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Introduction: Introduction: overweight and obesity in children are serious public health problems in Mexico. Objective: to analyze the behavior of the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children from 5 to 11 years of age and to present projections on the prevalence for the period 2022-2026. Methodology: ecological and retrospective study whose units of analysis were groups of children of Mexico with overweight and obesity in the period 1999-2021, according to information collected from six National Health and Nutrition Surveys. For the projections the classical method of least squares was used, for a trend analysis of both conditions for the period 2022-2026. Results: overweight in girls and obesity in boys shows a high prevalence in the period 1999-2021, even though the trend analysis for the period 2022-2026 shows a slight decrease in overweight for the group of boys and a slight increase in overweight for girls, as well in obesity for both groups. Conclusions: due to the high prevalence of overweight and obesity in children from 5 to 11 years of age in Mexico, an interdisciplinary approach is required to identify which dimensions (biochemical, psychological, interpersonal and social) participate in the problem, considering three environments contributing for psychological and social development of children, the ecological-social, the family and the school.

Introducción: Introducción: el sobrepeso y la obesidad en niños son serios problemas de salud pública en México. Objetivo: analizar el comportamiento de la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños de 5 a 11 años y presentar proyecciones sobre su prevalencia para el periodo 2022-2026. Metodología: estudio ecológico y retrospectivo cuyas unidades de análisis fueron grupos de niños con sobrepeso y obesidad en el periodo 1999-2021, de acuerdo con información recabada en seis Encuestas Nacionales de Salud y Nutrición en México. Para las proyecciones se utilizó el método clásico de mínimos cuadrados, con el que se realizó un análisis de tendencia de ambas condiciones para el periodo 2022-2026. Resultados: el sobrepeso en niñas y la obesidad en niños muestra una elevada prevalencia en el periodo 1999-2021, aun cuando el análisis de tendencia para el periodo 2022-2026 muestra un ligero decremento en el sobrepeso para el grupo de niños y un ligero incremento en el sobrepeso para las niñas, así como en la obesidad para ambos grupos. Conclusión: Debido a la elevada prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños de 5 a 11 años en México, se precisa de su abordaje interdisciplinario para identificar qué dimensiones (bioquímica, psicológica, interpersonal y social) participan en el problema, considerando tres ambientes que contribuyen al desarrollo psicológico y social de los niños, el ecológico-social, el familiar y el escolar.

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Background: Heat stress results in a mild reduction in milk production, while long-term heat stress exposure can severely affect the productive and reproductive performance in dairy cattle. Aim: To quantify the relationship between reproductive performance and temperature-humidity index in dairy cattle farms in Lima, Peru. Methods: Monthly service, conception, and pregnancy rates were measured from four dairy farms in four different Lima localities as reproductive performance indicators, along with an index of heat stress and maximum daily temperature-humidity index (max THI), during a 3-year period. In order to establish the relationship between the max THI and the reproductive performance indicators, a multiple regression analysis was carried out, which considered farm and year as explicative variables. Results: The regression model showed an adjusted R2 of 33.5% with an estimated standard error of 5.75% and was highly significant (p < 0.001). The regression coefficients for max THI for the variables pregnancy rate and conception rate were significant (p < 0.0001). With every increasing unit of max THI, a 0.84% drop in the pregnancy rate and a 1.74% drop in the conception rate were estimated by the model. The regression coefficient of max THI for the service rate variable was not significant. Conclusion: It was concluded that the increase in max THI significantly affected the reproductive performance of intensive dairy cattle farms in Lima.

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ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effect of the three inulin levels (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%) supplemented as a substitute for an antibiotic growth promoter (AGP, zinc bacitracin) and control in guinea pigs raised for human consumption. Fifty 14-day-old male guinea pigs were used. Productive parameters (weight gain, total dry matter intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR)) and intestinal morphology of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum at slaughter (70 days of age) were evaluated. An inverse relationship was observed between inulin levels and FCR (linear effect; P = 0.006). There was no statistically significant effect of the treatments on total dry matter intake and weight gain (P > 0.05). A linear effect of the inulin level on the villi's length (VL), villi's width (VW), and length/depth ratio (VL/DC) in the duodenum; VW in the jejunum; and VL in the ileum (P <0 .05) was reported. In conclusion, a linear effect of the increasing doses of inulin was found on the FCR and the morphological parameters of the duodenum's integrity, and no differences in the effects of the inulin added to the diet and the treatment with AGP were found.

RESUMO: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação na dieta de cobaias com inulina, em níveis crescentes (0,1%, 0,2%, 0,4%) como substituto para um antibiótico promotor de crescimento (AGP, bacitracina de zinco) além do grupo controle (dieta padrão). Foram utilizados 50 porquinhos-da-índia machos com 14 dias de idade. Os parâmetros produtivos foram avaliados do desmame aos 70 dias de idade e os parâmetros morfológicos intestinais foram avaliados no duodeno, jejuno e íleo no momento do abate. Foi encontrado um efeito linear do nível de inulina sobre na taxa de conversão alimentar (FCR; P = 0,006), indicando que em níveis mais elevados de inulina o FCR diminui. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos quando avaliado o efeito dos diferentes tratamentos sobre o consumo de ração e ganho de peso corporal (P > 0,05). Um efeito linear do nível de inulina foi encontrado no comprimento das vilosidades (VL), na largura das vilosidades (VW) e na relação comprimento / profundidade (VL/DC) no duodeno, sobre a VW no jejuno; e no VL no íleo (P < 0,05). Em conclusão, um efeito linear do aumento do nível de inulina foi encontrado na taxa de conversão alimentar e nos parâmetros morfológicos da integridade do duodeno, além disso, não houve diferença entre a adição de inulina na dieta e o tratamento com um antibiótico promotor de crescimento.

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This study evaluated the effect of the three inulin levels (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%) supplemented as a substitute for an antibiotic growth promoter (AGP, zinc bacitracin) and control in guinea pigs raised for human consumption. Fifty 14-day-old male guinea pigs were used. Productive parameters (weight gain, total dry matter intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR)) and intestinal morphology of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum at slaughter (70 days of age) were evaluated. An inverse relationship was observed between inulin levels and FCR (linear effect; P = 0.006). There was no statistically significant effect of the treatments on total dry matter intake and weight gain (P > 0.05). A linear effect of the inulin level on the villi’s length (VL), villi’s width (VW), and length/depth ratio (VL/DC) in the duodenum; VW in the jejunum; and VL in the ileum (P <0 .05) was reported. In conclusion, a linear effect of the increasing doses of inulin was found on the FCR and the morphological parameters of the duodenum’s integrity, and no differences in the effects of the inulin added to the diet and the treatment with AGP were found.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação na dieta de cobaias com inulina, em níveis crescentes (0,1%, 0,2%, 0,4%) como substituto para um antibiótico promotor de crescimento (AGP, bacitracina de zinco) além do grupo controle (dieta padrão). Foram utilizados 50 porquinhos-da-índia machos com 14 dias de idade. Os parâmetros produtivos foram avaliados do desmame aos 70 dias de idade e os parâmetros morfológicos intestinais foram avaliados no duodeno, jejuno e íleo no momento do abate. Foi encontrado um efeito linear do nível de inulina sobre na taxa de conversão alimentar (FCR; P = 0,006), indicando que em níveis mais elevados de inulina o FCR diminui. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos quando avaliado o efeito dos diferentes tratamentos sobre o consumo de ração e ganho de peso corporal (P > 0,05). Um efeito linear do nível de inulina foi encontrado no comprimento das vilosidades (VL), na largura das vilosidades (VW) e na relação comprimento / profundidade (VL/DC) no duodeno, sobre a VW no jejuno; e no VL no íleo (P < 0,05). Em conclusão, um efeito linear do aumento do nível de inulina foi encontrado na taxa de conversão alimentar e nos parâmetros morfológicos da integridade do duodeno, além disso, não houve diferença entre a adição de inulina na dieta e o tratamento com um antibiótico promotor de crescimento.

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This study evaluated the effect of the three inulin levels (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%) supplemented as a substitute for an antibiotic growth promoter (AGP, zinc bacitracin) and control in guinea pigs raised for human consumption. Fifty 14-day-old male guinea pigs were used. Productive parameters (weight gain, total dry matter intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR)) and intestinal morphology of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum at slaughter (70 days of age) were evaluated. An inverse relationship was observed between inulin levels and FCR (linear effect; P = 0.006). There was no statistically significant effect of the treatments on total dry matter intake and weight gain (P > 0.05). A linear effect of the inulin level on the villis length (VL), villis width (VW), and length/depth ratio (VL/DC) in the duodenum; VW in the jejunum; and VL in the ileum (P <0 .05) was reported. In conclusion, a linear effect of the increasing doses of inulin was found on the FCR and the morphological parameters of the duodenums integrity, and no differences in the effects of the inulin added to the diet and the treatment with AGP were found.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação na dieta de cobaias com inulina, em níveis crescentes (0,1%, 0,2%, 0,4%) como substituto para um antibiótico promotor de crescimento (AGP, bacitracina de zinco) além do grupo controle (dieta padrão). Foram utilizados 50 porquinhos-da-índia machos com 14 dias de idade. Os parâmetros produtivos foram avaliados do desmame aos 70 dias de idade e os parâmetros morfológicos intestinais foram avaliados no duodeno, jejuno e íleo no momento do abate. Foi encontrado um efeito linear do nível de inulina sobre na taxa de conversão alimentar (FCR; P = 0,006), indicando que em níveis mais elevados de inulina o FCR diminui. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos quando avaliado o efeito dos diferentes tratamentos sobre o consumo de ração e ganho de peso corporal (P > 0,05). Um efeito linear do nível de inulina foi encontrado no comprimento das vilosidades (VL), na largura das vilosidades (VW) e na relação comprimento / profundidade (VL/DC) no duodeno, sobre a VW no jejuno; e no VL no íleo (P < 0,05). Em conclusão, um efeito linear do aumento do nível de inulina foi encontrado na taxa de conversão alimentar e nos parâmetros morfológicos da integridade do duodeno, além disso, não houve diferença entre a adição de inulina na dieta e o tratamento com um antibiótico promotor de crescimento.(AU)

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El estudio tuvo por objetivo evaluar el efecto de tres dilutores (Tris, Tes y leche descremada) en la criopreservación de espermatozoides obtenidos del epidídimo de alpaca. Previamente se determinó el efecto del tiempo entre el beneficio/castración y la recuperación de los espermatozoides del epidídimo. Se utilizaron 24 testículos de alpacas para la obtención de los espermatozoides directamente del epidídimo en una solución fisiológica buferada (PBS). La recuperación de espermatozoides se realizó a las 0, 35, 48 y 72 horas (6 testículos por grupo) y se evaluó la motilidad, concentración espermática e integridad funcional de membrana. Los espermatozoides recuperados a partir de 35 horas post beneficio/castración no fueron aptos para ser congelados. Las muestras recuperadas a las 0 horas fueron diluidas con Tris, Tes y leche descremada, enfriadas desde 35 a 5°C en 90 minutos, envasadas en pajillas de 0.25 ml y congeladas en nitrógeno líquido. Se evaluó la motilidad, integridad funcional de membrana y vitalidad/integridad acrosomal en las muestras descongeladas. La motilidad fue de 14.0, 8.6 y 17.0% en los grupos Tris, Tes y leche descremada, respectivamente, donde el grupo leche descremada fue significativamente mejor que el grupo Tes (p<0.05). Los porcentajes de integridad funcional de membrana y vitalidad/integridad acrosomal fueron similares entre los tres grupos. Se concluye que los tres dilutores brindan efectos similares para la criopreservación de espermatozoides epididimarios de alpaca.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three semen extenders (skim milk, Tris, and Tes) on cryopreservation of epididymal alpaca sperm. Previously, the effect of timespan since slaughtering or castration to the recovery of epididymal sperm was evaluated. Twenty-four alpaca testicles were used to obtain sperm from the epididymis in a buffered saline solution (PBS). The recovery of spermatozoa was performed at 0, 35, 48, and 72 hours (6 testes per group) after slaughtering or castration. Sperm motility, concentration, and sperm membrane functional integrity were analyzed. Sperm recovered after 35 hours was not usable for cryopreservation. Sperm samples recovered at 0 hours were subjected to the process of freezing. Samples were diluted with skim milk, Tris, and Tes, cooled from 35 to 5 °C in 90 minutes, packed into 0.25 ml straws and frozen in liquid nitrogen. After thawing, straws were evaluated by motility, sperm membrane functional integrity and vitality/acrosome integrity. Motility was 17.0, 14.0, and 8.6% on skim milk, Tris and Tes groups respectively, where the skim milk group was significantly better than the Tes (p<0.05). Percentages of sperm membrane functional integrity and vitality/acrosomal integrity were similar among the three extenders. It was concluded that all three extenders provided similar effects for the cryopreservation of epididymal alpaca spermatozoa.

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Se evaluó el efecto la glucosa, fructosa, trehalosa y sacarosa, como componentes del diluyente, sobre la viabilidad espermática en semen canino refrigerado a 5 °C. La fracción espermática de 16 eyaculados de perro fue distribuida en cinco alícuotas conteniendo un diluyente a base de Tris - ácido cítrico - yema de huevo, pero con un azúcar distinto, además del control sin azúcar. Los cinco tratamientos se evaluaron a las 24, 48, 72 y 96 horas de refrigeración en base a motilidad progresiva e integridad funcional de membrana mediante la prueba hipoosmótica (HOS). En todos los grupos, a excepción del grupo control, la motilidad espermática se mantuvo dentro de rangos aceptables durante el estudio (90% en el día 0 hasta cerca de 60% en el día 4). Sin embargo, la integridad de membrana se mantuvo ligeramente superior en los grupos con azúcar (87-90%) en comparación con el grupo control (83-85%). La glucosa y sacarosa mostraron mejores resultados de motilidad y HOS. Se concluye que no se genera un daño significativo sobre la membrana espermática durante la refrigeración a 5 °C del semen canino, y que la utilización de cualquiera de los azúcares como sustrato energético para los espermatozoides, en especial glucosa y sacarosa, es de gran importancia para el mantenimiento de niveles apropiados de motilidad espermática e integridad funcional de membrana.

The effect of glucose, fructose, trehalose, and sucrose, as components of the extender, was evaluated on canine sperm viability during refrigeration at 5 ºC. The spermatic fraction of 16 dog ejaculations were distributed in 5 aliquots containing an extender based on Tris – citric acid – egg yolk, but differing in the presence of one of the sugars, plus a control without sugar. The five treatments were evaluated after 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours of refrigeration in relation to progressive motility and functional integrity of the membrane by the hypoosmotic swelling test (HOS). All groups, with the exception of the control group, the sperm motility maintained within acceptable ranges during the study (90% on day 0 and 60% on day 4). The integrity of the membrane remained slightly superior in groups with sugar (87-90%) in comparison with the control group (83-85%). The glucose and sucrose showed the best results in motility and HOS. It is concluded that no significant damage occurred on the sperm membrane while keeping semen at 5 ºC, and that the use of any of the tested sugars as energy-giving substrate for the sperm cells (especially glucose and sucrose) is of great importance for the maintenance of appropriate levels of sperm motility and functional integrity of the membrane.

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El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de tres dilutores y cuatro combinaciones de dos agentes crioprotectores permeantes más dos no permeantes sobre la calidad del semen ovino post-descongelamiento. Para esto, en una primera fase se evaluaron entre tres dilutores (A, B y C) y el más adecuado se usó en una segunda fase, donde se evaluaron las siguientes combinaciones de agentes crioprotectores permeantes y no permeantes: 1) Glicerol - Trehalosa, 2) Glicerol - Sacarosa, 3) Etilenglicol - Trehalosa y 4) Etilenglicol - Sacarosa. En el experimento 1, se encontró que el Dilutor A mantenía mejor la motilidad progresiva, viabilidad e integridad acrosomal post-descongelamiento en comparación con los dilutores B y C, por lo que el Dilutor A se empleó en el experimento 2. En este ensayo se encontró que la motilidad progresiva, la viabilidad e integridad acrosomal, la termoresistencia y la integridad de membrana plasmática post-descongelamiento fue mejor en los grupos con glicerol-sacarosa y glicerol-trehalosa en comparación con los grupos con etilenglicol-sacarosa y etilenglicol-trehalosa. Esto demuestra que el glicerol es un mejor crioprotector permeante en comparacion con el etilenglicol; sin embargo, no hubo diferencia en el uso de sacarosa o trehalosa. Se concluye que un dilutor con las características del dilutor A, utilizando glicerol más trehalosa o sacarosa, constituye una buena alternativa para la criopreservación de semen ovino.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of three extenders and four combinations of two permeant and two non permeant cryoprotectant agents on the quality of post thaw ram semen. In Experiment 1, three extender were evaluated (A, B, and C) in order to select the best for the next step. In Experiment 2, different combinations of cryoprotectant agents were evaluated as follow: 1) Glycerol–Trehalose, 2) Glycerol–Sucrose, 3) Ethylene glycol-Trehalose, and 4) Ethylene glycol–Sucrose. In experiment 1, motility, viability and acrosomal integrity in extender A were higher than in extender B and extender C, and therefore, extender A was used for experiment 2. In this assay, motility, viability and acrosomal integrity, thermoresistance, and plasmatic membrane integrity were higher in groups Glycerol-sucrose and Glycerol-trehalose in comparison with groups Ethilene glycol-sucrose and Ethilene glycol-trehalose. However, there were not significative differences between sucrose or trehalose. In conclusion, an extender with characteristics of extender A using glycerol plus trehalose or sucrose constitute a good alternative for cryopreservation of ram semen.

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Se emplearon 32 muestras de semen procedentes de cuatro ovinos a fin de ser criopreservadas con la adición dos antioxidantes: Tempo (2,2,6,6 tetrametil-1-piperidiniloxil) y Tempol (4-hidroxi 2,2,6,6 tetrametil-1-piperidiniloxil), en concentraciones de 0.5, 1.0 y 2.5 mM, para evaluar el efecto postdescongelamiento que pudieran tener sobre la motilidad progresiva, la viabilidad e integridad acrosomal y la capacitación espermática prematura. En cada concentración de los dos antioxidantes y del grupo control se utilizó un dilutor en base a Tris, realizándose ocho repeticiones, cada una con cuatro muestras de semen. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que la adición de Tempo a una concentración de 0.5 mM mejora significativamente la calidad del semen criopreservado en comparación con el grupo control (p<0.05), incrementado los porcentajes de motilidad progresiva (79 vs. 67 por ciento), viabilidad e integridad acrosomal (70 vs. 58 por ciento) y reduciendo la capacitación espermática prematura (9 vs.15 por ciento). Por otro lado, la adición de Tempol disminuyó la calidad seminal postdescongelamiento en comparación con el control. En conclusión, la adición de Tempo 0.5 mM en un dilutor en base a Tris, al finalizar la fase de enfriamiento, podría constituir una estrategia para mejorar la calidad de semen ovino criopreservado.

Thirty-two semen samples from four rams were frozed using two antioxidants, Tempo (2,2,6,6 tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxyl) and Tempol (4-hidroxi 2,2,6,6 tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxyl), each one in concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 mM, to evaluate the effects on post-thawing motility, viability, acrosomal integrity, and earlier sperm capacitation. Eight replications for each antioxidant concentration and control group, were done using four semen samples per replication. Semen samples were diluted on a Tris extender. Results showed that Tempo 0.5 mM improved frozen semen quality in comparison with control group (p<0.05), by increasing progresive motility (79 vs. 67 por ciento), viability and acrosomal integrity (70 vs. 58 por ciento), and decreasing earlier sperm capacitation (9 vs. 15 por ciento). On the other hand, Tempol decreased frozen semen quality. In conclusion, the use of Tempo 0.5 mM on a Tris extender, at the end of the cooling process, could be an alternative for improving the quality of frozed ram semen.

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