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Introducción. La fase pre-analítica es un componente esencial en el algoritmo de análisis clínicos, que conlleva una serie de pasos y procedimientos. Objetivo. Describir el nivel de cumplimiento de los indicadores preanalíticos en las áreas de química y hematología del laboratorio clínico del Hospital Distrital Inmaculada Concepción. Materiales y método. Se aplicó un diseño no experimental con un enfoque mixto de corte transversal y alcance descriptivo. Se incluyeron tres bioquímicos y cien pacientes mediante un muestreo por conveniencia. Los datos fueron obtenidos por observación estructurada a pacientes y entrevista semiestructurada a los funcionarios del hospital. Resultados. El nivel de desempeño de los bioquímicos con relación a los indicadores preanalíticos presenta aspectos tanto positivos como negativos, de los cuales resalta el aspecto positivo en un 61% y el 39% corresponde a aspectos considerados como deficientes. Las dificultades existentes son la identificación correcta del paciente y la comunicación entre el médico tratante y/o técnico con ellos, los cuales en su gran mayoría no tienen conocimiento de las condiciones en las cuales deben presentarse para un examen médico. Conclusión. La adecuada realización de las acciones correctas, como la calidad de las mismas, en la fase pre-analítica se relaciona de manera directa con los resultados que se obtienen, que luego serán utilizados por los profesionales solicitantes para toma de decisiones, por lo que es un eslabón inicial que afecta a todo el proceso posterior. Palabras clave: calidad de atención en salud; laboratorio; fase preanalítica
Introduction. The pre-analytical phase is a vital component of the clinical analysis algorithm. This involves a series of steps and procedures. Objective. To describe the level of compliance with the preanalytical indicators in the areas of chemistry and haematology ofthe clinical laboratory at a local Hospital in Caaguazú. Materiales y método. Anon-experimental design and a mixed cross-sectional approach were applied. Three biochemists and one hundred patients were includer. Results. Our data was obtained by structured observation to patients and semi-structured interviews tothree biochemists. The level of performance of the biochemists about the pre-analytical indicators presents both positive and negative aspects, of which the positive aspect stands out in 61% and 39% corresponds to aspects considered as deficient. The existing difficulties are the correct identification of the patient and the communication between the treating physician and/or technician, most of whom are unaware ofthe conditions in which they should present themselves for a medical examination. Conclusion. The correct performance, as well as their quality, in the pre-analytical phase, is directly related to the results obtained, which the requesting professionals will later use for decision-making, so it is an initial link that affects the entire subsequent process and must always be considered essential. Keywords: quality of health care; laboratories; pre-analytical phase
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , Química Clínica , Fase Pré-Analítica , Hematologia , LaboratóriosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the leading causes of childhood disability globally with a high burden in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Preliminary findings from the global LMIC CP Register (GLM CPR) suggest that the majority of CP in LMICs are due to potentially preventable causes. Such data are lacking in the Latin American region. Generating comparable epidemiological data on CP from this region could enable translational research and services towards early diagnosis and early intervention. We aim to establish a Latin American multicountry network and online data repository of CP called Latin American Cerebral Palsy Register (LATAM-CPR). METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The LATAM-CPR will be modelled after the GLM CPR and will support new and emerging Latin American CP registers following a harmonised protocol adapted from the GLM CPR and piloted in Argentina (ie, Argentine Register of Cerebral Palsy). Both population-based and institution-based surveillance mechanisms will be adopted for registration of children with CP aged less than 18 years to the participating CP registers. The data collection form of the LATAM-CPR will include risk factors, clinical profile, rehabilitation, socioeconomical status of children with CP. Descriptive data on the epidemiology of CP from each participating country will be reported, country-specific and regional data will be compared. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Individual CP registers have applied ethics approval from respective national human research ethics committees (HREC) and/or institutional review boards prior to the establishment and inclusion into the LATAM-CPR. Ethical approval for LATAM-CPR has already been obtained from the HREC in the two countries that started (Argentina and Mexico). Findings will be disseminated and will be made publicly available through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations and social media communications.
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Paralisia Cerebral , Pessoas com Deficiência , Criança , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiologia , Paralisia Cerebral/reabilitação , Coleta de Dados , Países em DesenvolvimentoRESUMO
The Baja California Pacific Islands (BCPI) is a seabird hotspot in the southern California Current System supporting 129 seabird breeding populations of 23 species and over one million birds annually. These islands had a history of environmental degradation because of invasive alien species, human disturbance, and contaminants that caused the extirpation of 27 seabird populations. Most of the invasive mammals have been eradicated and colonies have been restored with social attraction techniques. We have recorded the number of breeding pairs annually for most of the colonies since 2008. To assess population trends, we analyzed these data and show results for 19 seabird species on ten island groups. The maximum number of breeding pairs for each nesting season was used to estimate the population growth rate (λ) for each species at every island colony. We performed a moving block bootstrap analysis to assess whether seabird breeding populations are increasing or decreasing. San Benito, Natividad, and San Jerónimo are the top three islands in terms of abundance of breeding pairs. The most widespread species is Cassin's Auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus) with 14 colonies. Thirty-one populations of 14 species are significantly increasing while eleven populations of seven species are decreasing. We did not find statistical significance for 19 populations, however, 15 have λ>1 which suggest they are growing. Twelve of the 18 species for which we estimated a regional population trend are significantly increasing, including seven surface-nesting species: Brandt's Cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus), Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis), Caspian Tern (Hydroprogne caspia), Double-crested Cormorant (P. auritus), Elegant Tern (Thalasseus elegans), Laysan Albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis) and Western Gull (Larus occidentalis), and five burrow-nesting species: Ainley's (Hydrobates cheimomnestes), Ashy (H. homochroa) and Townsend's (H. socorroensis) Storm-Petrels, and Craveri's (Synthliboramphus craveri) and Guadalupe (S. hypoleucus) Murrelets. The BCPI support between 400,000 and 1.4 million breeding individuals annually. Our results suggest that these islands support healthy and growing populations of seabirds that have shown to be resilient to extreme environmental conditions such as the "Blob", and that such resilience has been strengthen from conservation and restoration actions such as the eradication of invasive mammals, social attraction techniques and island biosecurity.
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Charadriiformes , Melhoramento Vegetal , Animais , Aves , Humanos , Ilhas , Mamíferos , México , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
Resumen: Durante el embarazo se producen cambios a nivel de la concentración de los lípidos debido a cambios fisiológicos con el fin de favorecer una adecuada nutrición fetal, estos cambios rara vez tienen consecuencias clínicas. Se presenta el caso clínico de una gestante que a las 31 semanas de edad gestacional se le diagnostica un estado hipertensivo del embarazo, constatándose hipertrigliceridemia severa con alto riesgo de pancreatitis. Se realizó recambio plasmático terapéutico y gemfibrozilo, con buena respuesta clínica.
Abstract: During pregnancy, changes occur at the level of lipid concentration due to physiological changes in order to promote adequate fetal nutrition, these changes rarely have clinical consequences. The clinical case of a pregnant woman is presented who at 31 weeks of gestational age is diagnosed with a hypertensive state of pregnancy, confirming severe hypertriglyceridemia with a high risk of pancreatitis. Therapeutic plasma exchange and gemfibrozil were performed, with a good clinical response.
Resumo: Durante a gravidez ocorrem alterações ao nível da concentração de lípidos devido a alterações fisiológicas de forma a promover uma nutrição fetal adequada, estas alterações raramente têm consequências clínicas. Apresenta-se o caso clínico de uma grávida que às 31 semanas de idade gestacional é diagnosticada com estado hipertensivo da gravidez, confirmando hipertrigliceridemia grave com elevado risco de pancreatite. Foi realizada plasmaférese terapêutica e gemfibrozil, com boa resposta clínica.
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INTRODUCCIÓN Las múltiples manifestaciones de la parálisis cerebral (PC) requieren un abordaje integral centrado en la persona, que incorpore componentes socioambientales, como el que propone la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento, de la Discapacidad y la Salud (CIF). OBJETIVO Analizar los perfiles funcionales y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) de niños/as y adolescentes (NNA) de 4 a 18 años con PC según su compromiso motor, de siete ciudades argentinas. MÉTODO Estudio transversal observacional, en el que se incluyeron NNA con PC que asisten a instituciones de salud. Se realizaron evaluaciones clínicas y entrevistas por medio de instrumentos específicos basados en la CIF y adaptados al contexto local (perfiles de funcionamiento elaborados a partir de los Conjuntos básicos de PC y la versión argentina del cuestionario CP QOL para valoración de la CVRS). Sus resultados se analizaron en relación a la severidad del compromiso motor según la función motora gruesa (GMFCS). Las diferencias estadísticas entre grupos se evaluaron mediante test de Kruskal Wallis o T de Student, según correspondía (p<0,05). RESULTADOS Se recolectaron datos de 118 NNA con PC, de los cuales el 66,1% presentó un compromiso motor severo (GMFCS nivel IV-V). En el 51,7 % de los casos no hubo complicaciones al momento de nacimiento, y en el 66,1% de los casos la lesión cerebral ocurrió durante el embarazo y hasta los primeros 28 días de vida. El 97,5% presentó certificado único de discapacidad. En los perfiles funcionales, los NNA con mayor compromiso motor, GMFCS IV-V, presentaron problemas completos en categorías referidas a actividad y participación a diferencia de sus pares. Dentro de los factores ambientales, familiares cercanos (e310) y amigos (e320) fueron facilitadores sin importar el nivel del compromiso motor. Respecto a la CVRS se observó que los NNA con compromiso motor más severo presentaban menor puntuación en la dimensión de autonomía (p=0,01). DISCUSIÓN Aquellos NNA con PC con mayor compromiso motor presentan más limitaciones para realizar sus actividades de la vida diaria. Los instrumentos basados en CIF permiten evaluar dimensiones vinculadas a la actividad, participación y factores ambientales que resultan fundamentales para evaluar los procesos de rehabilitación.
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Reabilitação , Paralisia Cerebral , Criança , Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde , AdolescenteRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by NADPH oxidases known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) in plants. ROS regulate various cellular processes, including the mutualistic interactions between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria or arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Rboh is a multigene family comprising nine members (RbohA-I) in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The RNA interference-mediated silencing of RbohB (PvRbohB-RNAi) in this species diminished its ROS production and greatly impaired nodulation. By contrast, the PvRbohB-RNAi transgenic roots showed early hyphal root colonization with enlarged fungal hypopodia; therefore, we proposed that PvRbohB positively regulates rhizobial infection (Rhizobium tropici) and inhibits AM colonization by Rhizophagus irregularis in P. vulgaris. RESULTS: To corroborate this hypothesis, an RNA-Seq transcriptomic analysis was performed to identify the differentially expressed genes in the PvRbohB-RNAi roots inoculated with Rhizobium tropici or Rhizophagus irregularis. We found that, in the early stages, root nodule symbioses generated larger changes of the transcriptome than did AM symbioses in P. vulgaris. Genes related to ROS homeostasis and cell wall flexibility were markedly upregulated in the early stages of rhizobial colonization, but not during AM colonization. Compared with AM colonization, the rhizobia induced the expression of a greater number of genes encoding enzymes involved in the metabolism of auxins, cytokinins, and ethylene, which were typically repressed in the PvRbohB-RNAi roots. CONCLUSIONS: Our research provides substantial insights into the genetic interaction networks in the early stages of rhizobia and AM symbioses with P. vulgaris, as well as the differential roles that RbohB plays in processes related to ROS scavenging, cell wall remodeling, and phytohormone homeostasis during nodulation and mycorrhization in this legume.
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Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Glomeromycota/fisiologia , NADPH Oxidases/genética , Phaseolus/genética , Phaseolus/microbiologia , Raízes de Plantas/genética , Rhizobium tropici/fisiologia , Parede Celular/metabolismo , Phaseolus/citologia , Phaseolus/enzimologia , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Transdução de Sinais/genética , SimbioseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The successful performance of ostomies for the treatment of different diseases has been described since 1706. We report herein the first case of successful ostomy utilizing a synthetic stoma created in a patient with peritoneal carcinomatosis. CLINICAL CASE: A 40-year-old woman presented with abdominal carcinomatosis due to psammomatous papillotubular adenocarcinoma consistent with primary ovarian carcinoma. The patient had negative estrogen and progesterone receptors and Ki-67 proliferative activity was 83%. She was initially treated with cytoreduction therapy, chemotherapy, and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Because the patient presented with enteric perforations and the extensive tumor invasion and adhesions in all the intestinal segments made it impossible to create autologous decompression stomas, a synthetic stoma was constructed. CONCLUSIONS: Synthetic stomas can be a good treatment option when autologous stomas can not be created.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Desde el año 1706 se han descrito ostomías realizadas con éxito para el tratamiento de diferentes enfermedades; los autores describen el primer caso de éxito en una ostomía sintética en la carcinomatosis peritoneal. CASO CLÍNICO: Mujer de 40 años de edad con carcinomatosis abdominal por adenocarcinoma papilar tubulopapilar psamomatoso más consistente con cáncer primario de ovario, negativo a receptores de estrógenos y progesterona, con marcador Ki-67 al 83% de actividad. De modo inicial se trató con cirugía de citorreducción, quimioterapia, quimioterapia intraperitoneal hipertérmica y por último realización de estomas sintéticos debido a perforaciones entéricas e imposibilidad de realizar estomas descompresivos autólogos por la invasión tumoral extensa y adherencias de todas las asas intestinales. CONCLUSIONES: Los estomas sintéticos pueden ser una buena opción terapéutica cuando es imposible realizar estomas autólogos.
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Adenocarcinoma Papilar/secundário , Drenagem/instrumentação , Neoplasias Intestinais/secundário , Perfuração Intestinal/cirurgia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/cirurgia , Estomas Cirúrgicos , Adenocarcinoma Papilar/tratamento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma Papilar/etiologia , Adenocarcinoma Papilar/cirurgia , Adulto , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/administração & dosagem , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Coagulação com Plasma de Argônio , Bevacizumab/administração & dosagem , Carboplatina/administração & dosagem , Terapia Combinada , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos de Citorredução/métodos , Docetaxel/administração & dosagem , Doxorrubicina/administração & dosagem , Doxorrubicina/análogos & derivados , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertermia Induzida , Neoplasias Intestinais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Intestinais/etiologia , Neoplasias Intestinais/cirurgia , Perfuração Intestinal/etiologia , Mitomicina/administração & dosagem , Polietilenoglicóis/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Sexual dimorphism in the Laysan albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis) on Guadalupe Island was evaluated during the breeding seasons of 2015-2018 by measuring and comparing 10 morphological attributes: cranial length, bill length, nostril length, cranial width, bill height, bill width, tarsus length, closed wing length, opened wing length, and wingspan length in reproductive adults (n = 135). Males were larger than females across all traits (Student's t-test, p < 0.05, p < 0.05). We created a logistic model using stepwise regression to predict sex based on morphological variables. This model indicated four significant morphological predictor variables (z < 0.05) and was able to successfully predict the sex of P. immutabilis individuals in more than 90% of the cases. Based on these predictor variables, a web app was developed to determine the sex of the Laysan albatross in the field, providing a non-invasive method for rapid data collection that reduces costs and handling times while improving conservation efforts. We tracked Laysan albatross (n = 36) during breeding seasons and found no significant differences between females and males for either trip length (GLMM, F = 0.017, DF = 1, 1, p = 0.917 > 0.05) or maximum trip distance (GLMM, F = 0.374, DF = 1, 1, p = 0.651 > 0.05). Our results suggest that both sexes show a strong preference to travel to highly productive coastal waters northeast of the breeding colony that are influenced by the California Current. The present research will serve to establish a baseline to protect this species on Guadalupe Island and highlights the importance of understanding sexual dimorphism in at-risk seabird species.
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In the establishment of plant-rhizobial symbiosis, the plant hosts express nodulin proteins during root nodule organogenesis. A limited number of nodulins have been characterized, and these perform essential functions in root nodule development and metabolism. Most nodulins are expressed in the nodule and at lower levels in other plant tissues. Previously, we isolated Nodulin 22 (PvNod22) from a common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cDNA library derived from Rhizobium-infected roots. PvNod22 is a noncanonical, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized, small heat shock protein that confers protection against oxidative stress when overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Virus-induced gene silencing of PvNod22 resulted in necrotic lesions in the aerial organs of P. vulgaris plants cultivated under optimal conditions, activation of the ER-unfolded protein response (UPR), and, finally, plant death. Here, we examined the expression of PvNod22 in common bean plants during the establishment of rhizobial endosymbiosis and its relationship with two cellular processes associated with plant immunity, the UPR and autophagy. In the RNA interference lines, numerous infection threads stopped their progression before reaching the cortex cell layer of the root, and nodules contained fewer nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. Collectively, our results suggest that PvNod22 has a nonredundant function during legume-rhizobia symbiosis associated with infection thread elongation, likely by sustaining protein homeostasis in the ER.
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Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Proteínas de Membrana , Phaseolus , Proteínas de Plantas , Rhizobium , Simbiose , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Proteínas de Choque Térmico , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Fixação de Nitrogênio , Phaseolus/microbiologia , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Rhizobium/fisiologia , Nódulos Radiculares de Plantas/microbiologia , Simbiose/genéticaRESUMO
Bax-inhibitor 1 (BI-1) is a cell death suppressor conserved in all eukaryotes that modulates cell death in response to abiotic stress and pathogen attack in plants. However, little is known about its role in the establishment of symbiotic interactions. Here, we demonstrate the functional relevance of an Arabidopsis thaliana BI-1 homolog (PvBI-1a) to symbiosis between the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Rhizobium tropici. We show that the changes in expression of PvBI-1a observed during early symbiosis resemble those of some defence response-related proteins. By using gain- and loss-of-function approaches, we demonstrate that the overexpression of PvBI-1a in the roots of common bean increases the number of rhizobial infection events (and therefore the final number of nodules per root), but induces the premature death of nodule cells, affecting their nitrogen fixation efficiency. Nodule morphological alterations are known to be associated with changes in the expression of genes tied to defence, autophagy, and vesicular trafficking. Results obtained in the present work suggest that BI-1 has a dual role in the regulation of programmed cell death during symbiosis, extending our understanding of its critical function in the modulation of host immunity while responding to beneficial microbes.
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Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Phaseolus/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Rhizobium tropici/fisiologia , Apoptose/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Phaseolus/microbiologia , Imunidade Vegetal/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Raízes de Plantas/fisiologia , Simbiose/genéticaRESUMO
Root hair curling is an early and essential morphological change required for the success of the symbiotic interaction between legumes and rhizobia. At this stage rhizobia grow as an infection thread within root hairs and are internalized into the plant cells by endocytosis, where the PI3K enzyme plays important roles. Previous observations show that stress conditions affect early stages of the symbiotic interaction, from 2 to 30 min post-inoculation, which we term as very early host responses, and affect symbiosis establishment. Herein, we demonstrated the relevance of the very early host responses for the symbiotic interaction. PI3K and the NADPH oxidase complex are found to have key roles in the microsymbiont recognition response, modulating the apoplastic and intracellular/endosomal ROS induction in root hairs. Interestingly, compared with soybean mutant plants that do not perceive the symbiont, we demonstrated that the very early symbiont perception under sublethal saline stress conditions induced root hair death. Together, these results highlight not only the importance of the very early host-responses on later stages of the symbiont interaction, but also suggest that they act as a mechanism for local control of nodulation capacity, prior to the abortion of the infection thread, preventing the allocation of resources/energy for nodule formation under unfavorable environmental conditions.
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Bradyrhizobium/fisiologia , Glycine max/enzimologia , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinase/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Nodulação , Simbiose , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , NADPH Oxidases/genética , NADPH Oxidases/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinase/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Raízes de Plantas/enzimologia , Raízes de Plantas/genética , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Raízes de Plantas/fisiologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Glycine max/genética , Glycine max/microbiologia , Glycine max/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Liver transplantation in patients with liver cirrhosis, portal vein thrombosis, and cavernous transformation of the portal vein, is a complex procedure with high possibility of liver graft dysfunction. It is performed in 2-19% of all liver transplants, and has a significantly high mortality rate in the post-operative period. Other procedures to maintain portal perfusion have been described, however there are no reports of liver graft perfusion using right gastroepiploic vein. CLINICAL CASE: A 20 year-old female diagnosed with cryptogenic cirrhosis, with a Child-Pugh score of 7 points (class "B"), and MELD score of 14 points, with thrombosis and cavernous transformation of the portal vein, severe portal hypertension, splenomegaly, a history of upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to oesophageal varices, and left renal agenesis. The preoperative evaluation for liver transplantation was completed, and the right gastroepiploic vein of 1-cm diameter was observed draining to the infrahepatic inferior vena cava and right suprarenal vein. An orthotopic liver transplantation was performed from a non-living donor (deceased on January 30, 2005) using the Piggy-Back technique. Portal vein perfusion was maintained using the right gastroepiploic vein, and the outcome was satisfactory. The patient was discharged 13 days after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Liver transplantation was performed satisfactorily, obtaining an acceptable outcome. In this case, the portal perfusion had adequate blood flow through the right gastroepiploic vein.
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Circulação Hepática , Transplante de Fígado/métodos , Sistema Porta/cirurgia , Anormalidades Múltiplas , Velocidade do Fluxo Sanguíneo , Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/etiologia , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/cirurgia , Feminino , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/etiologia , Humanos , Hipertensão Portal/complicações , Hipertensão Portal/cirurgia , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Cirrose Hepática/cirurgia , Sistema Porta/diagnóstico por imagem , Veia Porta/anormalidades , Veia Porta/diagnóstico por imagem , Veia Porta/cirurgia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Esplenomegalia/complicações , Veias/diagnóstico por imagem , Veias/cirurgia , Veia Cava Inferior , Trombose Venosa/complicações , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Legumes form symbioses with rhizobia, producing nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of the plant host. The network of plant signaling pathways affecting carbon metabolism may determine the final number of nodules. The trehalose biosynthetic pathway regulates carbon metabolism and plays a fundamental role in plant growth and development, as well as in plant-microbe interactions. The expression of genes for trehalose synthesis during nodule development suggests that this metabolite may play a role in legume-rhizobia symbiosis. In this work, PvTPS9, which encodes a Class II trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), was silenced by RNA interference in transgenic nodules. The silencing of PvTPS9 in root nodules resulted in a reduction of 85% (± 1%) of its transcript, which correlated with a 30% decrease in trehalose contents of transgenic nodules and in untransformed leaves. Composite transgenic plants with PvTPS9 silenced in the roots showed no changes in nodule number and nitrogen fixation, but a severe reduction in plant biomass and altered transcript profiles of all Class II TPS genes. Our data suggest that PvTPS9 plays a key role in modulating trehalose metabolism in the symbiotic nodule and, therefore, in the whole plant.
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Eukaryotes contain three types of lipid kinases that belong to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) family. In plants and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, only PI3K class III family members have been identified. These enzymes regulate the innate immune response, intracellular trafficking, autophagy, and senescence. Here, we report that RNAi-mediated downregulation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) PI3K severely impaired symbiosis in composite P. vulgaris plants with endosymbionts such as Rhizobium tropici and Rhizophagus irregularis Downregulation of Pv-PI3K was associated with a marked decrease in root hair growth and curling. Additionally, infection thread growth, root-nodule number, and symbiosome formation in root nodule cells were severely affected. Interestingly, root colonization by AM fungi and the formation of arbuscules were also abolished in PI3K loss-of-function plants. Furthermore, the transcript accumulation of genes encoding proteins known to interact with PI3K to form protein complexes involved in autophagy was drastically reduced in these transgenic roots. RNAi-mediated downregulation of one of these genes, Beclin1/Atg6, resulted in a similar phenotype as observed for transgenic roots in which Pv-PI3K had been downregulated. Our findings show that an autophagy-related process is crucial for the mutualistic interactions of P. vulgaris with beneficial microorganisms.
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BACKGROUND: Complications in patients with liver transplant may occur in less than 10 % of cases. These appear in short and/or long term and are due to a vascular or biliary cause, rejection, recurrence of the disease or adverse effects of immunosuppression, among others, which may affect the quality of life. The aim of this article is to evaluate the quality of life in patients with deceased donor liver transplantation through the questionnaire SF-36. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study. The quality of life of patients with deceased donor liver transplantation was assessed during the period from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2012. The variables evaluated were: age, sex, time and main reason for transplantation and quality of life using the short form SF-36 version 1.1 for Mexican population. RESULTS: 37 patients were included. The mean age was 48.7 years. The most frequent cause was cirrhosis (n = 35). The highest average score corresponded to the mental health component, and the lowest score to the physical component. The average time of liver transplantation was 6.73 ± 3.53 years. CONCLUSIONS: Liver transplantation is still the most effective treatment for end-stage liver disease. It can increase the patient's life expectancy and their quality of life, assessed with the SF-36 questionnaire. The results were similar to those in other studies in both the physical and mental component.
Introducción: los pacientes con trasplante hepático pueden presentar complicaciones en menos del 10 % de los casos. Las complicaciones a corto y/o largo plazo son de origen vascular, biliar, de rechazo, recidiva de la enfermedad y efectos adversos de la inmunosupresión, entre otros, lo que puede repercutir en la calidad de vida. El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar la calidad de vida de los pacientes con trasplante hepático de donante fallecido mediante el cuestionario de salud formato corto-36 (SF-36). Métodos: estudio transversal analítico. Se evaluó la calidad de vida de los pacientes con trasplantes hepáticos de donante fallecido, realizados del 1 de enero de 2005 al 31 de diciembre de 2012. Variables de estudio: edad, sexo, tiempo de trasplante, motivo de trasplante y calidad de vida a través del formato corto SF-36 versión 1.1 para población mexicana. Resultados: se incluyeron 37 pacientes. Edad promedio, 48.7 años. Etiología más frecuente, cirrosis (n = 35). La calificación del SF-36 promedio más alta correspondió al componente de salud mental, y la más baja al componente de salud físico. El promedio de tiempo del postrasplante hepático fue de 6.73 ± 3.53 años. Conclusiones: el trasplante hepático es el único tratamiento eficaz para la enfermedad hepática terminal que logra incrementar la expectativa y calidad de vida. Los resultados del SF-36 fueron similares a otros estudios tanto en el componente físico y mental.
Assuntos
Transplante de Fígado , Qualidade de Vida , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Indicadores Básicos de Saúde , Humanos , Transplante de Fígado/psicologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: MiRNAs and phasiRNAs are negative regulators of gene expression. These small RNAs have been extensively studied in plant model species but only 10 mature microRNAs are present in miRBase version 21, the most used miRNA database, and no phasiRNAs have been identified for the model legume Phaseolus vulgaris. Thanks to the recent availability of the first version of the common bean genome, degradome data and small RNA libraries, we are able to present here a catalog of the microRNAs and phasiRNAs for this organism and, particularly, we suggest new protagonists in the symbiotic nodulation events. RESULTS: We identified a set of 185 mature miRNAs, including 121 previously unpublished sequences, encoded by 307 precursors and distributed in 98 families. Degradome data allowed us to identify a total of 181 targets for these miRNAs. We reveal two regulatory networks involving conserved miRNAs: those known to play crucial roles in the establishment of nodules, and novel miRNAs present only in common bean, suggesting a specific role for these sequences. In addition, we identified 125 loci that potentially produce phased small RNAs, with 47 of them having all the characteristics of being triggered by a total of 31 miRNAs, including 14 new miRNAs identified in this study. CONCLUSIONS: We provide here a set of new small RNAs that contribute to the broader knowledge of the sRNAome of Phaseolus vulgaris. Thanks to the identification of the miRNA targets from degradome analysis and the construction of regulatory networks between the mature microRNAs, we present here the probable functional regulation associated with the sRNAome and, particularly, in N2-fixing symbiotic nodules.
Assuntos
Phaseolus/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , RNA de Plantas/análise , Análise de Sequência de RNA/métodos , Sequência Conservada , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , MicroRNAs/análise , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Phaseolus/metabolismo , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , RNA de Plantas/metabolismo , RNA Interferente Pequeno/análise , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismoRESUMO
The mechanisms by which the expression of animal cell death suppressors in economically important plants conferred enhanced stress tolerance are not fully understood. In the present work, the effect of expression of animal antiapoptotic gene Ced-9 in soybean hairy roots was evaluated under root hairs and hairy roots death-inducing stress conditions given by i) Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation in presence of 50 mM NaCl, and ii) severe salt stress (150 mM NaCl), for 30 min and 3 h, respectively. We have determined that root hairs death induced by inoculation in presence of 50 mM NaCl showed characteristics of ordered process, with increased ROS generation, MDA and ATP levels, whereas the cell death induced by 150 mM NaCl treatment showed non-ordered or necrotic-like characteristics. The expression of Ced-9 inhibited or at least delayed root hairs death under these treatments. Hairy roots expressing Ced-9 had better homeostasis maintenance, preventing potassium release; increasing the ATP levels and controlling the oxidative damage avoiding the increase of reactive oxygen species production. Even when our results demonstrate a positive effect of animal cell death suppressors in plant cell ionic and redox homeostasis under cell death-inducing conditions, its expression, contrary to expectations, drastically inhibited nodule formation even under control conditions.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Glycine max/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/genética , Nódulos Radiculares de Plantas/genética , Tolerância ao Sal/genética , Apoptose , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/biossíntese , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/genética , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/biossíntese , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Nódulos Radiculares de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Glycine max/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Bean plants from the Phaseolus genus are widely consumed and represent a nitrogen source for human nutrition. They provide biological fertilization by establishing root nodule symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. To establish a successful interaction, bean plants and their symbiotic bacteria need to synchronize a proper molecular crosstalk. Within the Phaseolus genus, P. vulgaris has been the prominent species to study nodulation with Rhizobium symbionts. However the Phaseolus genus comprises diverse species whose symbionts have not been analyzed. Here we identified and studied nodule bacteria from representative Phaseolus species not previously analyzed and from all the described wild species related to P. vulgaris. We found Bradyrhizobium in nodules from most species representing all Phaseolus clades except in five phylogenetically related species from the P. vulgaris clade. Therefore we propose that Bradyrhizobium nodulation is common in Phaseolus and that there was a symbiont preference shift to Rhizobium nodulation in few related species. This work sets the basis to further study the genetic basis of this symbiont substitution.
Assuntos
Bradyrhizobium/genética , Phaseolus/microbiologia , Rhizobium/genética , Simbiose , Bradyrhizobium/isolamento & purificação , Bradyrhizobium/fisiologia , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Genes Bacterianos , México , Phaseolus/classificação , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Rhizobium/isolamento & purificação , Rhizobium/fisiologia , Nódulos Radiculares de Plantas/microbiologia , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Legume plants secrete signaling molecules called flavonoids into the rhizosphere. These molecules activate the transcription of rhizobial nod genes, which encode proteins involved in the synthesis of signaling compounds named Nod factors (NFs). NFs, in turn, trigger changes in plant gene expression, cortical cell dedifferentiation and mitosis, depolarization of the root hair cell membrane potential and rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. Actin polymerization plays an important role in apical growth in hyphae and pollen tubes. Using sublethal concentrations of fluorescently labeled cytochalasin D (Cyt-Fl), we visualized the distribution of filamentous actin (F-actin) plus ends in living Phaseolus vulgaris and Arabidopsis root hairs during apical growth. We demonstrated that Cyt-Fl specifically labeled the newly available plus ends of actin microfilaments, which probably represent sites of polymerization. The addition of unlabeled competing cytochalasin reduced the signal, suggesting that the labeled and unlabeled forms of the drug bind to the same site on F-actin. Exposure to Rhizobium etli NFs resulted in a rapid increase in the number of F-actin plus ends in P. vulgaris root hairs and in the re-localization of F-actin plus ends to infection thread initiation sites. These data suggest that NFs promote the formation of F-actin plus ends, which results in actin cytoskeleton rearrangements that facilitate infection thread formation.
Assuntos
Actinas/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Phaseolus/efeitos dos fármacos , Phaseolus/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Citoesqueleto de Actina/efeitos dos fármacos , Citoesqueleto de Actina/metabolismoRESUMO
Nitrogen-limited conditions are considered to be a prerequisite for legume-rhizobial symbiosis, but the effects of nitrate-rich conditions on symbiotic status remain poorly understood. We addressed this issue by examining rhizobial (Rhizobim tropici) and arbusclar mycorrhizal (Glomus intraradices) symbiosis in Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Negro Jamapa under nitrate pre-incubation and continuous nitrate conditions. Our results indicate that nitrate pre-incubation, independent of the concentration, did not affect nodule development. However, the continuous supply of nitrate at high concentrations impaired nodule maturation and nodule numbers. Low nitrate conditions, in addition to positively regulating nodule number, biomass, and nitrogenase activity, also extended the span of nitrogen-fixing activity. By contrast, for arbuscular mycorrhizae, continuous 10 and 50 mmol/L nitrate increased the percent root length colonization, concomitantly reduced arbuscule size, and enhanced ammonia transport without affecting phosphate transport. Therefore, in this manuscript, we have proposed the importance of nitrate as a positive regulator in promoting both rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbiosis in the common bean.