RESUMO
Given the importance of the Golden kingklip (Genypterus blacodes) as an alternative to the production of salmonid species for worldwide diversification of aquaculture this study researched the morpho-histology of the digestive canal, providing a uniform nomenclature and basic information to support their nutritional management in captive conditions. The objective was to describe the normal morphology of the digestive canal. Twelve wild specimens were collected and dissected. Samples of the esophagus, stomach, liver, pyloric blind and intestines were obtained. An anatomical and histological description was performed. The digestive canal presented a short tubular esophagus, a slightly dilated, J-shaped stomach and thick walls. The stomach had a cardiac region that ended in a pyloric sphincter from which the intestine of thin walls. The intestine presented an anterior, middle and posterior segment. The anterior region of the first segment of the middle intestine presented 4-5 pairs of pyloric cecum. The middle intestine represented approximately 30 % of the total length of the digestive canal, with a smaller diameter compared to the first segment. The posterior intestine was separated from the middle intestine by a thick and powerful sphincter. The liver was large and elongated, and located in the peritoneal cavity located to the left plane and ventral to the swim bladder. The gallbladder was located lateral to the hepatic anterior wolf. The bile duct led to the duodenal region of the anterior intestine. Ventrally, the rectum ended in the anus, located in front of the anal fin. In general, the histological structures were variable according to the segment studied, a mucous tunic was recognized that presented a simple columnar epithelium, a lamina propria composed of loose connective tissue, a muscular layer of the mucosa composed of smooth muscle tissue and a submucosal layer composed of loose connective tissue, a circular and longitudinal stratum of muscular tunic, which had striated musculature and an adventitial tunic composed of a simple squamous epithelium. In conclusion, Golden kingklip (Genypterus blacodes) presents a digestive system typical of a carnivorous benthic fish adapted to feed on fish and crustaceans.
Dada la importancia del Congrio colorado (Genypterus blacodes) como alternativa a la producción de especies salmonídeas para la diversificación mundial de la acuicultura, el objetivo del presente estudio es describir la morfología normal del canal digestivo de esta especie, proporcionando una nomenclatura uniforme e información básica para apoyar su manejo nutricional en condiciones de cautiverio. Doce especímenes silvestres fueron colectados y disecados. Se obtuvo muestras del esófago, estómago, hígado, ciego pilórico e intestinos. Se realizó una descripción anatómica e histológica. El canal digestivo presentó un esófago tubular corto, un estómago ligeramente dilatado, con forma de J y paredes gruesas. El estómago presentaba una región cardíaca que terminaba en un esfínter pilórico desde el cual el intestino de paredes delgadas. El intestino presentaba un segmento anterior, medio y posterior. La región anterior del primer segmento del intestino medio presentó 4-5 pares de ciegos pilóricos. El intestino medio representó aproximadamente el 30 % de la longitud total del canal digestivo, con un diámetro menor en comparación con el primer segmento. El intestino posterior estaba separado del intestino medio por un esfínter grueso y poderoso. El hígado era grande y alargado, y ubicado en la cavidad peritoneal ubicado al plano izquierdo y ventral a la vejiga natatoria. La vesícula biliar se ubicó lateral al lobo anterior hepático. El ducto biliar desembocó en la región duodenal del intestino anterior. Ventralmente, el recto terminó en el ano, ubicado frente a la aleta anal. En general, las estructuras histológicas fueron variables según el segmento estudiado, se reconoció una túnica mucosa que presentaba un epitelio columnar simple, una lámina propia de la mucosa compuesta por tejido conectivo laxo, una capa muscular de la mucosa compuesta por músculo liso tejido y una capa submucosa compuesta de tejido conectivo laxo, un estrato circular y longitudinal de túnica muscular, que tenía musculatura estriada y una túnica adventicia compuesta por un epitelio plano simple. En conclusión, Congrio colorado (Genypterus blacodes) presenta un sistema digestivo típico de un pez bentónico carnívoro adaptado para alimentarse de peces y crustáceos.
Assuntos
Animais , Sistema Digestório/anatomia & histologia , Peixes/anatomia & histologia , Estômago/anatomia & histologia , Intestinos/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Thyroid carcinoma is the most frequent endocrine malignancy and accounts for around 3% of global cancer incidence. Different histologies and clinical scenarios make necessary a multidisciplinary approach that includes new diagnostic methods and surgical, radiopharmaceutical and systemic therapies. This guideline updates several aspects of management of thyroid cancer.
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Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/normas , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto/normas , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/terapia , Humanos , Oncologia , Sociedades MédicasRESUMO
The polysaccharide heparan sulfate is ubiquitously expressed as a proteoglycan in extracellular matrices and on cell surfaces. In the glomerular filtration barrier, the action of the heparan sulfate is directly related to the function of glomerular filtration, mostly attributed to the sulfated domains that occur along the polysaccharide chain, as evidenced by fact that release of fragments of heparan sulfate by heparanase significantly increases the permeability of albumin passage through the glomerular endothelium, event that originates proteinuria. This review aims to show the importance of the structural domains of heparan sulfate in the process of selective permeability and to demonstrate how these domains may be altered during the glomerular inflammation processes that occur in preeclampsia.
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BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of various metabolic conditions, has become epidemic and causes increased morbidity and mortality. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare lymphocyte proliferation under two different stimuli, Concanavalin A (ConA) and insulin, in a group of patients with MetS (Group 1) and a healthy group (Group 2). METHODS: Group 1 consisted of 53 patients who met the diagnostic criteria for MetS. Group 2 consisted of 63 patients without MetS. All individuals were evaluated for lipid profile and glycemia. Lymphocyte extraction and culture were performed for each subject and lymphocyte proliferation was assessed using the Alamar blue technique. RESULTS: There was no gender difference between both groups, but in terms of age, there was a significant difference. The use of Con A at concentrations of 1 and 5 µg/mL induced a high lymphocyte proliferation in both groups. In contrast, when different concentrations of insulin were added, no significant changes in lymphocyte proliferation were observed. However, the proliferation of lymphocytes was significantly higher in Group 1 compared to Group 2 under insulin stimulus, which did not happen under ConA stimulation. Even after age and gender correction, this difference was maintained. CONCLUSIONS: The increased lymphocyte proliferative response to insulin in patients with MetS found in this study suggests a role of the lymphocyte response to insulin in the pathophysiology of MetS. This response may be used as an immuno-biological marker for MetS, although further studies to evaluate its clinical usefulness need to be conducted.
Assuntos
Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Concanavalina A/farmacologia , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Insulina/farmacologia , Síndrome Metabólica/tratamento farmacológico , Mitógenos/farmacologia , Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Idoso , Concanavalina A/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/administração & dosagem , Insulina/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mitógenos/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Preeclampsia involves an exacerbated maternal inflammatory response that suggests a possible role of innate immunity. NK cells can promote this kind of response through cytokine production and the expression of activating or inhibitory receptors. The aims of the present study were to explore cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as well as cytotoxic ability and receptor expression for HLA-E and HLA-G molecules in peripheral natural killer (NK) cells of women with early-onset severe preeclampsia without HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels and a low platelet count) syndrome. The expression of the ILT2, KIRDL4, NKG2A, and NKG2C receptors and of cytotoxic activity was measured in non-stimulated NK cells, whereas the intracellular expression of IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-12, IFNγ, TNF and VEGF, was assessed in non-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells subsets using flow cytometry. Circulating soluble HLA-G was also determined by ELISA. The intracellular cytokines tested were significantly higher in NK cell subsets from severely preeclamptic women compared with the control group. On the other hand, the percentage of NK cells expressing NKG2A or NKG2C and the cytotoxic activity of NK cells were significantly higher in severely preeclamptic women. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between urine protein concentration and soluble human leukocyte antigen G (soluble HLA-G) in serum. We conclude that patients with early-onset severe preeclampsia without HELLP syndrome have increased NK cell function related to cytokine production, cytotoxicity and expression of lectin-like receptors such as NKG2.
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Citocinas/biossíntese , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Pré-Eclâmpsia/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Antígenos CD/biossíntese , Feminino , Síndrome HELLP , Antígenos HLA-G/biossíntese , Antígenos HLA-G/sangue , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I/biossíntese , Humanos , Inflamação/imunologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/metabolismo , Receptor B1 de Leucócitos Semelhante a Imunoglobulina , Leucócitos Mononucleares/imunologia , Leucócitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Contagem de Linfócitos , Subfamília C de Receptores Semelhantes a Lectina de Células NK/biossíntese , Pré-Eclâmpsia/sangue , Gravidez , Receptores Imunológicos/biossíntese , Receptores KIR/biossíntese , Adulto Jovem , Antígenos HLA-ERESUMO
The structure of charge-stabilized colloidal dispersions has been studied through a one-component model using a Yukawa potential with density-dependent parameters examined with integral equation theory and Monte Carlo simulations. Partial thermodynamic consistency was guaranteed by considering the osmotic pressure of the dispersion from the approximate mean-field renormalized jellium and Poisson-Boltzmann cell models. The colloidal structures could be accurately described by the Ornstein-Zernike equation with the Rogers-Young closure by using the osmotic pressure from the renormalized jellium model. Although we explicitly show that the correct effective pair-potential obtained from the inverse Monte Carlo method deviates from the Yukawa shape, the osmotic pressure constraint allows us to have a good description of the colloidal structure without losing information on the system thermodynamics. Our findings are corroborated by primitive model simulations of salt-free colloidal dispersions.
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Enrichment of culture media with amino acids improves embryo development. However, little is known about the specific action of each amino acid during embryogenesis. The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of L-glutamine (Gln) and tryptophan (Trp) on mouse embryo hatching, expansion and viability in vitro. Blastocysts were collected from 6- to 8-week-old female BALB/c mice (N = 30) and cultured in M2 medium containing either 0.125, 0.25 or 0.5 mM Trp, 1 mM Gln, or M2 alone. Gln significantly increased (100 percent; P < 0.05) blastocyst hatching at 24 h compared to M2 alone or Trp; moreover, Trp inhibited blastocyst hatching when compared to M2 alone (P < 0.05) at 72 h. In contrast, the percentage of embryos reaching the state of expanded blastocyst at 48 h was significantly higher in medium with 1 mM Gln (66.6 percent; P < 0.05) or with 0.125 mM Trp (61.1 percent; P < 0.05). Unexpectedly, Trp increased the percentage of degenerated blastocysts after 48 h (67.7 percent; P < 0.05), while Gln preserved blastocyst viability. These results suggest that Gln may enhance blastocyst hatching, expansion and viability in vitro.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Camundongos , Blastocisto/efeitos dos fármacos , Meios de Cultura/química , Desenvolvimento Embrionário/efeitos dos fármacos , Glutamina/farmacologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Triptofano/farmacologia , Blastocisto/metabolismo , Sobrevivência Celular , Células Cultivadas , Técnicas de Cultura Embrionária/métodos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Enrichment of culture media with amino acids improves embryo development. However, little is known about the specific action of each amino acid during embryogenesis. The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of L-glutamine (Gln) and tryptophan (Trp) on mouse embryo hatching, expansion and viability in vitro. Blastocysts were collected from 6- to 8-week-old female BALB/c mice (N = 30) and cultured in M2 medium containing either 0.125, 0.25 or 0.5 mM Trp, 1 mM Gln, or M2 alone. Gln significantly increased (100%; P < 0.05) blastocyst hatching at 24 h compared to M2 alone or Trp; moreover, Trp inhibited blastocyst hatching when compared to M2 alone (P < 0.05) at 72 h. In contrast, the percentage of embryos reaching the state of expanded blastocyst at 48 h was significantly higher in medium with 1 mM Gln (66.6%; P < 0.05) or with 0.125 mM Trp (61.1%; P < 0.05). Unexpectedly, Trp increased the percentage of degenerated blastocysts after 48 h (67.7%; P < 0.05), while Gln preserved blastocyst viability. These results suggest that Gln may enhance blastocyst hatching, expansion and viability in vitro.
Assuntos
Blastocisto/efeitos dos fármacos , Meios de Cultura/química , Desenvolvimento Embrionário/efeitos dos fármacos , Glutamina/farmacologia , Triptofano/farmacologia , Animais , Blastocisto/metabolismo , Sobrevivência Celular , Células Cultivadas , Técnicas de Cultura Embrionária/métodos , Feminino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Calcium (Ca²(+)) has been found to be involved in neuroprotective processes, by triggering enzymatic cascades that are essential for the synthesis and functioning of the elements that carry out this process. However, it is paradoxical that this ion is one of the main initiators of apoptotic cascades. This difference in its effects is conditioned by differences in the cytoplasmic concentrations. DEVELOPMENT: Ca²(+) plays a role in the activation of antiapoptotic signals in the neuron when its levels rise moderately, but it also starts apoptotic processes that are triggered mainly by its accumulation in mitochondria. This Ca²(+) comes from the outside or from intracellular deposits by means of different types of transporters. In order to assess the role of Ca²(+) in these processes, it is necessary to consider all the means of transport in an integral manner, since manipulating it pharmacologically gives rise to either protective or toxic processes, due to alterations in the intracellular concentrations of the ion. CONCLUSIONS: Notable progress has been made in the understanding of the effects of Ca²(+) on the central nervous system and on the mechanisms for controlling and transporting it. It is important to stress that understanding these physiological processes has led to the development of drugs with protective effects and, although most of them are still in the study phase or display important side effects, it remains a promising field that will help in the development of useful therapeutic strategies in neuroprotection.
Assuntos
Cálcio/metabolismo , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/metabolismo , Síndromes Neurotóxicas/metabolismo , Apoptose , Transporte Biológico , Humanos , Canais Iônicos/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/patologia , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologiaRESUMO
The angular dependence of the magnetoresistance effect has been measured on bicrystalline La(0.75)Sr(0.25)MnO(3) films. The measurements have been performed on an electronically lithographed Wheatstone bridge. The study of the angular dependence of both the magnetoresistance and the resistance of single-crystalline and grain-boundary regions of the samples allowed us to isolate two contributions of low-field magnetoresistance in manganites. One of them is associated with the spin-orbit effect, i.e. the anisotropic magnetoresistance of ferromagnetic compounds, and the other one is related to spin-disorder regions at the grain boundary. Complementary x-ray diffraction, ferromagnetic resonance and low temperature magnetization experiments contribute to the characterization of the magnetic anisotropy of the samples and the general comprehension of the problem.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Celiac Disease (CD) is present in 1-16.4% of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The most important serological markers of CD are anti-endomysial (EMA), anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTGA) and antigliadin antibodies (AGA). AIM/HYPOTHESIS: The objective of this work is to determine the frequency of tTGA and/or AGA in latent autoimmune diabetes of adult (LADA) and subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), as well as to evaluate their relation with several clinical and biochemical characteristics. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty three subjects with LADA and 99 with T2DM were studied. The presence of AGA, tTGA was determined in the sera of these patients. The variables: sex, age, duration of diabetes, treatment, body mass index (BMI) and fasting blood glucose concentration were also recorded. RESULTS: No differences were found in the frequency of celiac disease associated antibodies between LADA and T2DM subjects. The presence of celiac disease related antibodies was more frequent in patients with a normal or low BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Celiac disease does not seem to be related with pancreatic autoimmunity in type 2 diabetes. Celiac disease causes a decrease of body mass index in type 2 diabetes while pancreatic islet autoimmunity in this entity masks this effect.
Assuntos
Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Doença Celíaca/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/imunologia , Adulto , Idoso , Índice de Massa Corporal , Feminino , Gliadina/imunologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transglutaminases/imunologiaRESUMO
The successful implantation of the blastocyst depends on adequate interactions between the embryo and the uterus. The development of the embryo begins with the fertilized ovum, a single totipotent cell which undergoes mitosis and gives rise to a multicellular structure named blastocyst. At the same time, increasing concentrations of ovarian steroid hormones initiate a complex signaling cascade that stimulates the differentiation of endometrial stromal cells to decidual cells, preparing the uterus to lodge the embryo. Studies in humans and in other mammals have shown that cytokines and growth factors are produced by the pre-implantation embryo and cells of the reproductive tract; however, the interactions between these factors that converge for successful implantation are not well understood. This review focuses on the actions of interleukin-1, leukemia inhibitory factor, epidermal growth factor, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor, and on the network of their interactions leading to early embryo development, peri-implantatory endometrial changes, embryo implantation and trophoblast differentiation. We also propose therapeutical approaches based on current knowledge on cytokine interactions.
Assuntos
Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Desenvolvimento Embrionário/fisiologia , Endométrio/citologia , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/fisiologia , Trofoblastos/citologia , Animais , Blastocisto/citologia , Blastocisto/fisiologia , Implantação do Embrião/fisiologia , Transferência Embrionária , Endométrio/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico/biossíntese , Feminino , Fator de Crescimento Semelhante a EGF de Ligação à Heparina , Humanos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/metabolismo , Interleucina-1/biossíntese , Fator Inibidor de Leucemia/biossíntese , Camundongos , Gravidez , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/biossínteseRESUMO
The successful implantation of the blastocyst depends on adequate interactions between the embryo and the uterus. The development of the embryo begins with the fertilized ovum, a single totipotent cell which undergoes mitosis and gives rise to a multicellular structure named blastocyst. At the same time, increasing concentrations of ovarian steroid hormones initiate a complex signaling cascade that stimulates the differentiation of endometrial stromal cells to decidual cells, preparing the uterus to lodge the embryo. Studies in humans and in other mammals have shown that cytokines and growth factors are produced by the pre-implantation embryo and cells of the reproductive tract; however, the interactions between these factors that converge for successful implantation are not well understood. This review focuses on the actions of interleukin-1, leukemia inhibitory factor, epidermal growth factor, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor, and on the network of their interactions leading to early embryo development, peri-implantatory endometrial changes, embryo implantation and trophoblast differentiation. We also propose therapeutical approaches based on current knowledge on cytokine interactions.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Feminino , Gravidez , Camundongos , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Implantação do Embrião/fisiologia , Desenvolvimento Embrionário/fisiologia , Endométrio/citologia , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/fisiologia , Trofoblastos/citologia , Blastocisto/citologia , Blastocisto/fisiologia , Transferência Embrionária , Endométrio/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico/biossíntese , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/metabolismo , Interleucina-1/biossíntese , Fator Inibidor de Leucemia/biossínteseRESUMO
We study macroion correlation effects on the thermodynamics of highly charged colloidal suspensions using a mean-field theory and primitive model computer simulations. We suggest a simple way to include the macroion correlations into the mean-field theory as an extension of the renormalized jellium model of Trizac and Levin [Phys. Rev. E 69, 031403 (2004)]. The effective screening parameters extracted from our mean-field approach are then used in a one-component model with macroions interacting via a Yukawa-like potential to predict macroion distributions. We find that inclusion of macroion correlations leads to a weaker screening and hence smaller effective macroion charge and lower osmotic pressure of the colloidal dispersion as compared to other mean-field models. This result is supported by comparison to primitive model simulations and experiments for charged macroions in the low-salt regime, where the macroion correlations are expected to be significant.
RESUMO
En la ciudad de San Lorenzo, Provincia de Santa Fe, se comprobó que en algunas perforaciones de explotación,para una extraccion normal, la conductividad ascendia en los primeros 120 días. Dada la naturaleza del fenómeno, intrusion salina ascendente, se proyecto la generacion de una barrera hidraulica negativa de fondo. Para ello se realizo una modelacion del proceso intrusivo mediante las herramientas Modflow-MT3D. Se generalizo dicho proceso de dealinizacion a las perforaciones afectadas por procesos intrusivos y desde la puesta en marcha de los desalinizadores, se advirtio una disminucion en la conductividad del agua producida. Hoy con mas de tres años de funcionamiento, el sistema resulta sostenible, con calidad constante
Assuntos
Água SubterrâneaRESUMO
En la ciudad de San Lorenzo, Provincia de Santa Fe, se comprobó que en algunas perforaciones de explotación,para una extraccion normal, la conductividad ascendia en los primeros 120 días. Dada la naturaleza del fenómeno, intrusion salina ascendente, se proyecto la generacion de una barrera hidraulica negativa de fondo. Para ello se realizo una modelacion del proceso intrusivo mediante las herramientas Modflow-MT3D. Se generalizo dicho proceso de dealinizacion a las perforaciones afectadas por procesos intrusivos y desde la puesta en marcha de los desalinizadores, se advirtio una disminucion en la conductividad del agua producida. Hoy con mas de tres años de funcionamiento, el sistema resulta sostenible, con calidad constante
Assuntos
Água SubterrâneaRESUMO
Biologically active human interferon alpha 2b (HuIFNalpha-2b) was secreted into the culture medium by Streptomyces lividans transformed with recombinant plasmids coding for HuIFNalpha-2b fused to the Streptomyces exfoliatus M11 lipase A signal sequence. Levels were low, 15 or 100 ng/ml, depending on the plasmid used. Neither processed nor unprocessed HuIFNalpha-2b was detected in cell lysates of the transformants secreting the recombinant product. However, the secreted recombinant product was found to partially degrade when cultures reached the stationary phase by the action of an, as yet, unidentified mycelium-associated factor. Experimental evidence suggests that the degrading factor is related to mycelium-associated proteolytic activity.
Assuntos
Interferon-alfa/metabolismo , Streptomyces/metabolismo , Meios de Cultura , Meios de Cultivo Condicionados , Humanos , Interferon alfa-2 , Interferon-alfa/genética , Lipase/genética , Lipase/metabolismo , Sinais Direcionadores de Proteínas , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes , Streptomyces/genética , Streptomyces/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
During mammalian spermatogenesis meiotic cell division and spermiogenesis occurs. Gene expression during this process is temporally regulated at the transcriptional and translational levels but the mechanisms are not well understood. In this publication we have investigated the synthesis of proteins in vitro to detect the proteins with a high metabolic turnover and to compare them with the in vivo protein map. RNA of spermatocytes and round spermatid cell populations, purified by centrifugal elutriation, and total testis was isolated. The poly A+ mRNA fraction was translated using a rabbit reticulocyte lysate. The translation products were separated by two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis using nonlinear 3.5-10 immobilized pH gradients for the first-dimensional separation. The gels with 35S-translated proteins were transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes and scanned using a phosphorimager. A highly reproducible and complex protein pattern was obtained using this methodology. Only rat testis messages were translated. Using Melanie 2 software we could compare and detect more than 1000 proteins on 2-D radioactive images. Some changes could be observed in protein expression between the different cell types but they were not statistically significant. The comparison between the 2-D rat testis map and the in vitro translated patterns show no matching between any spots. This result suggests that the post-transcriptional modifications occurring in the reticulocyte system are not the same as those that occur in vivo in the testis. Rabbit reticulocyte proteins were detected by staining PVDF membranes with colloidal gold. Rat testis and reticulocyte patterns were completely different.