RESUMO
Resumen OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores sociodemográficos, patológicos, psicosociales y de estilo de vida relacionados con la edad a la que inicia la menopausia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio secundario de corte transversal de la ronda 2018 del Estudio Nacional de Salud y Envejecimiento en México (ENASEM) que cuenta con 17,114 registros de sujetos de uno y otro sexo provenientes de toda la República Mexicana. Criterios de inclusión: mujeres de 40 años, con información de las variables: edad al inicio de la menopausia, lugar de residencia, estado civil, escolaridad, peso, estatura, tabaquismo, ingesta de alcohol, sedentarismo, depresión, hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, algún tipo de cáncer e histerectomía. Se hizo un análisis comparativo de la edad a la menopausia con cada uno de los factores y un análisis multivariado para determinar los factores asociados. Las mujeres con histerectomía, y un grupo de mujeres con ≤ 6 años en la posmenopausia, se analizaron aparte. RESULTADOS: De 9017 mujeres registradas (con límites de edad de 40 y 90 años), 7132 (81%) conservaban el útero y los ovarios. El promedio de edad a la menopausia, sin ajuste, fue 47.8 ± 4.5 años. La histerectomía la anticipa en 2.3 años y la escolaridad mayor a la secundaria la retrasa 5 meses. La edad ajustada fue 48.0 ± 4.3 años y en el grupo con menopausia reciente 50.0 ± 2.8 años. CONCLUSIÓN: La menopausia natural se inicia entre los 48 y 50 años, la histerectomía la adelanta hasta dos años y la escolaridad de secundaria y superior la retrasa 6 meses por cada incremento de nivel escolar. El hecho de vivir en una zona rural o urbana también influye en el tiempo en que comienza la menopausia natural.
Abstract OBJECTIVE: To identify sociodemographic, pathological, psychosocial, and lifestyle factors associated with age at menopause onset. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Secondary cross-sectional study of the 2018 round of the National Study of Health and Aging in Mexico (ENASEM), with 17,114 records of male and female subjects from all over Mexico. Inclusion criteria: women aged 40 years with information on the following variables: age at onset of menopause, place of residence, marital status, education, weight, height, smoking, alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle, depression, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, any type of cancer and hysterectomy. A comparative analysis of age at menopause was made with each of these factors and a multivariate analysis was performed to determine the associated factors. Women with hysterectomy and a group of women ≤ 6 years postmenopausal were analyzed separately. RESULTS: Of 9017 women enrolled (with age limits of 40 and 90 years), 7132 (81%) retained uterus and ovaries. The mean age at menopause without adjustment was 47.8 ± 4.5 years. Hysterectomy brought it forward by 2.3 years and education beyond high school delayed it by 5 months. The adjusted age was 48.0 ± 4.3 years and in the recent menopause group 50.0 ± 2.8 years. CONCLUSION: Natural menopause occurs between 48 and 50 years of age, hysterectomy brings it forward by up to two years, and secondary and higher education delays it by 6 months for each additional year of schooling. Living in a rural or urban area also influences the time of onset of natural menopause.
RESUMO
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of oral hormone therapy (HT) on oxidative stress (OS) in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome (MetS). A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out. We formed four groups of 25 women each; healthy (HW) and MetS women (MSW) were assigned to HT (1 mg/day of estradiol valerate plus 5 mg/10 day of medroxiprogesterone) or placebo. We measured plasma lipoperoxides, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, total plasma antioxidant status and uric acid, as OS markers. Alternative cut-off values of each parameter were defined and a stress score (SS) ranging from 0 to 7 was used as total OS. MetS was defined according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII) criteria. Participants were seen at baseline, 3 and 6 months. After 6 months, MetS decreased in MSW-HT (48%), their triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) improved; in the other groups no difference was found. SS in MSW-HT decreased (3.8 ± 0.3 to 1.7 ± 0.3, p < 0.05) and OS was also reduced (44%), this effect was evident since 3 mo. HW-HT with high OS also decreased (40%). In placebo groups there was no change. Our findings suggest that HT improve lipids and OS associated to MetS in postmenopausal women.