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Recently, the tiger-cat species complex was split into Leopardus tigrinus and Leopardus guttulus, along with other proposed schemes. We performed a detailed analysis integrating ecological modeling, biogeography, and phenotype of the four originally recognized subspecies-tigrinus, oncilla, pardinoides, guttulus-and presented a new multidimensional niche depiction of the species. Species distribution models used > 1400 records from museums and photographs, all checked for species accuracy. Morphological data were obtained from institutional/personal archives. Spotting patterns were established by integrating museum and photographic/camera-trap records. Principal component analysis showed three clearly distinct groups, with the Central American specimens (oncilla) clustering entirely within those of the Andes, namely the pardinoides group of the cloud forests of the southern Central-American and Andean mountain chains (clouded tiger-cat); the tigrinus group of the savannas of the Guiana Shield and central/northeastern Brazil (savanna tiger-cat); and the guttulus group in the lowland forests of the Atlantic Forest domain (Atlantic Forest tiger-cat). This scheme is supported by recent genetic analyses. All species displayed different spotting patterns, with some significant differences in body measurements/proportions. The new distribution presented alarming reductions from the historic range of - 50.4% to - 68.2%. This multidimensional approach revealed a new species of the elusive and threatened tiger-cat complex.

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We conducted research to understand online trade in jaguar parts and develop tools of utility for jaguars and other species. Our research took place to identify potential trade across 31 online platforms in Spanish, Portuguese, English, Dutch, French, Chinese, and Vietnamese. We identified 230 posts from between 2009 and 2019. We screened the images of animal parts shown in search results to verify if from jaguar; 71 posts on 12 different platforms in four languages were accompanied by images identified as definitely jaguar, including a total of 125 jaguar parts (50.7% posts in Spanish, 25.4% Portuguese, 22.5% Chinese and 1.4% French). Search effort varied among languages due to staff availability. Standardizing for effort across languages by dividing number of posts advertising jaguars by search time and number of individual searches completed via term/platform combinations changed the proportions the rankings of posts adjusted for effort were led by Portuguese, Chinese, and Spanish. Teeth were the most common part; 156 posts offered at least 367 teeth and from these, 95 were assessed as definitely jaguar; 71 of which could be linked to a location, with the majority offered for sale from Mexico, China, Bolivia, and Brazil (26.8, 25.4, 16.9, and 12.7% respectively). The second most traded item, skins and derivative items were only identified from Latin America: Brazil (7), followed by Peru (6), Bolivia (3), Mexico (2 and 1 skin piece), and Nicaragua and Venezuela (1 each). Whether by number of posts or pieces, the most commonly parts were: teeth, skins/pieces of skins, heads, and bodies. Our research took place within a longer-term project to assist law enforcement in host countries to better identify potential illegal trade and presents a snapshot of online jaguar trade and methods that also may have utility for many species traded online.

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Worldwide urban expansion and deforestation have caused a rapid decline of non-human primates in recent decades. Yet, little is known to what extent these animals can tolerate anthropogenic noise arising from roadway traffic and human presence in their habitat. We studied six family groups of titis residing at increasing distances from a busy highway, in a park promoting ecotourism near Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. We mapped group movements, sampled the titis' behavior, collected fecal samples from each study group and conducted experiments in which we used a mannequin simulating a human intrusion in their home range. We hypothesized that groups of titi monkeys exposed to higher levels of anthropogenic noise and human presence would react weakly to the mannequin and show higher concentrations of fecal cortisol compared with groups in least perturbed areas. Sound pressure measurements and systematic monitoring of soundscape inside the titis' home ranges confirmed the presence of a noise gradient, best characterized by the root-mean-square (RMS) and median amplitude (M) acoustic indices; importantly, both anthropogenic noise and human presence co-varied. Study groups resided in small, overlapping home ranges and they spent most of their time resting and preferentially used the lower forest stratum for traveling and the higher levels for foraging. Focal sampling analysis revealed that the time spent moving by adult pairs was inversely correlated with noise, the behavioral change occurring within a gradient of minimum sound pressures ranging from 44 dB(A) to 52 dB(A). Validated enzyme-immunoassays of fecal samples however detected surprisingly low cortisol concentrations, unrelated to the changes observed in the RMS and M indices. Finally, titis' response to the mannequin varied according to our expectation, with alarm calling being greater in distant groups relative to highway. Our study thus indicates reduced alarm calling through habituation to human presence and suggests a titis' resilience to anthropogenic noise with little evidence of physiological stress.

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A fin de conocer la riqueza íctica del Río Bajo Paraguá (cuenca del Iténez o Guaporé) se realizaron colectas de peces y análisis físico-químicos del agua en tres localidades del norte de Santa Cruz, sobre el límite oeste del Parque Noel Kempff Mercado. Los muestreos duraron 5 días en cada sitio (Piso Firme, Florida y El Refugio) y en dos épocas del año (aguas altas: Abril-Mayo; aguas bajas: Septiembre). Utilizando diferentes artes de pesca se capturaron 4098 peces pertenecientes a 124 especies, de las cuales 35 fueron nuevos registros para el Parque Noel Kempff Mercado. De las 124 especies, el 56 por ciento correspondió al orden Characiformes, 22 por ciento a Siluriformes (con 34 spp), 15 por ciento a Perciformes (18 cíclidos), 5 por ciento a Gymnotiformes y 2 por ciento a Synbranchiformes, Rajiformes y Beloniformes. La riqueza de especies fue menor en el curso superior del río (Piso Firme: 90 especies, Florida: 71 especies y El Refugio: 23 especies), al igual que la concentración de oxígeno que en El Refugio alcanzó niveles críticos en la época de escaso caudal por la mayor cobertura de plantas flotantes. La proporción de nuevos registros geográficos y los interrogantes sobre distribución y abundancia de los peces del Rio Paraguá indican la necesidad de implementar monitoreos sistemáticos asociados a los planes de manejo de la zona.

With the aim of improving our knowledge about the fish fauna of the Lower Paragua River (Iténez or Guaporé basin), fish collections and physic-chemical analyses of water were conducted in three localities in northern Santa Cruz, on the western border of the Noel Kempff Mercado National Park. Sampling periods lasted 5 days on each of three sites (Piso Firme, Florida y El Refugio) and two seasons (high waters: April-May, low waters: September). By using various fishing methods, 4098 fish belonging to 124 species were collected, 35 of them were new geographic records for the National Park. From all the species, 56 percent belonged to the Characiformes, 22 percent to Siluriformes (34 spp.), 15 percent Perciformes (18 spp. of cichlids), 5 percent Gymnotiformes and 2 percent Synbranchiformes, Rajiformes and Beloniformes. Species richness was low in the upper course of the river (Piso Firme: 90 species, Florida: 71 species, El Refugio: 23 species) as well as oxygen levels which reached a critical minimum at El Refugio during low waters and increased cover of floating vegetation. The proportion of new geographic records and the uncertainties about fish distribution and abundance indicate the need to conduct monitoring actions associated to the management plans in the area.

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A long-term study was carried out on a black howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) population living in 150 ha of forest patches spread out in a 3,000 ha rural area in Northern Argentina. A total of 22 different groups were located between 1980 and 1984 and 11 of these were monitored regularly during 28 months. Ecological density varied between 12.14 and 12.93 groups per sq km of thall dense forest (0.80 to 1.15 ind./ha; biomass 306 to 365 kg/sq km). Solitaries and small associations of adult or subadult individuals of both sexes were also recorded but occupied habitats of inferior quality. Mean sizes of reproductive groups varied from 6.4 to 8.4 and the range was 3 to 15 individuals. Reproductive groups had 1 to 3 adult males, 1 to 3 adult females, and several immatures. Sex ratio was biased toward females among the adults but it varied in other age classes. Births occurred throughout the year showing a peak in the colder and drier season. Subadult or young adult males and females dispersed from suspected natal groups and became solitaries or joined associations. Males invaded groups and displaced or coexisted with resident males. Infanticides and disappearances of infants were associated with male changes. Comparative censuses on an island not far from the main study area showed higher density and biomass (2.8 ind./ha; 1,117 kg/sq km) and different group sizes and composition. Habitat features as well as the history of each study site may account for the observed demographic differences.

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En Bolivia son pocos los profesionales capacitados para realizar investigación sobre fauna silvestre. Para paliar este problema, es importante capacitar a los estudiantes, egresados y profesionales de las carreras relacionadas con fauna, como agronomía, ingeniería forestal y biología. La capacitación debe realizarse a corto plazo y largo plazo, con temas como ecología, conservación y monitoreo de fauna silvestre. Dentro de este ámbito, el primer curso se realizó en Riberalta, Beni (2000) y el segundo en Valle Del Sacta, Cochabamba (2000). El objetivo de los cursos fue el de capacitar a los estudiantes sobre planteamiento de la pregunata, elaboración de hipótesis de predicción, recolección y análisis de los datos, interpretación e inferencia de los resultados, y realización y edición de los trabajos. Entre los métodos desarrollados para la evaluación de fauna silvestre se usaron monitoreo de vertebrados terrestres en base a registro de huellas (en parcelas), observaciones directas (encuentros) y trampas (murciélagos, roedores, aves). Entre los temas desarrollados de incluyeron evaluaciones de fauna en los planes de manejo forestal, fundamentos de dendrología, fenología, tratamientos silviculturales, inventarios y censos forestales ( y su aplicación al manejo de bosque), herbivoría, y remoción de semillas por vertebrados e insectos

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El propósito del presente manual es brindar una serie de criterios a ser utilizados en la identificación y delimitación de redes de áreas protegidas de ambientes forestales para la conservación de la fauna silvestre, dentro de los bosques manejados de las tierras bajas de Bolivia. El manual está dirigido a las personas encargadas del manejo y planificación forestal. Este manual también incluye un anexo en el que se listan consideraciones adicionales para la conservación de la fauna silvestre en la concesión forestal Tarumá, en el departamento de Santa Cruz, Dicho anexo brinda un ejemplo de la forma en que las condiciones adicionales y más específicas a cada sitio pueden complementar las directrices generales

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Se efectuaron investigaciones de comunidades de mamíferos, herpetofauna, aves e invertebrados terrestres durante el año posterior al aprovechamiento forestal selectivo, con el fin de comprar la abundancia relativa, riqueza de especies y composición de especies de fauna silvestre que utilizan claros, grandes y pequeños, de corta y áreas inalteradas en un bosque seco tropical del oriente de Bolivia. Se detectaron pocas diferencias significativas entre tratamientos en los grupos de vertebrados. La riqueza de especies de anfibios fue significativamente mayor en áreas inalteradas, habiéndose evidenciado un incremento de abundancia, proporcional al tamaño de los claros, de tiránidos e insectívoros del sotobosque. Los invertebrados terrestres mostraron mayor abundancia en áreas inalteradas que en claros. Los claros de corta de todos los tamaños constituyeron sólo un 8.7

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El objetivo del presente trabajo es resumir los conocimientos que existen sobre la biología de los bibosis con sistema propio de sustento, los cuales podran usarse como ayuda para el manejo forestal sostenible de la especie. Se incluye información obtenida en la bibliografía existente sobre el tema, ademas de datos recolectados en varios sitios boscosos que cuentan con poblaciones de bibosis

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