RESUMO
To better characterize the relation of acculturation, based on language use, to smoking status among Mexican-Americans, a large study sample from an ongoing cohort of Mexican-American households in Texas was stratified into current smokers and non-smokers. Four language-use groups were created based on Low/High use of Spanish and English, representing different degrees of acculturation. Participants who reported high English but low Spanish use had the highest smoking prevalence (20.1 %), followed by High English/High Spanish (13.6 %), Low English/High Spanish (8.7 %), and Low English/Low Spanish (6.4 %). Current smokers were more likely to be male, have lower than high school education, currently consume alcohol or had consumed alcohol but quit, and report low Spanish/high English use. Consistent with recent models of acculturation, individuals can differ both in their maintenance of the native language and adoption of a new language and both dimensions are important in predicting tobacco use.
Assuntos
Aculturação , Idioma , Americanos Mexicanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Fumar/etnologia , Adulto , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/etnologia , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Texas/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder that predisposes patients to the formation of sporadic tumors and also increases the risk of radiation-induced malignancies. The most commonly described radiation-induced tumor in NF1 patients is a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. We present 2 children with NF1 who received radiation therapy and subsequently developed high-grade gliomas. We then review the current literature on radiation-induced tumors in NF1 patients. Although radiation may be the most appropriate therapy in specific situations for children with NF1, the secondary tumor risk should be carefully considered.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas/etiologia , Glioma/etiologia , Neoplasias Induzidas por Radiação/patologia , Neurofibromatose 1/radioterapia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Neurofibromatose 1/patologiaRESUMO
Brainstem gangliogliomas (GGs), often cannot be resected, have a much poorer prognosis than those located in more common supratentorial sites and may benefit from novel therapeutic approaches. Therapeutically targetable BRAF c.1799T>A (p.V600E) (BRAF(V600E) ) mutations are harbored in roughly 50% of collective GGs taken from all anatomical sites. Large numbers of pediatric brainstem GGs, however, have not been specifically assessed and anatomic-and age-restricted assessment of genetic and biological factors are becoming increasingly important. Pediatric brainstem GGs (n = 13), non-brainstem GGs (n = 11) and brainstem pilocytic astrocytomas (PAs) (n = 8) were screened by standard Sanger DNA sequencing of BRAF exon 15. Five of 13 (38%) pediatric GG harbored a definitive BRAF(V600E) mutation, with two others exhibiting an equivocal result by this method. BRAF(V600E) was also seen in five of 11 (45%) non-brainstem GGs and one of eight (13%) brainstem PAs. VE1 immunostaining for BRAF(V600E) showed concordance with sequencing in nine of nine brainstem GGs including the two cases equivocal by Sanger. The equivocal brainstem GGs were subsequently shown to harbor BRAF(V600E) using a novel, more sensitive, RNA-sequencing approach, yielding a final BRAF(V600E) mutation frequency of 54% (seven of 13) in brainstem GGs. BRAF(V600E) -targeted therapeutics should be a consideration for the high percentage of pediatric brainstem GGs refractory to conventional therapies.