RESUMO
The lipid layer surrounding the vitelline membrane of insect eggs has a critical role in the waterproofing and desiccation resistance of embryos. However, this lipid layer also prevents the flux of chemicals into the embryos, such as cryoprotectants, which are required for successful cryopreservation. The permeabilization studies of silkworm embryos remain insufficient. Therefore, in this study, we developed a permeabilization method to remove the lipid layer in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, and examined factors affecting the viability of dechorionated embryos, including the types and exposure times of chemicals and embryonic stages. Among the chemicals used, hexane and heptane were effective for permeabilization, whereas Triton X-100 and Tween-80 were less effective. Regarding the embryonic stages, there were significant differences between 160 and 166 h after egg laying (AEL) at 25 °C. Consequently, we found that the treatment of 160 AEL embryos with hexane for 30 s was the best condition for the permeability and viability of embryos, in which over 62% of the permeabilized embryos grew up to the second larval instar and their moths could lay fertilized eggs. Our method can be used for various purposes, including permeability investigations using other chemicals and embryonic cryopreservation.
RESUMO
The chorion covering/protecting insect egg, which has some effective functions such as providing mechanical strength, protecting eggs from external environments, and keeping moisture adjustment, is one of the principal barriers to manipulation, cryopreservation, and study of insect embryos. Here we evaluated the silkworm embryo viability after dechorionation using chemical reagents. We have developed an easy and effective method for chemical dechorionation that enables embryos to develop in culture, so that the larvae could normally grow. Eggs attached to a nylon net were treated with potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) to remove the chorion, washed with the Grace's insect medium, and then cultured using a dry-moist method which we created. The most effective treatment with regard to embryonic development, hatching, and production of second instar larvae was 30% KOH for 7â¯min and 2% NaClO for 5â¯min at 27⯰C. Embryos at later embryonic stages were more tolerant to chemical dechorionation and over 75% of embryos treated at 168â¯h-old (Stage 25, appearance of taenidium) survived to the second larval instar, moreover, the larvae derived from the dechorionated embryos have developed into the moths which can lay the fertilized eggs. Our method would contribute to the establishment of cryopreservation using embryos and analysis of silkworm embryogenesis and might also be applicable to other insect species.
Assuntos
Bombyx , Mariposas , Animais , Criopreservação/métodos , Larva , ÓvuloRESUMO
The pterostilbene (PT) molecule is a phytoalexin with a reducing effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and with a capacity to block lipogenesis. However, the potential reducing effects of PT on equatorial lipid accumulation and ROS have not yet been elucidated for in vitro-derived bovine embryos. The present study evaluated the effects of concentrations of 3, 1, 0.33, 0.11 µM PT, and a vehicle group on the percentage of cleaved embryos, embryos with more than 6 cells, percentage of blastocyst on Day 7 and 8, percentage of transferable embryos on Day 7, the cell count and relative concentration of lipids. In the second experiment, the effects of 0.33 µM PT and a vehicle group within two different O2 environments (5% and 20%) were evaluated for ROS generation and the percentage of Day 8 blastocysts. In the first experiment, no significant differences were found between the treatments with PT and the vehicle group (p > .05) concerning the percentage of cleaved embryos and embryos with more than 6 cells. Lipid reduction was observed in the groups treated with PT versus the vehicle group (p < .05). The vehicle group showed a higher rate of blastocyst production on Days 7 and 8 (p < .05) and an increase in the percentage of transferable embryos on Day 7 compared to the PT treatment groups (p < .05). Cell counts were not significantly different between treatments with PT and the vehicle group (p > .05). In the second experiment, the O2 concentration did not significantly affect ROS generation (p > .05); however, the groups treated with PT (0.33 µM) had a reduction in ROS (p < .05). The O2 concentration also did not significantly affect the rate of blastocyst production on Day 8 (p = .7696). Future research should be conducted to ascertain whether the reduction of lipids could enhance the cryopreservation and post-thaw viability of PT-treated embryos.
Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Embrionário/efeitos dos fármacos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Estilbenos/farmacologia , Animais , Blastocisto/efeitos dos fármacos , Bovinos , Técnicas de Cultura Embrionária/veterinária , Transferência Embrionária/veterinária , Fertilização in vitro/veterinária , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The darkedged splitfin (Amarillo fish), Girardinichthys multiradiatus is a vulnerable endemic fish species inhabiting central Mexico's high altitude Upper Lerma Basin, where aquatic hypoxia is exacerbated by low barometric pressures (lower PO2s), large aquatic oxygen changes, poor aquatic systems management and urban, agricultural and industrial pollution. The respiratory physiology of G. multiradiatus under such challenging conditions is unknown - therefore the main goal of the present study was to determine metabolic rates and hypoxia tolerance to elucidate possible physiological adaptations allowing this fish to survive high altitude and increasingly eutrophic conditions. Fish came from two artificial reservoirs - San Elías and Ex Hacienda - considered refuges for this species. Both reservoirs showed high dial PO2 variation, with hypoxic conditions before midday and after 20:00â¯h, ~4â¯h of normoxia (15â¯kPa) from 16:00-20:00, and ~4â¯h of hyperoxia (16-33â¯kPa) from 12:00-16:00. Standard metabolic rate at 20⯱â¯0.5⯰C of larvae from Ex Hacienda was significantly higher than those from San Elías, but these differences disappeared in juveniles and adults. Metabolic rate at 20⯱â¯0.5⯰C for adults was 9.8⯱â¯0.1 SEM µmol O2/g/h. The metabolic scaling exponent for adults was 0.58 for San Elías fish and 0.83 for Ex Hacienda fish, indicating possible ecological effects on this variable. Post-larval fish in Ex Hacienda and all stages in San Elias site showed considerable hypoxia tolerance, with PCrit mean values ranging from 1.9-3.1â¯kPa, lower than those of many tropical fish at comparable temperatures. Collectively, these data indicate that G. multiradiatus is well adapted for the hypoxia associated with their high-altitude habitat.
Assuntos
Ciprinodontiformes/fisiologia , Brânquias/metabolismo , Hipóxia/fisiopatologia , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Adaptação Fisiológica , Altitude , Animais , Metabolismo Basal , MéxicoRESUMO
Home range is defined as the area within which an individual moves to acquire resources necessary to increase their fitness and may vary inter and intra-specifically with biotic and abiotic factors. This study details the home range of the parthenogenic lizard, Aspidoscelis cozumela, an active forager microendemic to Cozumel Island, México, with high preference for open sand beaches. The home range of A. cozumela was compared with other species of Aspidoscelis (gonochoric and parthenogenetic) and other lizards that occupy coastal habitats. Furthermore, the biotic and abiotic factors that may influence home range were analyzed. This study was conducted in the beach located on the East side of the island (area of 4,000 M2) that is composed primarily of halophyte vegetation with high levels of sunlight. From 1999 to 2001, nine samples were taken which included the dry, rainy, "nortes", and breeding seasons. During each sampling, capture-mark-recapture techniques were conducted and the date, time of day, and snout-vent length (SVL) were recorded to the nearest millimeter. Individuals were located in the study area using a bi-coordinate reference using 10 x 10 m subdivisions of the habitat. Home range and home range overlap were calculated using the convex polygon method in McPaal and home range/SVL correlation was tested using Pearson's correlation. To calculate females home range, three or more recaptures were considered. A total of 20 home ranges that averaged 45.1 ± 14.0 m2 were obtained and no correlation between SVL and home range size was detected (p = 0.9229, n = 20). However, removing individuals with outlier home ranges (females with home ranges > 100 m2, n = 2) resulted in a positive correlation with SVL (r = 0.61, p = 0.0072, n = 18). A 22.9 ± 5.7% overlap in home range was also detected. The small home range of A. cozumela represents the smallest home range within the Aspidoscelis genus recorded to date (including both parthenogenetic and gonochoric species) and contrasts the theoretical predictions of broad home ranges for widely foraging species. Thermoregulatory benefits and a high population density may explain the small home range of A. cozumela. Although this species is highly adapted to the environmental conditions present on the open sand beaches, anthropogenic effects on these habitats by the development of tourism infrastructure may jeopardize their existence on Cozumel Island.
Assuntos
Ecossistema , Comportamento de Retorno ao Território Vital/fisiologia , Lagartos/fisiologia , Animais , Feminino , Lagartos/classificação , Masculino , México , Partenogênese , Densidade Demográfica , Estações do AnoRESUMO
Home range is defined as the area within which an individual moves to acquire resources necessary to increase their fitness and may vary inter and intra-specifically with biotic and abiotic factors. This study details the home range of the parthenogenic lizard, Aspidoscelis cozumela,an active forager microendemic to Cozumel Island, México, with high preference for open sand beaches. The home range of A. cozumelawas compared with other species of Aspidoscelis(gonochoric and parthenogenetic) and other lizards that occupy coastal habitats. Furthermore, the biotic and abiotic factors that may influence home range were analyzed. This study was conducted in the beach located on the East side of the island (area of 4 000 m2) that is composed primarily of halophyte vegetation with high levels of sunlight. From 1999 to 2001, nine samples were taken which included the dry, rainy, "nortes", and breeding seasons. During each sampling, capture-mark-recapture techniques were conducted and the date, time of day, and snout-vent length (SVL) were recorded to the nearest millimeter. Individuals were located in the study area using a bi-coordinate reference using 10 x 10 m subdivisions of the habitat. Home range and home range overlap were calculated using the convex polygon method in McPaal and home range/SVL correlation was tested using Pearson's correlation. To calculate females home range, three or more recaptures were considered. A total of 20 home ranges that averaged 45.1 ± 14.0 m2 were obtained and no correlation between SVL and home range size was detected (p = 0.9229, n = 20). However, removing individuals with outlier home ranges (females with home ranges > 100 m2, n = 2) resulted in a positive correlation with SVL (r = 0.61, p = 0.0072, n = 18). A 22.9 ± 5.7% overlap in home range was also detected. The small home range of A. cozumelarepresents the smallest home range within the Aspidoscelisgenus recorded to date (including both parthenogenetic and gonochoric species) and contrasts the theoretical predictions of broad home ranges for widely foraging species. Thermoregulatory benefits and a high population density may explain the small home range of A. cozumela.Although this species is highly adapted to the environmental conditions present on the open sand beaches, anthropogenic effects on these habitats by the development of tourism infrastructure may jeopardize their existence on Cozumel Island.
El ámbito hogareño es el área dentro de la cual un individuo se mueve para adquirir recursos que incrementen su supervivencia. El ámbito hogareño puede variar, intra e interespecíficamente, por factores bióticos y abióticos. En este trabajo se estudió el ámbito hogareño de la lagartija partenogenética Aspidoscelis cozumela,una especie de forrajeo amplio, con alta preferencia por las playas y microendémica de Isla Cozumel, México. El ámbito hogareño de A. cozumelase comparó con otras especies de Aspidoscelis(gonocóricas y partenogenéticas) y con otras lagartijas que ocupan hábitats costeros. Además, se discuten los factores bióticos y abióticos que lo moldean. La zona de estudio fue una playa (con un área de 4 000 m2), que se encuentra al Este de la isla y que presenta vegetación halófita (expuesta a altos niveles de insolación). De 1999 al 2001 se realizaron nueve censos que cubrieron la época de sequía, de lluvias y la época de "nortes" de la zona y la temporada de reproducción de A. cozumela.Durante cada censo, se realizó captura-marcaje-recaptura y se registró: fecha, hora del día, longitud hocico-cloaca (LHC) al milímetro más cercano. Los individuos fueron ubicados en el área de estudio por bi-coordenadas usando estacas como referencia. El ámbito hogareño se calculó con el método del polígono convexo con el programa McPaal, adicional-mente se calculó el solapamiento del ámbito hogareño. Se relacionó la LHC con el ámbito hogareño. Para el cálculo del ámbito hogareño se consideraron las hembras con tres o más recapturas. Se obtuvieron 20 ámbitos hogareños, que promediaron 45.1 ± 14.0 m2. No se encontró relación de la LHC con el ámbito hogareño (p = 0.9229, n = 20). Sin embargo, un análisis que excluyó los individuos con los ámbitos hogareños extremos, mostró que el ámbito hogareño de A. cozumelase relacionó de manera positiva con la LHC (p = 0.0072, n = 18), las hembras más grandes tuvieron ámbitos hogareños más amplios. El solapamiento del ámbito hogareño fue de 22.9 ± 5.7%. El ámbito hogareño de A. cozumelaes el más pequeño que se ha documentado en el género Aspidoscelis(incluyendo especies partenoge-néticas y gonocóricas) y se contrapone con las predicciones teóricas que establecen ámbitos hogareños amplios para especies de forrajeo amplio. Beneficios térmicos y una elevada densidad poblacional pueden explicar la marcada residencia en las playas y ámbito hogareño reducido de A. cozumela.La lagartija partenogenética A. cozumelaestá bien adaptada a las condiciones ambientales en las playas, sin embargo las afectaciones severas en las playas por el desarrollo de la infraestructura turística pueden poner en riesgo su existencia en Isla Cozumel.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Ecossistema , Comportamento de Retorno ao Território Vital/fisiologia , Lagartos/fisiologia , Lagartos/classificação , México , Partenogênese , Densidade Demográfica , Estações do AnoRESUMO
El presente trabajo de reflexión se propone indagar por la relación entre la matemática y el psicoanáli-sis y al mismo tiempo pensar sobre los fundamen-tos de la incomprensión que se plantea en el psi-coanálisis, lo que nos llevará a otra relación, la de lo simbólico y lo real, como así también a demos-trar la estrecha vinculación que existe entre la fun-damentación del número y la constitución subjeti-va...
This reflection work is proposed to inquire into the relationship between mathematics and psychoa-nalysis while thinking about the misunderstanding foundations that arises in this connection. This will lead to the symbolic and real relation, as well as to demonstrate the close relationship between the substance of the number and the subjective consti-tution...
Ce travail de réflexion est proposé d'enquêter sur la relation entre les mathématiques et la psychana-lyse tout en pensant les fondamentaux de l'incom-préhension qui se pose dans cette relation qui mène à une autre relation, qui est la symbolique et réel, ainsi que de démontrer l'étroite relation entre la substance du nombre et de la constitution sub-jective...
Assuntos
Humanos , Coito , Lógica , PsicanáliseRESUMO
Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa de muerte en todo el mundo y de ellas la hipertensión, la hipercolesterolemia y el tabaquismo son las tres cuartas partes de los casos. Ante su alta prevalencia y carga de morbilidad, surgió la inquietud de determinar si en la población médica se mantienen estos mismos niveles, al ser el pilar de la atención primaria. Objetivo: describir la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiometabólico en estudiantes de posgrado y docentes de la facultad de medicina de la FUCS. Metodología: estudio de corte transversal. En el segundo semestre 2010 se realizó valoración médica mediante autodiligenciamiento de un cuestionario y la evaluación antropométrica. Se tomaron muestras para glicemia y perfil lipídico basal para calcular el riesgo cardiovascular por Framingham. Resultados: tasa de respuesta 61.2% (345/564), género masculino 61.7%, docentes 32.7%, estudiantes 67.3%, edad promedio (años) 34.3 (DE:9.1), prevalencia de obesidad abdominal 33.6%, sobrepeso 35.9, obesidad (IMC) 7.2%, tabaquismo 16.2%, síndrome metabólico 17.4%, hipertrigliceridemia 42.%, HDL bajo 41.5%, sedentarismo 80.2% y nivel de riesgo cardiovascular latente 79%, intermedio 18.9% y alto 2%.
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of deaths worldwide and three-quarters of all cases are attributable to hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and smoking. The question on determining if similar levels of cardiovascular diseases are maintained within the medical population as the pillar of primary care was brought up due to their high prevalence and morbidity burden. Objective: to describe the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors within graduate program faculty members and students at the FUCS School of Medicine. Methodology: a cross-sectional study. A medical evaluation was performed by filling a questionnaire and conducting an anthropometric evaluation during the second semester of 2010. Blood samples for fasting glucose and baseline lipid profile were drawn to estimate the cardiovascular risk using the Framingham scale. Results: response index: 61.2% (345/564), males: 61.7%, faculty members: 32.7%, students: 67.3%, mean age (years): 34.3 (SD: 9.1), prevalence of abdominal obesity: 33.6%, overweight: 35.9, obesity (BMI): 7.2%, smoking: 16.2%, metabolic syndrome: 17.4%, hypertriglyceridemia 42.%, low HDL: 41.5%, sedentary lifestyle: 80.2% and latent trait of cardiovascular risk: 79%, moderate 18.9% and high 2%.
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Humanos , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Metabolismo , Faculdades de Medicina , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Introducción: Bogotá DC como capital de Colombia es el receptor del mayor flujo migratorio de población desplazada por causa de la violencia, son individuos o grupos familiares con crisis no esperadas, que requieren una atención integral para restituir su bienestar biopsicosocial. Objetivo: caracterizar la funcionalidad, ciclo vital familiar e identificar las redes sociales existentes, por medio de instrumentos de medicina familiar, de una población desplazada por la violencia, en algunas localidades de Bogotá DC. durante el año 2007. Métodos: con la información de las carpetas familiares del convenio de la Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (FUCS) y ASCOFAME, se realizó un subanálisis de la información en un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en el cual se describen las características demográficas y la funcionalidad familiar medida por instrumentos debidamente validados (APGAR familiar), así como la valoración de las redes sociales existentes en familias desplazadas por la violencia, certificadas por el gobierno de Colombia, en tres localidades de Bogotá DC.: Engativá, Mártires y San Cristóbal. Resultados: se describen las características de 795 familias con 3.815 individuos. La edad promedio fue 22 años (de 17), la mayor proporción de la población proviene de la zona Andina (49,9%) y Caribe (18,9%). El 53,5% de las familias tenían hijos adolescentes y escolares. Con el puntaje de APGAR se encontraron 40,7% familias funcionales, 27% con disfunción familiar leve, 20,8% moderada y 11,5% con disfunción severa. Conclusiones: la mayoría de las familias desplazadas mostraron por medio del APGAR familiar aplicado a un miembro, ser disfuncionales en cualquier grado predominando la disfunción leve. La severa se asocia con desempleo y ausencia de recreación en el núcleo familiar.
Introduction: As the capital city of Colombia, Bogotá DC. is the major receptor of population migration resulting from violence. These are individuals or family groups who experience non expected crises and need comprehensive assistance in order to recover their biological/psychosocial well-being. Objective: to characterize family function and vital cycle and to identify existing social networks by means of family medicine instruments applied on a violence-related displaced population in some locations of Bogotá DC. during year 2007. Methods: a subgroup analysis was performed using data of family files of Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (FUCS) and ASCOFAME Agreement by means of a cross sectional descriptive trial. It describes demographic features and family function measured with duly validated instruments (Family APGAR), as well as, the assessment of current social networks in Colombian-government-certified violence-related displaced families in three locations: Engativá, Mártires and San Cristóbal. Results: the characteristics of 795 families and 3815 individuals are described. Mean age was 22 years (of 17). The greatest proportion of the studied population came from the Andean zone (49.9%) and the Caribbean (18.9%). Adolescents and elementary-school-aged children were found in 53.5% of families. Using the Family APGAR instrument, 40.7% were classified as functional families, 27% as having mild dysfunction, 20.8% moderate and 11.5% severe dysfunction. Conclusions: any degree of dysfunction was identified in most of the displaced families, predominantly mild dysfunction, when the Family APGAR instrument was completed by one of their members. Severe dysfunction is related to unemployment and to lack of recreation within family nucleus.
Assuntos
Refugiados , Problemas Sociais , Violação de Direitos Humanos , ViolênciaRESUMO
En la ortodoncia clínica se le hace un gran énfasis a la hipo o hiperáctividad de los labios y su efecto sobre la posición dental. Este estudio evaluó el comportamiento de la elasticidad labial en sujetos con variaciones en la proyección anteroposterior de su dentición: 9 clase I, 9 con biprotrusión dentoalveolar y 8 con clase II división 2. Mediante un análisis de cluster se realizó una estratificación de la muestra teniendo en cuenta la variable elasticidad y a los 3 grupos obtenidos se les realizó un test de Manova. Al evaluar la agrupación realizada según la elasticidad, y al observar que las evidentes maloclusiones quedaron mezcladas en los tres grupos de elasticidad, se puede concluir que la clasificación tradicional de Angle parece arbitraria desde el punto de vista dinámico.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Elasticidade , Lábio , Ortodontia , VenezuelaRESUMO
Contiene: Antecedentes y desarrollo del problema de las drogas; consumo de drogas ilegales; la formulalcion de la politica; la ejecución de la política; límites para la política de control de drogas; el debate sobre la política de prohibición