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Though facing significant challenges, coffee (Coffea arabica) grown in Haitian agroforestry systems are important contributors to rural livelihoods and provide several ecosystem services. However, little is known about their genetic diversity and the variety mixtures used. In light of this, there is a need to characterize Haitian coffee diversity to help inform revitalization of this sector. We sampled 28 diverse farms in historically important coffee growing regions of northern and southern Haiti. We performed KASP-genotyping of SNP markers and HiPlex multiplex amplicon sequencing for haplotype calling on our samples, as well as several Ethiopian and commercial accessions from international collections. This allowed us to assign Haitian samples to varietal groups. Our analyses revealed considerable genetic diversity in Haitian farms, higher in fact than many farmers realized. Notably, genetic structure analyses revealed the presence of clusters related to Typica, Bourbon, and Catimor groups, another group that was not represented in our reference accession panel, and several admixed individuals. Across the study areas, we found both mixed-variety farms and monovarietal farms with the historical and traditional Typica variety. This study is, to our knowledge, the first to genetically characterize Haitian C. arabica variety mixtures, and report the limited cultivation of C. canephora (Robusta coffee) in the study area. Our results show that some coffee farms are repositories of historical, widely-abandoned varieties while others are generators of new diversity through genetic mixing.

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Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is a worldwide public health problem, associated with severe psychosocial and economic impacts. Currently, no FDA-approved treatment is available for CUD. However, an emerging body of evidence from clinical and preclinical studies suggests that biperiden, an M1 muscarinic receptor antagonist, presents potential therapeutic use for CUD. These studies have suggested that biperiden may reduce the reinforcing effects of cocaine. It is well established that rodents emit 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) in response to natural rewards and stimulant drugs, including cocaine. Nonetheless, the effects of biperiden on the cocaine-induced increase of 50-kHz USV remains unknown. Here, we hypothesized that biperiden could antagonize the acute effects of cocaine administration on rat 50-kHz USV. To test this hypothesis, adult male Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups: saline, 5 mg/kg biperiden, 10 mg/kg cocaine, and biperiden/cocaine (5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p., respectively). USV and locomotor activity were recorded in baseline and test sessions. As expected, cocaine administration significantly increased the number of 50-kHz USV. Biperiden administration effectively antagonized the increase in 50-kHz USV induced by cocaine. Cocaine administration also increased the emission of trill and mixed 50 kHz USV subtypes and this effect was antagonized by biperiden. Additionally, we showed that biperiden did not affect the cocaine-induced increase in locomotor activity, although biperiden administration per se increased locomotor activity. In conclusion, our findings indicate that administering biperiden acutely reduces the positive affective effects of cocaine, as demonstrated by its ability to inhibit the increase in 50-kHz USV.

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Methylphenidate is a stimulant used to treat attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In the last decade, illicit use of methylphenidate has increased among healthy young adults, who consume the drug under the assumption that it will improve cognitive performance. However, the studies that aimed to assess the methylphenidate effects on memory are not consistent. Here, we tested whether the effect of methylphenidate on a spatial memory task can be explained as a motivational and/or a reward effect. We tested the effects of acute and chronic i.p. administration of 0.3, 1 or 3 mg/kg of methylphenidate on motivation, learning and memory by using the 8-arm radial maze task. Adult male Wistar rats learned that 3 of the 8 arms of the maze were consistently baited with 1, 3, or 6 sucrose pellets, and the number of entries and reentries into reinforced and non-reinforced arms of the maze were scored. Neither acute nor chronic (20 days) methylphenidate treatment affected the number of entries in the non-baited arms. However, chronic, but not acute, 1-3 mg/kg methylphenidate increased the number of reentries in the higher reward arms, which suggests a motivational/rewarding effect rather than a working memory deficit. In agreement with this hypothesis, the methylphenidate treatment also decreased the approach latency to the higher reward arms, increased the approach latency to the low reward arm, and increased the time spent in the high, but not low, reward arm. These findings suggest that methylphenidate may act more as a motivational enhancer rather than a cognitive enhancer in healthy people.

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BACKGROUND: The Latin American military vascular trauma is virtually unknown. The aim of this study was to describe severe war vascular trauma during the last 20 years of the Colombian armed conflict, and to identify predictors of limb amputation. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of a follow-up cohort from 1999 to 2019 of patients with associated severe vascular injuries (ISS >15) in the Colombian armed conflict treated at the Hospital Militar Central. RESULTS: Out of 5948 patients, 243 had military vascular trauma with 430 vascular injuries. The most frequent trauma mechanisms were gunshot wounds (n = 153; 63%). The most common injured vessels were femoral. 24 (10%) patients required amputations. Mortality was 4.1%. Amputation was associated with arteriovenous lesions (RR 4.82, p = 0.025), compartment syndrome (RR 4.2, p = 0.007), arteriovenous femoropopliteal injuries (RR 3.5, p = 0.0026), multiple arterial injuries (RR 3.35, p = 0.0218), associated fractures (RR 3.1, p = 0.0032). CONCLUSIONS: Concomitant arteriovenous injuries in popliteal and femoropopliteal lesions, multiple arterial lesions, bone fractures, and compartment syndrome are associated with amputation in severe vascular injury.

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Currently, there is no effective drug to treat cocaine-use disorder, which affects millions of people worldwide. Benzodiazepines are potential therapeutic candidates, as microdialysis and voltammetry studies have shown that they can decrease dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens of rodents and block the increase in dopamine levels and appetitive 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) induced by amphetamine in rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Here, we tested whether administration of 2.5-mg·kg-1 diazepam (i.p.) in adult male rats could block the effects of 20-mg·kg-1 cocaine (i.p.) on electrically evoked phasic dopamine signals in the nucleus accumbens measured by fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, as well as 50-kHz USV and locomotor activity. KEY RESULTS: Cocaine injection increased evoked dopamine signals up to threefold within 5 min, and the increase was significantly higher than baseline for at least 75 min. The injection of diazepam, 5 min after cocaine, attenuated the cocaine effect by nearly 50%, and this attenuation was maintained for at least 40 min. Behaviourally, cocaine increased the number of appetitive 50-kHz calls by about 12-fold. Diazepam significantly blocked this effect for the entire duration of the session. Also, cocaine-treated rats were more active than controls and diazepam significantly attenuated cocaine-induced locomotion, by up to 50%. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results suggest that the neurochemical and psychostimulant effects of cocaine can be mitigated by diazepam. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Building Bridges in Neuropharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.8/issuetoc.

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Frente a los desafíos de la Educación Basada en Competencia, este consenso Delphi de la División de Educación de la Asociación Colombiana de Cirugía informa sobre las mínimas competencias profesionales esperadas del cirujano egresado de los veinte programas de Especialización en Cirugía General en Colombia. Un total de 105 profesores de los programas de especialización evaluaron tres áreas de competencia profesional: 1) atributos profesionales generales del residente durante su formación, 2) competencias prácticas (procedimientos quirúrgicos) que los residentes deben realizar al final de su entrenamiento y 3) Actividades Profesionales Confiables (APC) que los residentes deben ejecutar sin supervisión al final de su entrenamiento. Los resultados informan un alto nivel de consenso en el 100 % los atributos profesionales generales y APC, y del 75 % en diferentes procedimientos quirúrgicos. El consenso abre la puerta para el desarrollo de un currículo nacional de la especialidad y tiene implicaciones para la práctica educativa e investigación futura

Faced with the challenges of Competence-Based Education, this Delphi consensus from the Education Division of the Colombian Association of Surgery reports on the minimum professional competencies expected of the surgeon who graduated from the twenty residency programs in General Surgery in Colombia. A total of 105 professors from the training programs evaluated three areas of professional competence: 1) general professional attributes of the resident during their training, 2) practical skills (surgical procedures) that residents must perform at the end of their training, and 3) Activities Trusted Professionals (APC) that residents must run unsupervised at the end of their training. The results report a high level of consensus in 100% general professional attributes and APC, and 75% in different surgical procedures. The consensus opens the door for the development of a national specialty curriculum and has implications for educational practice and future research

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Frente a los desafíos de la Educación Basada en Competencia, este consenso Delphi de la División de Educación de la Asociación Colombiana de Cirugía informa sobre las mínimas competencias profesionales esperadas del cirujano egresado de los veinte programas de Especialización en Cirugía General en Colombia. Un total de 105 profesores de los programas de especialización evaluaron tres áreas de competencia profesional: 1) atributos profesionales generales del residente durante su formación, 2) competencias prácticas (procedimientos quirúrgicos) que los residentes deben realizar al final de su entrenamiento y 3) Actividades Profesionales Confiables (APC) que los residentes deben ejecutar sin supervisión al final de su entrenamiento. Los resultados informan un alto nivel de consenso en el 100 % los atributos profesionales generales y APC, y del 75 % en diferentes procedimientos quirúrgicos. El consenso abre la puerta para el desarrollo de un currículo nacional de la especialidad y tiene implicaciones para la práctica educativa e investigación futura

Faced with the challenges of Competence-Based Education, this Delphi consensus from the Education Division of the Colombian Association of Surgery reports on the minimum professional competencies expected of the surgeon who graduated from the twenty residency programs in General Surgery in Colombia. A total of 105 professors from the training programs evaluated three areas of professional competence: 1) general professional attributes of the resident during their training, 2) practical skills (surgical procedures) that residents must perform at the end of their training, and 3) Activities Trusted Professionals (APC) that residents must run unsupervised at the end of their training. The results report a high level of consensus in 100% general professional attributes and APC, and 75% in different surgical procedures. The consensus opens the door for the development of a national specialty curriculum and has implications for educational practice and future research

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Este consenso presenta las recomendaciones de la División de Educación de la Asociación Colombiana de Cirugía para los programas de especialización en cirugía general del país, con el fin de enfrentar la pandemia de la COVID-19 en los próximos años. Las recomendaciones se formularon mediante un método informal de consenso de expertos conformado por todos los directores de los programas de especialización en cirugía general en Colombia. Las principales recomendaciones se relacionan con los procesos de selección en los programas, investigación, bioseguridad, vigilancia de volumen operatorio, evaluación, simulación y virtualidad, rotaciones especiales, esquemas de trabajo y evaluación de la calidad programática

This consensus presents the recommendations of the División de Educación of the Asociación Colombiana de Cirugía for the Colombian surgical residency programs, in order to face the COVID-19 pandemic in the coming years. The recommendations were formulated using an informal method of consensus of experts made up of all program directors of residency programs in the country. The main recommendations are related to the selection processes in the programs, research, biosecurity, surveillance of operative volume, evaluation, simulation and virtual education, special rotations, work schemes and evaluation of program quality.

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Giardia intestinalis is a protozoan parasite that colonizes the upper part of the small intestine of its mammalian hosts. The trophozoite, which is the replicative stage, has a complex cytoskeleton that allows it to move and adhere to intestinal cells. It has been proposed that protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) participates in the regulation of changes to the parasite cytoskeleton during its life cycle. However, how PP2A is involved in this regulation remains unclear since its substrates and regulators have not been characterized. In this work, we report the bioinformatic and experimental analysis of two potential regulatory B″ subunits of PP2A in Giardia, both of which are calcium-binding proteins. In this work, in silico and experimental evidence of the binding of both proteins to calcium is presented; the proteins are shown to interact with the catalytic PP2A subunit in the trophozoite stage, and they exhibit different subcellular localization patterns. Because PP2A is a heterotrimer, homology analysis of the different subunits of PP2A indicates that fewer holoenzyme combinations can be formed in this parasite than in other organisms. Our results suggest that the localization of PP2A may be associated with calcium-dependent signaling through its B″ type regulatory subunits.

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OBJECTIVE: To improve endometrial quality and implantation rates after the administration of platelet-rich plasma in patients with refractory endometrium. METHODS: 19 patients undergoing in vitro fertilization, aged between 33 and 45 years with a history of refractory endometrium, to whom platelet rich plasma was given by infusion with a catheter into the uterine cavity on the tenth day of the hormone replacement therapy, and then 72 hours after the first administration. RESULTS: Endometrial thicknesses >7mm was reported with the first use; and in all cases, endometrial thicknesses >9mm were evident after the second administration. The entire study group qualified for Embryo Transfer at the blastocyst stage. We had 73.7% of positive pregnancy tests, of which 26.3% yielded live births; 26.3% ongoing pregnancies; 10.5% biochemical pregnancies; 5.3% anembryonic pregnancies and 5.3% had fetal death (16 weeks). CONCLUSIONS: Platelet-rich plasma and its biostimulation effects on the endometrial microvasculature seems to be beneficial to patients with refractory endometrium, providing an increase in endometrial receptivity and a consequent increase in implantation rates. As an autologous resource, they are easy to obtain and inexpensive. Thus, we recommend it to be included in the different protocols for endometrial preparation, including those in which a natural cycle is preferred.

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Introducción. La temida complicación de la tiroidectomía es la parálisis de las cuerdas vocales secundaria a lesiones del nervio laríngeo recurrente. En este estudio se analiza una técnica de reconstrucción para estas lesiones neurales. Objetivo. Describir los resultados funcionales de la reconstrucción inmediata de las lesiones del nervio laríngeo recurrente con la técnica de Horsley. Material y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio prospectivo entre enero del 2000 y diciembre del 2015, en pacientes con sección del nervio laríngeo recurrente y reconstrucción de Horsley, en el cual se evalúan: a) los índices del análisis acústico de voz [tiempo máximo de fonación, perturbación involuntaria de la frecuencia (jitter), perturbación de la amplitud (shimmer) y frecuencia fundamental], b) los hallazgos estroboscópicos, y c) el índice de discapacidad vocal. El análisis estadístico se hizo con la prueba exacta de Fisher y con el programa SPSS™. Resultados. Se practicaron 1.547 tiroidectomías y se produjeron 10 secciones del nervio laríngeo recurrente (0,64 %): dos (0,12 %) inadvertidas (p=0,0001) y 8 (0,51 %) advertidas por infiltración tumoral. En los exámenes de la calidad de voz, se encontraron: frecuencias fundamentales bajas con medias de 104,79 ± 0,29 Hz en hombres (valor de referencia, VR=141,74) y de 208,12 ± 22,72 Hz en mujeres (VR=241,08), que se correlaciona con un jitter de 1,39 ± 0,99 % (VR=1,04); y también, disminución del tiempo máximo de fonación (media=10,9 ± 3,07 s). El índice de percepción de calidad de la voz fue de discapacidad leve de la voz (22,7 ± 11,8). La estroboscopia mostró cierre completo de la glotis en nueve pacientes (90 %) (p=0,005), con una posición adecuada de los cartílagos aritenoides, en siete. Conclusiones. La tasa de lesión inadvertida del nervio laríngeo recurrente en el Hospital Militar Central es de 0,12 %. La técnica de Horsley tiene unos resultados funcionales satisfactorios en el 90 % de los casos

Background. The most feared complication of thyroidectomy is the vocal cord palsy secondary to injury of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. In this study we analize the Horsley technique for reconstruction for this surgical injury. Objective. The aim of this study was to describe the functional outcomes of the reconstruction of the recurrent laryngeal nerve by the Horsley technique. Materials and methods. A prospective study including patients with section of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the use of the of the Horsley technique for reconstruction was carried out in the period January 2000 to December 2015. The outcomes evaluated were: a) acoustic voice analysis indexes (maximum phonation time, involuntary disturbance of frequency (jitter), disturbance of amplitude (shimmer), and fundamental frequency); b) stroboscopic findings; and c) vocal disability index. The Fisher's exact test and the SPSS™ program were used for the statistical analysis. Results.The study included 1,547 thyroidectomies with 10 complete sections of the recurrent laringeal nerve (0.64%), 2 unnoticed injuries (0.12%) (p=0,0001), and 8 injuries identified intraoperatively in patients with tumor infiltration. In the voice quality test we found: low fundamental frequencies with median values of 104.79 ± 0, Hz in the male population (reference value, RV=141,74) and 208,12 ± 22,72 Hz in the female population (RV=241,08), wich correlates with a jitter of 1,39 ± 0,99% (RV=1,04) and with a decrease in maximum phonation time (median=10,9 ±3,07s). Index of perception of voice quality was mild voice disability (22,7 ± 11,8). Stroboscopy showed complete clossure of glottis in 9 patients (90%) (p=0,005), with an adequate position of the arytenoid cartilages in 7 patients. Conclusions. The rate of unnoticed injuries of recurrent laringeal nerve at Central Military Hospital in Bogotá, Colombia, is 0.12%. The Horsley reconstruction technique demonstrated satisfactory functional results in 90% of cases

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Heave compensator is a system that mitigates transmission of heave movement from vessels to the equipment in the vessel. In drilling industry, a heave compensator enables drilling in offshore environments. Heave compensator attenuates movement transmitted from the vessel to the drill string and drill bit ensuring security and efficiency of the offshore drilling process. Common types of heave compensators are passive, active and semi-active compensators. This article presents 4 main points. First, a bulk modulus analysis obtains a simple condition to determine if the bulk modulus can be neglected in the design of hydropneumatic passive heave compensator. Second, the methodology to design passive heave compensators with the desired frequency response. Third, four control methodologies for semi-active heave compensator are tested and compared numerically. Lastly, we show experimental results obtained from a prototype with the methodology developed to design passive heave compensator.

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La diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) es uno de los trastornos metabólicos más frecuentes que pueden afectar el embarazo. Su prevalencia aumenta en la misma proporción que la epidemia de obesidad y sobrepeso. Reconocer y tratar cualquier grado de alteración de la glucemia que afecte la gestación conduce a la disminución de complicaciones maternas y fetales, inmediatas y a largo plazo. A pesar de un cúmulo de investigación básica y clínica, aun no existe un enfoque único para diagnosticar y tratar la diabetes durante el embarazo. Lo deseable para nuestro país es buscar la uniformidad de criterios en la pesquisa y el diagnóstico de la DMG, y de esa manera, poder tener nuestra propia casuística. Es por ello que la Sociedad Venezolana de Endocrinología y Metabolismo ha concebido la idea de elaborar este Manual de Diabetes Gestacional, con la colaboración de la Sociedad de Obstetricia y Ginecología de Venezuela, la Sociedad Venezolana de Medicina Interna y Especialistas que integran el equipo multidisciplinario de atención a la embarazada de alto riesgo conformado por endocrinólogos, internistas, obstetras, nutricionistas, deportólogos y/o biólogos del ejercicio y neonatólogos, para que pueda ser utilizado tanto a nivel primario como en áreas de especialización. Este manual se enfocará en la prevención, la pesquisa, el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y seguimiento de la Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional, pudiendo servir de base para la integración del equipo de salud que se constituya para atender a nuestra paciente.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common metabolic disorders that can affect pregnancy. Its prevalence increases in the same proportion as the epidemic of obesity and overweight. Recognize and treat any degree of impaired glucose affecting pregnancy leads to decreased maternal and fetal, immediate and long-term complications. Despite a wealth of basic and clinical research, there is no single approach to diagnose and treat diabetes during pregnancy. Desirable for our country is to seek uniformity of criteria in the screening and diagnosis of GDM and thus able to have our own casuistry. That is why the Venezuelan Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism has conceived the idea of a Manual of Gestational Diabetes, in collaboration with the Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Venezuela, the Venezuelan Society of Internal Medicine and specialists who make up the multidisciplinary care team high-risk pregnant formed with endocrinologists, internists, obstetricians, nutritionists, exercise physiologists and/or biologists exercise and neonatologist so that it can be used both at the primary level and areas of expertise. This manual will focus on prevention, screening, diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and can serve as a basis for integrating health team to serve our patient.

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Introducción. El impacto en la atención médica de los heridos en una larga guerra irregular de Colombia con la guerrilla y, más recientemente, con los narcotraficantes y las bandas criminales emergentes, originó el desarrollo de una estrategia de atención médica que garantizara un tratamiento rápido, eficaz y óptimo, con la mayor probabilidad de supervivencia del herido de guerra y una rehabilitación satisfactoria. Método. El plan estratégico de atención del trauma militar se empezó a desarrollar en el año 2000 y se implementó en el 2004 bajo el nombre de Plan Pantera. Se basó en el modelo de Haddon, conformando siete pasos sucesivos de acción y atención médica militar. Se presentan los resultados del proyecto, desde su inicio hasta el año 2010. Resultados. En el periodo comprendido entre enero del 2005 y diciembre del 2010, hubo 8.631 heridos en combate de las Fuerzas Militares de Colombia; 2.462 fueron muertos en la escena de las operaciones militares (28,5 %). Las acciones de los equipos EMEREVAC y GATRA permitieron una reducción muy significativa de la mortalidad en el campo de batalla. La mortalidad hospitalaria del último nivel de atención para pacientes con trauma mayor (ISS>15), fue de 2,3 %. Conclusiones. La estrategia de desarrollo del plan de atención médica en el paciente herido en combate, debe contemplar todas las variables que se pueden incluir dentro de un análisis de la matriz de Haddon. El Plan Pantera, como pilar de atención en las Fuerzas Militares de Colombia, ha sido exitoso y ha permitido una mayor probabilidad de supervivencia del herido en combate. Todo plan de atención médica del paciente traumatizado y críticamente enfermo, en especial en la medicina militar, debe estar fundamentado en la fortaleza de la formación continua académica y educativa de cada uno de los integrantes de los equipos de trabajo.

Background. The impact on medical care for the wounded resulting from a guerrillas and, more recently, drug trafficking and criminal gangs, long irregular warfare in Colombia originated the development of a strategy of health care oriented to ensure optimal, quick, and effective treatment seeking the most likely possibility of survival of the wounded and a satisfactory rehabilitation. Methods. The strategic military trauma care plan began to be developed in the year 2000 and was implemented in the year 2014 under the name of Panther strategy, and was based on the Haddon model that establishes seven successive steps of action and military health care. We present the results of this project, from its inception until the year 2010. Results. In the period from January 2005 to December 2010 there were 8631 combat injuries of the military forces of Colombia; 2462 were killed at the scene of the military operations (28.5%). The actions of EMEREVAC and GATRA teams resulted in a very significant reduction in mortality in the battle field. In-hospital mortality for patients with major trauma (ISS >15) at the last level of attention (Hospital Militar Central) was 2.3%. Conclusions. The strategy of developing the plan of care of patients wounded in combat should take into account all possible variables that ca be included in an analysis of the Haddon matrix. The "Panther plan" as a pillar of care in the military forces of Colombia has been successful, allowing a better chance of survival of the wounded in combat. All health care plans for the traumatized and critically ill patients, and especially in military medicine, must be based on the strength of the continuing education and academic formation of each one of the members of the teams.

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Objetivo. Determinar si existe correlación entre la elevación de marcadores inflamatorios como la proteína C reactiva (PCR), leucocitosis y neutrofilia, con las diferentes etapas de la apendicitis aguda. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio prospectivo entre enero y mayo de 2011. Se evaluaron 100 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de apendicitis aguda que fueron sometidos a cirugía con un cuadro clínico de máximo 24 horas de evolución y que a cuyo ingreso se realizó medición de hemograma y PCR. Se hizo una correlación diagnóstica entre los marcadores proinflamatorios y los hallazgos operatorios y patológicos. El análisis estadístico se hizo con el programa EpiInfo y las variables se analizaron con la prueba de ji al cuadrado. Resultados. De 100 pacientes seleccionados para el estudio, 74 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se evaluó la relación entre el estadio de la enfermedad y los niveles de PCR, leucocitosis y neutrofilia. Hubo un gran incremento de los niveles de PCR en los pacientes con apendicitis complicada (gangrenosa y perforada), con una curva ROC (Receiver Operating Curve) de 11,7 mg/dl (rango, 8,7 a 14,85 mg/dl). La sensibilidad diagnóstica global de esta prueba fue de 75,6 %, con una elevación al 93,1 % en las fases complicadas (p=0,01). Conclusiones. La PCR y la neutrofilia son marcadores inflamatorios con una gran sensibilidad para el diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda. En los pacientes con una alta sospecha clínica hay una correlación directa y proporcional con los niveles de los marcadores inflamatorios, y nuestros resultados ayudan a decidir la conducta terapéutica, anotando que los valores de PCR superiores a 11,7 mg/dl y de neutrófilos superiores a 82 % se correlacionan con estadios avanzados de apendicitis.

Objective: To determine if there is a correlation between the elevation of inflammatory markers such as C reactive protein (PCR), leukocytosis and neutrophilia with the different stages of acute appendicitis. Materials and Methods: Prospective study carried out between January and May 2011 to evaluate 100 patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis that were brought to surgery with clinical evolution of maximum 24 hours and that on admission hemogram and PCR measurement were done, in order to establish the diagnostic correlation between pro-inflammatory markers and the surgical and pathological findings. The statistical analysis was done with the program epi info and variables were analyzed using chi square test. Results: 100 patients were collected, 74 met inclusion criteria. We evaluated the relationship between the stage of the disease and the levels of CRP, leukocytosis and neutrophilia. There was a great increase in the levels of CRP in patients with complicated appendicitis (gangrenous and perforated) with an ROC value of 1.7 mg/dl (range 8.7 - 14.85 mg/dl). Global diagnostic sensitivity diagnose of this test was 75.6 %, with a lift to the 93.1 % in complicated phases (p = 0.01). Conclusions: PCR levels and the neutrophilia are inflammatory markers with high sensitivity in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. There is a direct and proportional correlation with the levels of inflammatory markers in patients with a high clinical suspicion. Our results will help to define the therapeutic conduct, observing that PCR scoring values superior to 11.7 PCR mg/dl and neutrophils higher than 82 % correlate with advanced stages of acute appendicitis.

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INTRODUCTION: The Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery program is an educational program developed by the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons, which includes a handson skills training component, a cognitive component, and an assessment component for laparoscopic surgery. Its main objective is to provide surgical residents and practicing surgeons with the opportunity to learn fundamental skills and obtain the theoretical knowledge required to perform laparoscopic surgery, guaranteeing a better performance in the operating room, and thus, improving patient security. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of telesimulation for teaching the Fundamentals of Laparosopic Surgery program in Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty participants (ten general surgeons and ten general surgery residents) in two cities in Colombia participated in eight weekly telesimulation sessions. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery scores were obtained for each participant before the telesimulation sessions (pre-test scores) and after telesimulation training was completed (post-test scores). RESULTS: Using scoring parameters developed by the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons, we found a significant improvement between pre-test and post-test scores. All the participants passed the skills component of the course. CONCLUSION: This study evidences the effectiveness of telesimulation to improve the laparoscopic skills of the participants who had no previous knowledge of the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery program, which guaranteed obtaining the necessary score for approving the practical component of the program.

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Introducción. El programa "Fundamentos de Cirugía Laparoscópica" es un módulo educativo desarrollado por la Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons, que incluye el desarrollo de habilidades prácticas y conocimientos teóricos en cirugía laparoscópica. Su misión principal es brindar a los residentes de las áreas quirúrgicas, y a los cirujanos en general, una herramienta adicional en su formación, para aprender los fundamentos y el conocimiento teórico necesario para la práctica de la cirugía laparoscópica, lo que garantizará un mejor desempeño en las salas de cirugía y, por ende, mayor seguridad para los pacientes. Objetivo. Evaluar la efectividad de la telesimulación para enseñar el componente práctico del programa "Fundamentos de Cirugía Laparoscópica" en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Veinte participantes (10 cirujanos generales y 10 residentes de cirugía general) de dos ciudades de Colombia, participaron en ocho sesiones (una semanal) de entrenamiento en "Fundamentos de Cirugía Laparoscópica" mediante telesimulación. Se les hizo un examen práctico antes de las telesimulaciones, y un examen teórico y práctico, al final de las ocho sesiones. Resultados. Utilizando parámetros numéricos definidos por la Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons, se encontró diferencias significativas el examen previo y el posterior. El 100 % de los participantes aprobaron el componente práctico del programa. Conclusiones. Este estudio demuestra la efectividad de la telesimulación para mejorar las habilidades laparoscópicas de participantes sin conocimiento previo del programa "Fundamentos de Cirugía Laparoscópica", lo que garantizó obtener el puntaje necesario para aprobar la sección práctica del programa.

Introduction: The Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery program is an educational program developed by the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons, which includes a hands-on skills training component, a cognitive component, and an assessment component for laparoscopic surgery. Its main objective is to provide surgical residents and practicing surgeons with the opportunity to learn fundamental skills and obtain the theoretical knowledge required to perform laparoscopic surgery, guaranteeing a better performance in the operating room, and thus, improving patient security. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of telesimulation for teaching the Fundamentals of Laparosopic Surgery program in Colombia. Materials and methods: Twenty participants (ten general surgeons and ten general surgery residents) in two cities in Colombia participated in eight weekly telesimulation sessions. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery scores were obtained for each participant before the telesimulation sessions (pre-test scores) and after telesimulation training was completed (post-test scores). Results: Using scoring parameters developed by the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons, we found a significant improvement between pre-test and post-test scores. All the participants passed the skills component of the course. Conclusion: This study evidences the effectiveness of telesimulation to improve the laparoscopic skills of the participants who had no previous knowledge of the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery program, which guaranteed obtaining the necessary score for approving the practical component of the program.

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Existe una clara relación entre los pacientes con el hígado graso no alcohólico (HGNA) y la hiperinsulinemia, especialmente ante la presencia de factores de riesgo como la diabetes mellitus (DM), dislipidemia y obesidad; sin embargo, ésta puede presentarse incluso sin los factores de riesgo anteriormente mencionados. Objetivo: determinar la relación existente entre HGNA , e hiperinsulinemia en pacientes con índice de masa corporal (IMC) normal y sin DM ni consumo crónico de alcohol. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo - transversal, tomando 59 pacientes adultos, 29 mujeres y 30 hombres en la Fundación Hospital Universitario Metropolitano (FHUM), sin antecedentes de consumo crónico de alcohol, con IMC normal y sin DM con las siguientes variables; la edad, sexo, perfil lipídico, ecografía hepática e insulinemia. Se utilizaron tablas de distribución de frecuencia, análisis multivariado con el riesgo relativo (RR) y Chi cuadrado (X²), con un nivel de confianza del 95%. Resultados: en el análisis multivariado la correlación entre nivel de insulina mayor o igual de 8 UI, se encontró que la glucemia mayor de 90 mg/L fue de 53.8% (siete casos) e insulina menor de 8 con glucemia mayor de 90 mg/L fue el 43.5 (20 casos). Con un riesgo relativo 1.2246 (IC: 0.6460 - 2.3214); Chi cuadrado: 0.4315 p=0.511. Lo mismo con los niveles de insulina preestablecido con los siguientes resultados con un RR: 1.1047 (IC: 0.8655-1.4101) X²: 1.0091 p = 0.3151. Con una incidencia de 8.47% con hígado graso diagnosticado por ultrasonografía. En relación a la edad el promedio fue 24.5 años (±10.4). Conclusiones: la relación de resistencia de la insulina y HGNA en este grupo de pacientes, muestran que la fuerza de la asociación RR se aleja de uno negativamente, lo que indica que no hay relación entre estas dos variables (Acta Med Colomb 2011; 36: 73-77).

There is a clear relationship between patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hyperinsulinemia, especially in the presence of risk factors like diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, and obesity. However, this can occur even without the risk factors mentioned above. Objective: to determine the relationship between NAFLD, and hyperinsulinemia in patients with normal body mass index (BMI) and without DM or chronic alcohol consumption. Materials and methods: cross, taking 59 adult patients, 29 women and 30 men in the Metropolitan University Hospital Foundation (FHUM) with no history of chronic alcohol consumption, with normal BMI and without DM with the following variables: age , sex, lipid profile, liver ultrasound and insulin. We used frequency distribution tables, multivariate analysis the relative risk (RR) and Chi square test with a confidence level of 95%. Results: in multivariate analysis the correlation between insulin level greater or equal to 8 IU, blood glucose was found that greater than 90 mg / L was 53.8% (7 cases) and insulin with glucose levels less than 8 greater than 90 mg / L was 43.5 (20 cases). 1.2246 with a relative risk (CI: 0.6460 to 2.3214), Chi square: p = 0.511 0.4315. Same with preset insulin levels with the following results with a relative risk: 1.1047 (CI 0.8655 to 1.4101) Chi square: p = 0.3151 1.0091. With an incidence of 8.47% with fatty liver diagnosed by ultrasonography. Regarding the average age was 24.5 years (± 10.4). Conclusions: the relationship of insulin resistance and NAFLD in this group of patients showed that the strength of the association RR away from a negative, which indicate no relationship between these two variables (Acta Med Colomb 2011; 36: 73-77).

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Introducción: El gen p53 codifica para una proteína de 53 KD con importante función reguladora en procesos celulares como la proliferación, la muerte celular y la preservación del material genético. Se le conoce como el guardián del genoma y frecuentemente se encuentra mutado en casi el 50 porciento de los carcinomas humanos. Se han identificado variantes en su secuencia o polimorfismos genéticos (en diferentes regiones del gen), varios estudios han mostrado una asociación entre el riesgo de desarrollar cáncer mamario y la presencia de estas variantes. El objetivo del presente estudio de casos y controles fue analizar la asociación de los genotipos y las frecuencias alélicas de tres de los polimorfismos del gen p53 con el riesgo de desarrollar cáncer mamario familiar en una población colombiana. Los polimorfismos estudiados fueron: en el exón 4 del gen que corresponde al codón 72 de la proteína, donde puede haber una arginina o una prolina (Arg72Pro); en el intrón 3 (duplicación de 16pb) y en el intrón 6, donde puede encontrarse una guanina o una adenina (G/A). Materiales y métodos: Se analizaron 186 pacientes con cáncer mamario familiar y 186 individuos como controles, las frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas se determinaron por análisis de RFLPs y se midió la fuerza de asociación mediante la razón de disparidad (Odds ratio: OR), con una significancia de la asociación utilizando el intervalo de confianza del 95 porciento y con el programa estadístico SPSS 11,5.

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