RESUMO
Introducción: El hipoclorito de sodio (NaOCl) es el agente químico más utilizado como solución irrigadora durante la terapia endodóntica. Es altamente tóxico cuando se extruye a tejido periapicales. En endodoncia la hemolisis causada por el NaOCl ha quedado demostrada utilizando diferentes modelos, sin embargo poca o ninguna evidencia se tiene de las alteraciones morfológicas en la membrana celular de los eritrocitos. Objetivo: Proponer un modelo experimental que permita evaluar las alteraciones morfológicas que sufren los eritrocitos cuando son expuestos a NaOCl utilizado en la práctica odontológica mediante microscopia electrónica de barrido de alta resolución (MEB). Material y métodos: Se obtuvieron 20 mL de sangre periférica y se depositaron en tubos con anticoagulante EDTA (ácido etilendiaminotetraacético). Se realizaron lavados con solución amortiguadora de fosfatos (solución Evan's). Se prepararon diferentes diluciones de la muestra de eritrocitos (1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8 y 1:16). Se obtuvieron 100 μL de cada una de estas diluciones y se confrontaron con 100 μL de NaOCl 5.25% de uso odontológico (Viarzoni-T, Medental®). Se tomaron 0.5 μL de estas muestras para depositarse en un portamuestra de aleación Zn-Cu, el cual se sometió a un proceso de metalización de baño de iones de Cu por el método antiguo llamado Sputtering. Obteniendo microfotografías por MEB. Resultados: Se lograron observar eritrocitos con alteración de tipo anisocitosis y poiquilocitosis (estomatocitos, eliptocitos, esferocitos y discocitos). También se observaron algunas características estructurales de cristales de NaOCl. Conclusión: Este modelo experimental permitió evaluar los cambios morfológicos que sufren los eritrocitos cuando son expuestos a NaOCl 5.25%.
Introduction: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the chemical agent most frequently used as irrigation solution during endodontic therapy. When extruded to periapical tissue, it is highly toxic. In endodontics, hemolysis caused by NaCOl has been proven using different models, nevertheless, there is little or no evidence of morphological alterations in the cellular membrane of erythrocytes. Objective: To propose an experimental model which might allow to assess morphological alterations suffered by erythrocytes when they are exposed to NaOCl used in the dental practice by means of high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and methods: In the present study, 20 mL of peripheral blood were obtained and deposited in tubes with EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) anticoagulant. Rinses were conducted with a phosphate buffer solution (Evan's solution). Several dilutions of the erythrocyte sample were prepared (1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8 and 1:16); 100 μL of each of these dilutions was obtained to be then confronted with 100 μL of dental use 5.25% NaOCl (Viarzoni-T, Medental®); 0.5 μL of these samples were taken to then be deposited in a sample holder made of Zn-Cu alloy which was subjected to a process of Cu ion metallization bath, following the old Spluttering method. Microphotographs were obtained with SEM. Results: Erythrocytes with alteration type anisocytosis and poikilocytosis (stomatocytes, elliptocytes and discocytes) were observed. Some structural characteristics of NaOCl crystals were equally observed. Conclusion: This experimental model allowed assessment of morphological changes experienced by erythrocytes when exposed to 5.25% NaOCl.
RESUMO
The purpose of the study was to evaluate interleukin-6 production, in saliva-activated mononuclear cell cultures from malocclusion patients, before and after placement of .014 NiTi archwires.Four patients receiving .014 Nitinol archwire to correct malocclusion participated in this study. Samples of their blood and saliva were collected before and after placement of the apparatus. Mononuclear cells were obtained from the blood using the Ficoll-Paque (1.077 g/ml) density gradient separation method. Mononuclear Cells were activated with saliva from each patient and were cultured in 96-well plates for 72 hours. Samples were collected at 24 hours before apparatus placement, and at 24 hours and 72 hours after placement. IL-6 expression levels in the cell culture supernatants were quantified by ELISA. An increase in IL-6 levels in the cell culture supernatants was observed 24 hours after placement of the orthodontic apparatus relative to the negative control (p = 0.002) and IL-6 came to basal limits 72 hours after apparatus placement.IL-6 quantification may be useful as a biomarker to estimate the inflammatory response caused by forces applied during orthodontic treatment and their levels came to basal limits 72 hours after apparatus placement in patients without systemic diseases. The isolation of saliva components involved in such effects is important to study the mechanisms to control the acute inflammation in oral cavity after apparatus placement.
Assuntos
Ligas , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Leucócitos Mononucleares/imunologia , Má Oclusão/terapia , Fios Ortodônticos , Saliva/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Má Oclusão/imunologia , México , Desenho de Aparelho Ortodôntico , Projetos Piloto , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Allergic diseases represent a serious public health problem all over the world, and they use to be associated with environmental factors as well as with each patient genetic predisposition. OBJECTIVE: To characterize consult profile and critical points of allergic patients attention attended by non-allergologists specialists but referred by allergologists. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Descriptive study since October 2004 until February 2005, with a questionnaire to 255 patients attended by non-allergologists specialists in an IMSS hospital. Skin hypersensibility Prick-tests with standardized commercial extracts were practiced (1:20 p/v). RESULTS: Gender distribution was 41.96% male and 58.04% female, most of them (88.6%) from urban places (the reminder from rural ones); 55.37% with family history of allergy. In 49.02% the disease disturbs family behavior. Annual attention cost to allergic patients was 2,896.74 mexican pesos. Only 35.7% of patients get the disease control. Both work and home control of allergy exacerbation risk factors were poor. CONCLUSIONS: Critical points affecting allergic patients' treatment are attention to risk factors and to those factors exacerbating the disease (environmental and drug scheme choice). Non-allergologists specialists must consider a better control of allergic patients.
Assuntos
Hipersensibilidade/epidemiologia , Hipersensibilidade/terapia , Medicina , Encaminhamento e Consulta , Especialização , Adulto , Área Programática de Saúde , Feminino , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade/classificação , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Among the aeroallergens associated to asthma and allergic rhinitis, the fungi are a common cause of diagnostic and therapeutic problems. The wide variety and distribution of fungal species and the complex characterization of their allergenicity, is a complex item. The fungus extracts used to diagnose and treat sensitizations are frequently non effective, and different varieties of extracts are globally distributed. The standardization of commercial fungi extracts results extremely important as diagnostic procedure as well as to decide an efficacious and safe immunotherapy. This paper reviews important methodological steps to the standardization of fungi extracts, and finally the clinical use of these extracts.
Assuntos
Alérgenos , Asma/microbiologia , Misturas Complexas/normas , Fungos , Hipersensibilidade/microbiologia , Imunoterapia , Rinite Alérgica Perene/microbiologia , Rinite Alérgica Sazonal/microbiologia , Alérgenos/uso terapêutico , Asma/diagnóstico , Asma/terapia , Fungos/imunologia , Humanos , Rinite Alérgica Perene/diagnóstico , Rinite Alérgica Perene/terapia , Rinite Alérgica Sazonal/diagnóstico , Rinite Alérgica Sazonal/terapiaRESUMO
The use of topical immunomodulators in pediatric patients is an important topic in the clinical practice. Their prescription for chronic diseases suggests the necessity of evaluating their efficacy and safety profile in a long term period. In children they can develop systemic adverse events after their application, though sometimes they are useful to reduce the long consumption of other drugs, as topical steroids, or to have influence in the critical aspects of immunomodulation. Pimecrolimus and tacrolimus are two topical calcineurin inhibitors, from which there are several reports that support their efficacy in pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. Recently, the FDA issued a recommendation for their topical use in a sporadic way in two years old children or older that have moderate to serious atopic dermatitis and that have not responded to other treatments. This article shows the results of several studies in which these drugs have been applied for a long time in children with atopic dermatitis. The more frequent adverse effects were: infections, pyrexia, burning, pruritus, erythema, and papules in the application area. In suckling babies they were: dry skin, pruritus, infections, constipation, erythema, and papules. Even when these adverse effects have been reported with relative frequency, their controlled use in concrete clinical conditions is still a therapeutic option and they should be considered particularly useful in the treatment of atopic dermatitis without positive reaction to other treatments in children older than two years, during short periods and in cases in which immunocompromised situations have been ruled out.
Assuntos
Dermatite Atópica/tratamento farmacológico , Fatores Imunológicos/efeitos adversos , Tacrolimo/análogos & derivados , Tacrolimo/efeitos adversos , Administração Cutânea , Adolescente , Adulto , Inibidores de Calcineurina , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Método Duplo-Cego , Toxidermias/etiologia , Feminino , Febre/induzido quimicamente , Humanos , Fatores Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Fatores Imunológicos/farmacologia , Fatores Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Lactente , Masculino , Estudos Multicêntricos como Assunto , Fatores de Transcrição NFATC/antagonistas & inibidores , Pomadas , Prurido/induzido quimicamente , Dermatopatias Infecciosas/induzido quimicamente , Tacrolimo/administração & dosagem , Tacrolimo/farmacologia , Tacrolimo/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Atopic dermatitis is a common allergic disease, in which the treatment is extremely complex; even when several immunological abnormalities have been described in atopic dermatitis, the immune response to drugs remains unclear for both: conventional and unconventional therapies. The present review is centered on clinical efficacy and safety of tacrolimus, one of the immunomodulators proposed to treat atopic dermatitis. There are clinical evidences to support that tacrolimus have considerable impact on expression of inflammatory markers, despite of clinical assays could be necessary to demonstrate its profiles of toxicity and efficacy, during long-time periods.