenosa (FAV) nesta área. O sangramento foi controlado por embolização seletiva da bobina endovascular. A partir do conhecimento atual, esta é a primeira descoberta intraoperatória relatada de MAC congênita com desenvolvimento subsequente de FAV pós-operatória e hematomas sintomáticos associados no cenário de ATQ utilizando a AAD. O reconhecimento precoce e a intervenção de malformações vasculares são essenciais para prevenir possíveis complicações cirúrgicas de membros ou de risco de vida.

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OBJECTIVE: We determined whether intraoperative packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion was associated with a higher incidence of hospital-acquired venous thromboembolic (HA-VTE) complications and adverse outcomes after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. BACKGROUND: Intraoperative PRBC has been associated with increased risk for postoperative deep venous thrombosis after cardiac surgery, but validation of these findings in a large, multi-institutional, national cohort of cardiac surgery patients has been lacking. METHODS: A registry-based cohort study of 751,893 patients with isolated CABG between January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2019. Using propensity score-weighted regression analysis, we analyzed the effect of intraoperative PRBC on the incidence of HA-VTE and adverse outcomes. RESULTS: Administration of 1, 2, 3, and ≥4 units of PRBC transfusion was associated with increased odds for HA-VTE [odds ratios (ORs): 1.27 (1.22-1.32), 1.21 (1.16-1.26), 1.93 (1.85-2.00), 1.82 (1.75-1.89)], deep venous thrombosis [ORs: 1.39 (1.33-1.46), 1.38 (1.32-1.44), 2.18 (2.09-2.28), 1.82 (1.74-1.91], operative mortality [ORs: 1.11 (1.08-1.14), 1.16 (1.13-1.19), 1.29 (1.26-1.32), 1.47 (1.43-1.50)], readmission within 30 days [ORs: 1.05 (1.04-1.06), 1.16 (1.13-1.19), 1.29 (1.26-1.32), 1.47 (1.43-1.50)], and a prolonged postoperative length of stay [mean difference in days, 0.23 (0.19-0.27), 0.34 (0.30-0.39), 0.69 (0.64-0.74), 0.77 (0.72-0.820]. The odds of pulmonary venous thromboembolism were lower for patients transfused with 1 or 2 units [ORs: 0.98 (0.91-1.06), 0.75 (0.68-0.81)] of PRBC but remained significantly elevated for those receiving 3 and ≥4 units [ORs: 1.19 (1.09-1.29), 1.35 (1.25-1.48)]. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative PRBC transfusion was associated with HA-VTE and adverse outcomes after isolated CABG surgery.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare screw fixation strength for subtalar arthrodesis. METHODS: Eight matched pairs of cadaver feet underwent subtalar joint arthrodesis with two 7.3mm cannulated screws. Randomization was used to assign screw orientation, such that one foot in each pair was assigned dorsal to plantar screw orientation (DP Group), and the other foot, plantar to dorsal orientation (PD Group). Standard surgical technique with fluoroscopy was used for each approach. Following fixation, each specimen was loaded to failure with a Bionix ® 858 MTS device, applying a downward axial force at a distance to create torque. Torque to failure was compared between DP and PD Groups using Student's t test, with p=0.05 used to determine statistical significance. RESULTS: Statistical analysis demonstrated that the mean torque to failure slightly favored the DP Group (37.3Nm) to the PD Group (32.2Nm). However, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (p=0.55). CONCLUSION: In subtalar arthrodesis, there is no significant difference in construct strength between dorsal-to-plantar and plantar-to-dorsal screw orientation. The approach chosen by the surgeon should be based on factors other than the biomechanical strength of the screw orientation.

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OBJECTIVE: Untreated hydrocephalus poses a significant health risk to children in the developing world. In response to this risk, global neurosurgical efforts have increasingly focused on endoscopic third ventriculostomy with choroid plexus cauterization (ETV/CPC) in the management of infantile hydrocephalus in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Here, the authors report their experience with ETV/CPC at the Hospital Bernard-Mevs/Project Medishare (HBMPM) in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective review of a series of consecutive children who had undergone ETV/CPC for hydrocephalus over a 1-year period at HBMPM. The primary outcome of interest was time to ETV/CPC failure. Univariate and multivariate analyses using a Cox proportional hazards regression were performed to identify preoperative factors that were associated with outcomes. RESULTS: Of the 82 children who underwent ETV/CPC, 52.2% remained shunt free at the last follow-up (mean 6.4 months). On univariate analysis, the ETV success score (ETVSS; p = 0.002), success of the attempted ETV (p = 0.018), and bilateral CPC (p = 0.045) were associated with shunt freedom. In the multivariate models, a lower ETVSS was independently associated with a poor outcome (HR 0.072, 95% CI 0.016-0.32, p < 0.001). Two children (2.4%) died of postoperative seizures. CONCLUSIONS: As in other LMICs, ETV/CPC is an effective treatment for hydrocephalus in children in Haiti, with a low but significant risk profile. Larger multinational prospective databases may further elucidate the ideal candidate for ETV/CPC in resource-poor settings.

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ABSTRACT Objective To compare screw fixation strength for subtalar arthrodesis. Methods Eight matched pairs of cadaver feet underwent subtalar joint arthrodesis with two 7.3mm cannulated screws. Randomization was used to assign screw orientation, such that one foot in each pair was assigned dorsal to plantar screw orientation (DP Group), and the other foot, plantar to dorsal orientation (PD Group). Standard surgical technique with fluoroscopy was used for each approach. Following fixation, each specimen was loaded to failure with a Bionix ® 858 MTS device, applying a downward axial force at a distance to create torque. Torque to failure was compared between DP and PD Groups using Student's t test, with p=0.05 used to determine statistical significance. Results Statistical analysis demonstrated that the mean torque to failure slightly favored the DP Group (37.3Nm) to the PD Group (32.2Nm). However, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (p=0.55). Conclusion In subtalar arthrodesis, there is no significant difference in construct strength between dorsal-to-plantar and plantar-to-dorsal screw orientation. The approach chosen by the surgeon should be based on factors other than the biomechanical strength of the screw orientation.

RESUMO Objetivo Comparar a força de fixação dos parafusos para artrodese subtalar. Métodos Oito pares de pés de cadáveres frescos foram submetidos à artrodese da articulação subtalar com dois parafusos canulados de 7,3mm. A randomização foi usada para atribuir a orientação do parafuso, de modo que um pé em cada par foi designado com orientação de dorsal para plantar (Grupo DP), e o outro pé com orientação de plantar para dorsal (Grupo PD). Técnica cirúrgica padrão com radioscopia foi usada para os procedimentos. Após a fixação, cada amostra foi testada até a falha com um dispositivo Bionix®858 MTS, aplicando força axial descendente a uma distância para criar torque. O torque de falha foi comparado entre os Grupos DP e PD, usando o teste t de Student, com p=0,05 usado para determinar significância estatística. Resultados A análise estatística demonstrou que a média do torque até a falha favoreceu ligeiramente o Grupo DP (37,3Nm) em relação ao PD (32,2Nm). No entanto, a diferença entre os dois grupos não foi estatisticamente significativa (p=0,55). Conclusão Na artrodese subtalar, não há diferença significativa na força de compressão entre as orientações dos parafusos dorsal-plantar e plantar-dorsal. A abordagem escolhida pelo cirurgião deve ser baseada em outros fatores, sem preocupação com a força biomecânica da orientação dos parafusos.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare analgesia and opioid consumption for patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty with preoperative posterior quadratus lumborum block with patients who did not receive quadratus lumborum block. METHODS: The medical records of patients undergoing unilateral total hip arthroplasty between January 1st, 2017 and March 31, 2018 were reviewed, and 238 patients were included in the study. The primary outcome was postoperative opioid consumption in the first 24 postoperative hours. Secondary outcomes were intraoperative, post anesthesia care unit, and 48-hour opioid consumption, postoperative pain Visual Analog Scale scores, and post-anesthesia care unit length of stay. Primary and secondary endpoint data were compared between patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty with preoperative posterior quadratus lumborum block with patients who did not receive quadratus lumborum block. RESULTS: For the patients who received quadratus lumborum block, the 24-hour total oral morphine equivalent (milligram) requirements were lower (53.82mg±37.41), compared to the patients who did not receive quadratus lumborum block (77.59mL±58.42), with p=0.0011. Opioid requirements were consistently lower for the patients who received quadratus lumborum block at each additional assessment time point up to 48 hours. Pain Visual Analog Scale scores were lower up to 12 hours after surgery for the patients who received a posterior quadratus lumborum block, and the post-anesthesia care unit length of stay was shorter for the patients who received quadratus lumborum block. CONCLUSION: Preoperative posterior quadratus lumborum block for primary total hip arthroplasty is associated with decreased opioid requirements up to 48 hours, decreased Visual Analog Scale pain scores up to 12 hours, and shorter post-anesthesia care unit length of stay. Level of evidence: III.

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OBJECTIVE: Previous models have been utilized in other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to explore and assess the cost, sustainability, and effectiveness of infant hydrocephalus treatment. However, similar models have not been implemented in Haiti due to a paucity of data, epidemiology, and outcomes for hydrocephalus. Therefore, the authors utilized previously described economic modeling to estimate the annual cost and benefit of treating hydrocephalus in infants at a neurosurgery referral center, Hospital Bernard Mevs (HBM), in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective review of data obtained in all children treated for hydrocephalus at the HBM from 2008 to 2015. The raw data were pooled with previously described surgical outcomes for hydrocephalus in other LMICs. Modeling was performed to determine outcomes, neurosurgical costs, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and economic benefits of Haitian hydrocephalus treatment during this time frame. Standard account methodology was employed to calculate cost per procedure. Using these formulas, the net economic benefit and cost/DALY were determined for hydrocephalus treatment at HBM from 2008 to 2015. RESULTS: Of the 401 patients treated during the study period, 158 (39.4%) met criteria for postinfectious hydrocephalus, 54 (13.5%) had congenital hydrocephalus, 38 (9.5%) had myelomeningocele, 19 (4.7%) had aqueductal stenosis, and 132 (33%) were not placed into a category. Overall, 317 individuals underwent surgical treatment of their hydrocephalus, averting 3077 DALYs. The total cost of the procedures was $754,000, and the cost per DALY ranged between $86 and $245. The resulting net economic benefit for neurosurgical intervention ranged from $2.5 to $5.5 million. CONCLUSIONS: This work demonstrates the substantial economic benefit of neurosurgical intervention for the treatment of pediatric hydrocephalus at a single hospital in Haiti. Based on DALYs averted, the need for additional centers offering basic neurosurgical services is apparent. A single center offering these services for several days each month was able to generate between $2.5 to $5.5 million in economic benefits, suggesting the need to develop neurosurgical capacity building in Haiti. Ultimately, prevention, screening, and early surgical treatment of these infants represent a public health and socioeconomic requisite for Haiti.

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OBJECTIVEHydrocephalus is recognized as a common disabling pediatric disease afflicting infants and children disproportionately in the developing world, where access to neurosurgical care is limited and risk of perinatal infection is high. This surgical case series describes the Project Medishare Hydrocephalus Specialty Surgery (PMHSS) program experience treating hydrocephalus in Haiti between 2008 and 2015.METHODSThe authors conducted a retrospective review of all cases involving children treated for hydrocephalus within the PMHSS program in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, from 2008 through 2015. All relevant epidemiological information of children treated were prospectively collected including relevant demographics, birth history, hydrocephalus etiology, head circumference, and operative notes. All appropriate associations and statistical tests were performed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.RESULTSAmong the 401 children treated within PMHSS, postinfectious hydrocephalus (PIH) accounted for 39.4% (n = 158) of cases based on clinical, radiographic, and endoscopic findings. The majority of children with hydrocephalus in Haiti were male (54.8%, n = 197), born in the rainy season (59.7%, n = 233), and born in a coastal/inland location (43.3%, n = 61). The most common surgical intervention was endoscopic third ventriculostomy with choroid plexus cauterization (ETV/CPC) (45.7%, n = 175). Multivariate logistic regression analysis yielded coastal birth location (OR 3.76, 95% CI 1.16-12.18) as a statistically significant predictor of PIH. Increasing head circumference (adjusted OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.99-1.13) demonstrated a slight trend toward significance with the incidence of PIH.CONCLUSIONSThis information will provide the foundation for future clinical and public health studies to better understand hydrocephalus in Haiti. The 39.4% prevalence of PIH falls within observed rates in Africa as does the apparently higher prevalence for those born during the rainy season. Although PIH was the most frequent etiology seen in almost all birth locations, the potential relationship with geography noted in this series will be the focus of further research in an effort to understand the link between climate and PIH in Haiti. The ultimate goal will be to develop an appropriate public health strategy to reduce the burden of PIH on the children of Haiti.

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Abstract Synovial chondromatosis is a rare condition characterized by benign chondrogenic metaplasia of extra-articular synovial tissue. It usually affects a single tendon sheath of the hand or foot. This report describes a rare case with extensive synovial chondromatosis affecting all flexor tendons in the tarsal tunnel, its radiological features, surgical treatment, and clinical outcome. The authors present a unique case of extensive synovial chondromatosis in a 48-year-old male involving the tendon sheaths of the flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, and posterior tibialis tendons, at the level of the tarsal tunnel, with extension into the plantar aspect of the foot. The patient initially presentedwith symptoms of tarsal tunnel compression and was found to have a 4-cm mass in the posteromedial aspect of the ankle. The presumptive diagnosis of synovial chondromatosiswasmadebased on radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging evidence. The patient underwent surgical resection of the tumor, aswell as tarsal tunnel releaseandgastrocnemius recession. The diagnosiswas confirmed postoperatively by surgical histopathology. The postoperative course of the patient was uncomplicated and his tarsal tunnel symptoms resolved. This represents a case of extensive synovial chondromatosis involving all flexor tendons in the tarsal tunnel that was correctly diagnosed by clinical and imaging findings, which required early surgical resection to avoid long-term neurovascular complications.

Resumo A condromatose sinovial é uma condição rara caracterizada por metaplasia condrogênica benigna do tecido sinovial extra-articular, que geralmente afeta uma única bainha tendínea da mão ou do pé. O objetivo é relatar o caso raro de um paciente com diagnóstico de condromatose sinovial extensa afetando todos os tendões flexores na topografia do túnel do tarso, suas características radiológicas, tratamento cirúrgico e desfecho clínico. Os autores apresentam um caso único de condromatose sinovial extensa em um homem de 48 anos envolvendo as bainhas dos tendões flexor longo do hálux, flexor longo dos dedos e tibial posterior, na topografia do túnel do tarso, com extensão para a região plantar do retropé. O sintoma inicial foi de compressão neurovascular (síndrome do túnel do tarso). A suspeita diagnóstica foi condromatose sinovial com base em evidências radiográficas e de ressonância magnética. O paciente foi submetido a ressecção cirúrgica do tumor, bem como a liberação do túnel tarsal e alongamento do tendão dos gastrocnêmios. O diagnóstico foi confirmado por exame histopatológico do espécime colhido no período intraoperatório. A evolução pósoperatória do paciente ocorreu sem complicações e os sintomas da síndrome do túnel do tarso cessaram. Os autores relatam um caso de condromatose sinovial extensa envolvendo todos os tendões flexores do túnel do tarso, corretamente diagnosticado por achados clínicos e radiológicos e que necessitou de ressecção cirúrgica precoce para evitar complicações neurovasculares em longo prazo.

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ABSTRACT Objective To compare analgesia and opioid consumption for patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty with preoperative posterior quadratus lumborum block with patients who did not receive quadratus lumborum block. Methods The medical records of patients undergoing unilateral total hip arthroplasty between January 1st, 2017 and March 31, 2018 were reviewed, and 238 patients were included in the study. The primary outcome was postoperative opioid consumption in the first 24 postoperative hours. Secondary outcomes were intraoperative, post anesthesia care unit, and 48-hour opioid consumption, postoperative pain Visual Analog Scale scores, and post-anesthesia care unit length of stay. Primary and secondary endpoint data were compared between patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty with preoperative posterior quadratus lumborum block with patients who did not receive quadratus lumborum block. Results For the patients who received quadratus lumborum block, the 24-hour total oral morphine equivalent (milligram) requirements were lower (53.82mg±37.41), compared to the patients who did not receive quadratus lumborum block (77.59mL±58.42), with p=0.0011. Opioid requirements were consistently lower for the patients who received quadratus lumborum block at each additional assessment time point up to 48 hours. Pain Visual Analog Scale scores were lower up to 12 hours after surgery for the patients who received a posterior quadratus lumborum block, and the post-anesthesia care unit length of stay was shorter for the patients who received quadratus lumborum block. Conclusion Preoperative posterior quadratus lumborum block for primary total hip arthroplasty is associated with decreased opioid requirements up to 48 hours, decreased Visual Analog Scale pain scores up to 12 hours, and shorter post-anesthesia care unit length of stay. Level of evidence: III

RESUMO Objetivo Comparar a analgesia e o uso de opioides em pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total do quadril primária com bloqueio pré-operatório do quadrado lombar posterior e pacientes que não receberam o bloqueio do quadrado lombar. Métodos Revisamos os prontuários de pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total do quadril unilateral entre 1º de janeiro de 2017 e 31 de março de 2018, e 238 pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. O desfecho primário foi o consumo de opioides no pós-operatório nas primeiras 24 horas. Os desfechos secundários foram consumo de opioide no intraoperatório, na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica e nas primeiras 48 horas, escores de Escala Visual Analógica de dor pós-operatória, e tempo de permanência na recuperação pós-anestésica. Os desfechos primário e secundários foram comparados entre os pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total do quadril primária com bloqueio pré-operatório do quadrado lombar posterior e aqueles que não receberam o bloqueio do quadrado lombar. Resultados Para o grupo que recebeu o bloqueio, as doses totais de morfina por via oral em 24 horas foram menores (53,82mg±37,41) em comparação ao grupo sem bloqueio (77,59mg±58,42), com p=0,0011. A utilização de opioides foi consistentemente menor para o grupo que recebeu o bloqueio em cada tempo adicional de avaliação até 48 horas. Os escores da Escala Visual Analógica até 12 horas após a cirurgia para os pacientes que receberam o bloqueio do quadrado lombar posterior e o tempo de permanência na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica foram menores para o grupo que recebeu o bloqueio. Conclusão O bloqueio anestésico do quadrado lombar posterior para artroplastia total do quadril primária está associado à diminuição do uso de opioides nas primeiras 48 horas, diminuição do escore de dor da Escala Visual Analógica em até 12 horas, e menor tempo de permanência na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica. Nível de evidência: III

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OBJECTIVE: To identify independent risk factors, complications and early hospital readmission following total knee arthroplasty. METHODS: Using the ACS-NSQIP database, we identified patients who underwent primary TKA from 2012-2015. The primary outcome was early hospital readmission. Patient demographics, preoperative comorbidities, laboratory data, operative characteristics, and postoperative complications were compared between readmitted and non-readmitted patients. Logistic regression identified independent risk factors for 30-day readmission. RESULTS: 137,209 patients underwent TKA; 3.4% were readmitted within 30 days. Advanced age, male sex, black ethnicity, morbid obesity, presence of preoperative comorbidities, high ASA classification, and increased operative time were independently related risk factors. Asian and no reported race were negative risk factors. Postoperative complications: acute myocardial infarction, acute renal failure, stroke, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, and deep vein thrombosis show positive associations. CONCLUSIONS: Advanced age, male sex, black ethnicity, morbid obesity, presence of comorbidities, high ASA classification and long operative time are independent risk factors for postoperative complications and early hospital readmission following total knee arthroplasty. Level of Evidence III, Case control study.

OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores de risco independentes, complicações e reinternação precoce após artroplastia total do joelho. MÉTODOS: A partir de banco de dados ACS-NSQIP, identificamos pacientes submetidos à ATJ primária de 2012 a 2015. O desfecho primário foi a reinternação hospitalar precoce. Dados demográficos, comorbidades pré-operatórias, dados laboratoriais, características cirúrgicas e complicações pós-operatórias foram comparadas entre os pacientes reinternados e não reinternados. A regressão logística identificou fatores de risco independentes para a reinternação em 30 dias. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 137.209 pacientes submetidos à ATJ, sendo que 3,4% foram reinternados no período de 30 dias. A idade avançada, o sexo masculino, a raça negra, a obesidade mórbida, a presença de comorbidades pré-operatórias, a alta classificação ASA e o aumento do tempo cirúrgico foram fatores de risco relacionados independentemente. A raça asiática e as não relatadas foram fatores de risco negativos. As complicações pós-operatórias infarto agudo do miocardio, insuficiência renal aguda, acidente vascular cerebral, pneumonia, embolia pulmonar e trombose venosa profunda apresentaram associações positivas. CONCLUSÕES: Idade avançada, sexo masculino, raça negra, obesidade mórbida, presença de comorbidades, classificação ASA elevada e tempo cirúrgico prolongado são fatores de risco independentes de complicações pós-operatórias e reinternação precoce após artroplastia total do joelho. Nível de evidência III, Estudo de caso de controle.

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Given Haiti's longstanding socioeconomic burden and recent environmental and epidemiological catastrophes, the capacity for neurosurgery within Haiti has been limited, and outcomes for patients with neurosurgical conditions have remained poor. With few formally trained neurosurgeons (4) in a country of 10.5 million inhabitants, there is a significant need for the development of formal structured neurosurgical training. To mitigate the lack of neurosurgical care within Haiti, the authors established the first neurosurgical residency program within the country by creating an integrated model that uniquely fortifies existing Haitian neurosurgery with government sponsorship (Haitian Ministry of Health and National Medical School) and continual foreign support. By incorporating web-based learning modules, online assessments, teleconferences, and visiting professorships, the residency aims to train neurosurgeons over the course of 3-5 years to meet the healthcare needs of the nation. Although in its infancy, this model aims to facilitate neurosurgical capacity building by ultimately creating a self-sustaining residency program.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To identify independent risk factors, complications and early hospital readmission following total knee arthroplasty. Methods: Using the ACS-NSQIP database, we identified patients who underwent primary TKA from 2012-2015. The primary outcome was early hospital readmission. Patient demographics, preoperative comorbidities, laboratory data, operative characteristics, and postoperative complications were compared between readmitted and non-readmitted patients. Logistic regression identified independent risk factors for 30-day readmission. Results: 137,209 patients underwent TKA; 3.4% were readmitted within 30 days. Advanced age, male sex, black ethnicity, morbid obesity, presence of preoperative comorbidities, high ASA classification, and increased operative time were independently related risk factors. Asian and no reported race were negative risk factors. Postoperative complications: acute myocardial infarction, acute renal failure, stroke, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, and deep vein thrombosis show positive associations. Conclusions: Advanced age, male sex, black ethnicity, morbid obesity, presence of comorbidities, high ASA classification and long operative time are independent risk factors for postoperative complications and early hospital readmission following total knee arthroplasty. Level of Evidence III, Case control study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar fatores de risco independentes, complicações e reinternação precoce após artroplastia total do joelho. Métodos: A partir de banco de dados ACS-NSQIP, identificamos pacientes submetidos à ATJ primária de 2012 a 2015. O desfecho primário foi a reinternação hospitalar precoce. Dados demográficos, comorbidades pré-operatórias, dados laboratoriais, características cirúrgicas e complicações pós-operatórias foram comparadas entre os pacientes reinternados e não reinternados. A regressão logística identificou fatores de risco independentes para a reinternação em 30 dias. Resultados: Foram identificados 137.209 pacientes submetidos à ATJ, sendo que 3,4% foram reinternados no período de 30 dias. A idade avançada, o sexo masculino, a raça negra, a obesidade mórbida, a presença de comorbidades pré-operatórias, a alta classificação ASA e o aumento do tempo cirúrgico foram fatores de risco relacionados independentemente. A raça asiática e as não relatadas foram fatores de risco negativos. As complicações pós-operatórias infarto agudo do miocardio, insuficiência renal aguda, acidente vascular cerebral, pneumonia, embolia pulmonar e trombose venosa profunda apresentaram associações positivas. Conclusões: Idade avançada, sexo masculino, raça negra, obesidade mórbida, presença de comorbidades, classificação ASA elevada e tempo cirúrgico prolongado são fatores de risco independentes de complicações pós-operatórias e reinternação precoce após artroplastia total do joelho. Nível de evidência III, Estudo de caso de controle.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze recent demographic and medical billing trends in treatment of femoral neck fracture of American elderly patients. METHODS: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was analyzed from 2006 to 2015, for patients aged 65 years and older, using the Current Procedural Terminology codes 27130, 27125, 27235, and 27236. Patient demographics, postoperative complications, and frequency of codes were compared and analyzed over time. Our sample had 17,122 elderly patients, in that, 70% were female, mean age of 80.1 years (standard deviation±6.6 years). RESULTS: The number of cases increased, but age, gender, body mass index, rates of diabetes and smoking did not change over time. Open reduction internal fixation was the most commonly billed code, with 9,169 patients (53.6%), followed by hemiarthroplasty with 5,861 (34.2%) patients. Combined estimated probability of morbidity was 9.8% (standard deviation±5.2%), and did not change significantly over time. Postoperative complication rates were similar between treatments. CONCLUSION: Demographics and morbidity rates in femoral neck fractures of elderly patients did not change significantly from 2006 to 2015. Open reduction internal fixation was the most common treatment followed by hemiarthroplasty.

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ABSTRACT Objective To analyze recent demographic and medical billing trends in treatment of femoral neck fracture of American elderly patients. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was analyzed from 2006 to 2015, for patients aged 65 years and older, using the Current Procedural Terminology codes 27130, 27125, 27235, and 27236. Patient demographics, postoperative complications, and frequency of codes were compared and analyzed over time. Our sample had 17,122 elderly patients, in that, 70% were female, mean age of 80.1 years (standard deviation±6.6 years). Results The number of cases increased, but age, gender, body mass index, rates of diabetes and smoking did not change over time. Open reduction internal fixation was the most commonly billed code, with 9,169 patients (53.6%), followed by hemiarthroplasty with 5,861 (34.2%) patients. Combined estimated probability of morbidity was 9.8% (standard deviation±5.2%), and did not change significantly over time. Postoperative complication rates were similar between treatments. Conclusion Demographics and morbidity rates in femoral neck fractures of elderly patients did not change significantly from 2006 to 2015. Open reduction internal fixation was the most common treatment followed by hemiarthroplasty.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar tendências recentes demográficas e de faturamento médico no tratamento de fraturas do colo do fêmur em idosos americanos. Métodos O banco de dados National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, do American College of Surgeons, foi analisado de 2006 a 2015, para pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos, usando os códigos de Current Procedural Terminology 27130, 27125, 27235 e 27236. Dados demográficos dos pacientes, complicações pós-operatórias e frequência de códigos foram comparados e analisados ao longo do tempo. A amostra teve 17.122 pacientes geriátricos, sendo 70% do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 80,1 anos (desvio padrão±6,6 anos). Resultados O número de casos aumentou no período, mas idade, gênero, índice de massa corporal e taxas de diabetes e tabagismo não mudaram ao longo do tempo. A fixação interna de redução aberta foi o código faturado mais comum, com 9.169 pacientes (53,6%), seguido por artroplastia parcial do quadril, com 5.861 (34,2%) pacientes. A probabilidade estimada combinada de morbidade foi de 9,8% (desvio padrão±5,2%) e não mudou significativamente ao longo do tempo. As taxas de complicações pós-operatórias foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos. Conclusão Os dados demográficos e as taxas de morbidade relacionadas às fraturas geriátricas do colo do fêmur não apresentaram mudança significativa entre 2006 e 2015. A redução aberta e a fixação interna foram as opções de tratamento mais comuns, seguidas da artroplastia parcial do quadril.

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OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare union rates for isolated subtalar arthrodesis with and without the use of bone grafts or bone graft substitutes. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 135 subtalar fusions with a mean follow-up of 18 ± 14 months. The standard approach was used for all surgeries. Graft materials included b-tricalcium phosphate, demineralized bone matrix, iliac crest autograft and allograft, and allograft cancellous chips. Successful subtalar fusion was determined clinically and radiographically. RESULTS: There was an 88% (37/42) union rate without graft use and an 83% (78/93) union rate with bone graft use. Odds ratio of union for graft versus no graft was 0.703 (95% CI, 0.237-2.08). The average time to union in the graft group was 3 ± 0.73 months and 3 ± 0.86 in the non-graft group, with no statistically significant difference detected (p = 0.56). CONCLUSION: Graft use did not improve union rates for subtalar arthrodesis. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

OBJETIVOS: O propósito deste estudo foi comparar as taxas de união de artrodese subtalar isolada com e sem uso de enxertos ósseos ou seus substitutos. MÉTODOS: Revisamos retrospectivamente 135 fusões subtalares com seguimento médio de 18 ± 14 meses. A via de acesso padrão foi utilizada em todas as cirurgias. Os enxertos utilizados incluíram fosfato b-tricálcico, matriz óssea desmineralizada, autoenxerto e aloenxertos da crista ilíaca e aloenxerto de lascas de osso trabecular. A fusão subtalar bem-sucedida foi determinada clínica e radiograficamente. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se uma taxa de união de 88% (37/42) sem uso de enxerto e de 83% (78/93) com enxerto ósseo. A análise da razão de chances (odds ratio) de união óssea para enxerto e não enxerto foi 0,703 (IC 95%, 0,237-2,08). O tempo médio de união no grupo com enxerto foi de 3 ± 0,73 meses e 3 ± 0,86 no grupo sem enxerto, sem detecção de diferença estatisticamente significante (p = 0,56). CONCLUSÃO: O uso de enxerto não melhorou as taxas de união na artrodese subtalar. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.