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Epilepsy is a neurological disease with one of the highest rates of incidence worldwide. Although EEG is a crucial tool for its diagnosis, the manual detection of epileptic seizures is time consuming. Automated methods are needed to streamline this process; although there are already several works that have achieved this, the process by which it is executed remains a black box that prevents understanding of the ways in which machine learning algorithms make their decisions. A state-of-the-art deep learning model for seizure detection and three EEG databases were chosen for this study. The developed models were trained and evaluated under different conditions (i.e., three distinct levels of overlap among the chosen EEG data windows). The classifiers with the best performance were selected, then Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAPs) and Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIMEs) were employed to estimate the importance value of each EEG channel and the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was computed between the EEG features of epileptic signals and the importance values. The results show that the database and training conditions may affect a classifier's performance. The most significant accuracy rates were 0.84, 0.73, and 0.64 for the CHB-MIT, Siena, and TUSZ EEG datasets, respectively. In addition, most EEG features displayed negligible or low correlation with the importance values. Finally, it was concluded that a correlation between the EEG features and the importance values (generated by SHAP and LIME) may have been absent even for the high-performance models.
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Abstract: Tinnitus detection and characterization requires a carefully elaborated diagnosis mainly owing to its heterogeneity nature. The present investigation aims to find features in Electroencephalographic (EEG) signals from time and frequency domain analysis that could distinguish between healthy and tinnitus sufferers with different levels of hearing loss. For this purpose, 24 volunteers were recruited and equally divided into four groups: 1) controls, 2) slow tinnitus, 3) middle tinnitus and 4) high tinnitus. EEG signals were registered in two states, with eyes closed and opened for 60 seconds. EEG analysis was focused on two bandwidths: delta and alpha band. For time domain, the EEG features estimated were mean, standard deviation, kurtosis, maximum peak, skewness and shape. For frequency domain, the EEG features obtained were mean, skewness, power spectral density. Normality of EEG data was evaluated by the Lilliefors test, and as a result, the nonparametric technique Kruskal-Wallis H statistic to test significance was applied. Results show that EEG features are more differentiable between tinnitus sufferers and controls in frequency domain than in time domain. EEG features from tinnitus patients with high HL are significantly different from the rest of the groups in alpha frequency band activity when shape and skewness are computed.
Resumen: La detección y caracterización del acúfeno requiere un diagnóstico cuidadosamente elaborado debido principalmente a su naturaleza heterogénea. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo encontrar características en las señales electroencefalográficas (EEG) a partir del análisis del dominio del tiempo y frecuencia que podrían distinguir entre pacientes sanos y con acúfeno con diferentes niveles de pérdida auditiva. Para ello, se reclutaron 24 voluntarios y se dividieron por igual en cuatro grupos: 1) controles, 2) acúfeno bajo, 3) acúfeno medio y 4) acufeno alto. La actividad EEG se registró en reposo en dos condiciones: ojos cerrados y abiertos durante un minuto. El análisis de EEG se centró en anchos de banda delta y alfa. Para el dominio del tiempo, las características del EEG estimadas fueron la media, la desviación estándar, la curtosis, el pico máximo, la asimetría y la forma. Para el dominio de la frecuencia, las características de EEG obtenidas fueron media, asimetría, densidad espectral de potencia. La normalidad de los datos del EEG se evaluó mediante la prueba de Lilliefors y, como resultado, se aplicó la técnica no paramétrica del estadístico H de Kruskal-Wallis para probar la significación. Los resultados muestran que las características del EEG son más diferenciables entre los pacientes con acúfeno y los controles en el dominio de la frecuencia que en el dominio del tiempo. Las características del EEG de los pacientes con acúfeno con alta pérdida de audición son significativamente diferentes del resto de los grupos en la actividad de la banda de alfa cuando se calculan la forma y la asimetría.
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Pneumonia and pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) are both respiratory diseases; their diagnosis is difficult due to their similarity in symptoms, medical subjectivity, and the large amount of information from different sources necessary for a correct diagnosis. Analysis of such clinical data using computational tools could help medical staff reduce time, increase diagnostic certainty, and improve patient care during hospitalization. In addition, no studies have been found that analyze all clinical information on the Mexican population in the Spanish language. Therefore, this work performs automatic diagnosis of pneumonia and pulmonary thromboembolism using machine-learning tools along with clinical laboratory information (structured data) and clinical text (unstructured data) obtained from electronic health records. A cohort of 173 clinical records was obtained from the Mexican Social Security Institute. The data were preprocessed, transformed, and adjusted to be analyzed using several machine-learning algorithms. For structured data, naïve Bayes, support vector machine, decision trees, AdaBoost, random forest, and multilayer perceptron were used; for unstructured data, a BiLSTM was used. K-fold cross-validation and leave-one-out were used for evaluation of structured data, and hold-out was used for unstructured data; additionally, 1-vs.-1 and 1-vs.-rest approaches were used. Structured data results show that the highest AUC-ROC was achieved by the naïve Bayes algorithm classifying PTE vs. pneumonia (87.0%), PTE vs. control (75.1%), and pneumonia vs. control (85.2%) with the 1-vs.-1 approach; for the 1-vs.-rest approach, the best performance was reported in pneumonia vs. rest (86.3%) and PTE vs. rest (79.7%) using naïve Bayes, and control vs. diseases (79.8%) using decision trees. Regarding unstructured data, the results do not present a good AUC-ROC; however, the best F1-score were scored for control vs. disease (72.7%) in the 1-vs.-rest approach and control vs. pneumonia (63.6%) in the 1-to-1 approach. Additionally, several decision trees were obtained to identify important attributes for automatic diagnosis for structured data, particularly for PTE vs. pneumonia. Based on the experiments, the structured datasets present the highest values. Results suggest using naïve Bayes and structured data to automatically diagnose PTE vs. pneumonia. Moreover, using decision trees allows the observation of some decision criteria that the medical staff could consider for diagnosis.
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Epilepsy is a disease that decreases the quality of life of patients; it is also among the most common neurological diseases. Several studies have approached the classification and prediction of seizures by using electroencephalographic data and machine learning techniques. A large diversity of features has been extracted from electroencephalograms to perform classification tasks; therefore, it is important to use feature selection methods to select those that leverage pattern recognition. In this study, the performance of a set of feature selection methods was compared across different classification models; the classification task consisted of the detection of ictal activity from the CHB-MIT and Siena Scalp EEG databases. The comparison was implemented for different feature sets and the number of features. Furthermore, the similarity between selected feature subsets across classification models was evaluated. The best F1-score (0.90) was reported by the K-nearest neighbor along with the CHB-MIT dataset. Results showed that none of the feature selection methods clearly outperformed the rest of the methods, as the performance was notably affected by the classifier, dataset, and feature set. Two of the combinations (classifier/feature selection method) reporting the best results were K-nearest neighbor/support vector machine and random forest/embedded random forest.
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Epilepsia , Qualidade de Vida , Algoritmos , Eletroencefalografia/métodos , Epilepsia/diagnóstico , Humanos , Convulsões/diagnóstico , Processamento de Sinais Assistido por Computador , Máquina de Vetores de SuporteRESUMO
Tinnitus is an auditory condition that causes humans to hear a sound anytime, anywhere. Chronic and refractory tinnitus is caused by an over synchronization of neurons. Sound has been applied as an alternative treatment to resynchronize neuronal activity. To date, various acoustic therapies have been proposed to treat tinnitus. However, the effect is not yet well understood. Therefore, the objective of this study is to establish an objective methodology using electroencephalography (EEG) signals to measure changes in attentional processes in patients with tinnitus treated with auditory discrimination therapy (ADT). To this aim, first, event-related (de-) synchronization (ERD/ERS) responses were mapped to extract the levels of synchronization related to the auditory recognition event. Second, the deep representations of the scalograms were extracted using a previously trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture (MobileNet v2). Third, the deep spectrum features corresponding to the study datasets were analyzed to investigate performance in terms of attention and memory changes. The results proved strong evidence of the feasibility of ADT to treat tinnitus, which is possibly due to attentional redirection.
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Zumbido , Estimulação Acústica , Atenção , Percepção Auditiva , Eletroencefalografia , Humanos , Zumbido/terapiaRESUMO
A common hallmark of dengue infections is the dysfunction of the vascular endothelium induced by different biological mechanisms. In this paper, we studied the role of recombinant NS1 proteins representing the four dengue serotypes, and their role in promoting the expression and release of endocan, which is a highly specific biomarker of endothelial cell activation. We evaluated mRNA expression and the levels of endocan protein in vitro following the stimulation of HUVEC and HMEC-1 cell lines with recombinant NS1 proteins. NS1 proteins increase endocan mRNA expression 48 h post-activation in both endothelial cell lines. Endocan mRNA expression levels were higher in HUVEC and HMEC-1 cells stimulated with NS1 proteins than in non-stimulated cells (p < 0.05). A two-fold to three-fold increase in endocan protein release was observed after the stimulation of HUVECs or HMEC-1 cells with NS1 proteins compared with that in non-stimulated cells (p < 0.05). The blockade of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) signaling on HMEC-1 cells with an antagonistic antibody prevented NS1-dependent endocan production. Dengue-infected patients showed elevated serum endocan levels (≥30 ng/mL) during early dengue infection. High endocan serum levels were associated with laboratory abnormalities, such as lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia, and are associated with the presence of NS1 in the serum.
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Low oxygen concentration in water (hypoxia) and high temperature are becoming more frequent due to climate change, forcing animals to endure stress or decease. Hypoxia and high temperature stress can lead to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and oxidative damage to the organisms. The shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is the most cultivated crustacean worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression and enzymatic activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and cytosolic manganese superoxide dismutase (cMnSOD) in gills and hepatopancreas from L. vannamei in response to two combined stressors: hypoxia and reoxygenation at control and high temperature (28 vs 35 °C, respectively). In addition, glutathione and hydrogen peroxide content were analyzed. The changes were mainly tissue-specific. In gills, cMnSOD expression and enzymatic activity increased in response to the interactions between oxygen variation and thermal stress, while GPx and CAT were maintained. More changes occurred in GPx, CAT and MnSOD in hepatopancreas than in gills, mainly due to the effect of the individual stress factors of thermal stress or oxygen variations. On the other hand, the redox state of glutathione indicated that during high temperature, changes in the GSH/GSSG ratio occurred due to the fluctuations of GSSG. Hydrogen peroxide concentration was not affected by thermal stress or oxygen variations in hepatopancreas, whereas in gills, it was not detected. Altogether, these results indicate a complex pattern of antioxidant response to hypoxia, reoxygenation, high temperature and their combinations.
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Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Glutationa/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Hipóxia/metabolismo , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Penaeidae/fisiologia , Animais , Antioxidantes/química , Catalase/metabolismo , Brânquias/fisiologia , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Hepatopâncreas/metabolismo , Homeostase , Temperatura Alta , Estresse Fisiológico , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , TemperaturaRESUMO
Shrimp are increasingly exposed to warmer temperatures and lower oxygen concentrations in their habitat due to climate change. These conditions may lead to oxidative stress and apoptosis. We studied the effects of high temperature, hypoxia, reoxygenation, and the combination of these factors on lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and caspase-3 activity in gills of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Silencing of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (mMnSOD) was used to determine the role of this enzyme in response to the abiotic stressors described above, to avoid oxidative damage and apoptosis. In addition, mMnSOD gene expression and mitochondrial SOD activity were evaluated to determine the efficiency of silencing this enzyme. The results showed that there was no effect of the abiotic stress conditions on the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), but protein carbonylation increased in all the oxidative stress treatments and caspase-3 activity decreased in hypoxia at 28⯰C. On the other hand, mMnSOD-silenced shrimp experienced higher oxidative stress, since TBARS, carbonylated proteins and caspase-3 activity increased in some silenced treatments. Unexpectedly, mitochondrial SOD activity increased in some of the silenced treatments as well. Altogether, these results suggest that mMnSOD has a key role in shrimp for the prevention of oxidative damage development and induction of apoptosis in response to hypoxia, reoxygenation, high temperature, and their interactions, as conditions derived from climate change.
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Caspase 3/metabolismo , Crustáceos/fisiologia , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Temperatura Alta , Hipóxia/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/enzimologia , Estresse Oxidativo/genética , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/genética , Animais , Crustáceos/metabolismo , Inativação Gênica , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
The aims of this study were to determine the involvement of interleukin 17 (IL-17) and IL-17-producing cells in dengue pathogenesis. Blood samples from dengue virus (DENV)-infected patients were collected on different days after the onset of symptoms. Patients were classified according to 1997 World Health Organization guidelines. Our study examined 152 blood samples from dengue fever (DF, n = 109) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF, n = 43) patients and 90 blood samples from healthy controls (HC). High serum concentrations of IL-17A and IL-22 were also associated with DHF (IL-17A [DHF vs. DF, p < 0.01; DHF vs. HC, p < 0.0001]; IL-22 [DHF vs. DF, p < 0.05; DHF vs. HC, p < 0.0001]). Moreover, there was a positive correlation between serum levels of IL-17A and IL-23, a key cytokine that promotes IL-17-based immune responses (r = 0.4089, p < 0.0001). Consistent with the IL-17-biased immune response in DHF patients, we performed ex vivo activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from DHF patients and flow cytometry analysis showed a robust IL-17-biased immune response, characterized by a high frequency of CD4+IL-17+ producing cells. Our results suggests IL-17-producing cells and their related cytokines can play a prominent role in this viral disease.
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Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Vírus da Dengue/fisiologia , Dengue/etiologia , Dengue/metabolismo , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Células Th17/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Criança , Citocinas/sangue , Citocinas/metabolismo , Dengue/diagnóstico , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Interleucina-17/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Células Th17/imunologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Resumen La enfermedad por coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) es una enfermedad infecciosa cuya sintomatología inicial, en la mayoría de las ocasiones, se manifiesta con compromiso del tracto respiratorio. El virus que causa dicha enfermedad se denomina síndrome respiratorio agudo severo por coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2). Si bien la manifestación grave más frecuente de la infección parece ser la neumonía, se han documentado diversas implicaciones cardiovasculares. Las personas que cursan con dicha infección y que tienen una enfermedad cardiovascular preexistente tienen un riesgo mayor de cuadros graves y mortalidad. Existen asociaciones directas o indirectas de la infección con injuria miocárdica, arritmias, enfermedad tromboembólica venosa y miocarditis. Los tratamientos en investigación pueden tener efectos adversos en el sistema eléctrico del corazón; además, algunos medicamentos de uso crónico (como los inhibidores del sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona) se les ha otorgado un polémico papel en la virulencia del microorganismo. La alta demanda en atención en salud que requieren los pacientes infectados por SARS-CoV 2 puede comprometer la asistencia de pacientes cardiovasculares sin dicha infección y dejar en riesgo de exposición al personal sanitario. Se presenta una revisión sobre los aspectos más llamativos donde estas dos condiciones interaccionan.
Abstract Coronavirus-2019 disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease which initial symptoms, in most cases, manifest with respiratory tract compromise. The virus that causes said disease is called severe acute respiratory syndrome by coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV 2), although the most frequent serious manifestation of the infection appears to be pneumonia, various implications have been documented from the cardiovascular point of view. People who have this infection and a pre-existing cardiovascular disease have an increased risk of severe symptoms and mortality. There are direct or indirect associations of the infection with myocardial injury, arrhythmias, venous thromboembolic disease and myocarditis. Investigational treatments may have adverse effects on the heart's electrical system. In addition, some medications of chronic use (such as renin angiotensin aldosterone systeminhibitors), have been given a controversial role in the virulence of the organism. The high demand in health care required by patients infected with SARS-CoV 2 can compromise the care of cardiovascular patients without said infection, in addition to leaving healthcare personal at risk of exposure. Therefore, a review is presented on the most striking aspects where these two conditions interact.
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BACKGROUND: Noncoding sequences have been demonstrated to possess regulatory functions. Its classification is challenging because they do not show well-defined nucleotide patterns that can correlate with their biological functions. Genomic signal processing techniques like Fourier transform have been employed to characterize coding and noncoding sequences. This transformation in a systematic whole-genome noncoding library, such as the ENCODE database, can provide evidence of a periodic behaviour in the noncoding sequences that correlates with their regulatory functions. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to classify different noncoding regulatory regions through their frequency spectra. METHODS: We computed machine learning algorithms to classify the noncoding regulatory sequences frequency spectra. RESULTS: The sequences from different regulatory regions, cell lines, and chromosomes possessed distinct frequency spectra, and that machine learning classifiers (such as those of the support vector machine type) could successfully discriminate among regulatory regions, thus correlating the frequency spectra with their biological functions CONCLUSION: Our work supports the idea that there are patterns in the noncoding sequences of the genome.
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Genoma Humano/genética , Genômica , Aprendizado de Máquina , Sequências Reguladoras de Ácido Nucleico/genética , Algoritmos , Humanos , Nucleotídeos/genéticaRESUMO
Toxoplasma gondii is the etiological agent of toxoplasmosis. Mother-to-child transmission of this parasite can occur during pregnancy. Newborns with congenital toxoplasmosis may develop central nervous system impairment, with severity ranging from subclinical manifestations to death. A proinflammatory/regulated specific immune profile is crucial in the defense against the parasite; nevertheless, its role in the infected pregnant women and the congenitally infected offspring has been poorly explored, and there is still no consensus about its relation to parasite vertical transmission or to severity and dissemination in the congenitally infected newborns. This work aimed to characterize these relations by means of principal component and principal factor analyses. For this purpose, we determined the specific production of the four immunoglobulin G antibody subclasses, cytokines, and lymphocyte proliferation in the T. gondii-infected pregnant women-10 who transmitted the infection to their offspring and seven who did not-as well as in 11 newborns congenitally infected and grouped according to disease severity (five mild and six moderate/severe) and dissemination (four local and seven disseminated). We found that the immune response of nontransmitter women differed from that of the transmitters, the latter having a stronger proinflammatory response, supporting a previous report. We also found that newborns who developed moderate/severe disease presented higher levels of lymphocyte proliferation, particularly of CD8+ and CD19+ cells, a high proportion of tumor necrosis factor α producers, and reduced expression of the immune modulator transforming growth factor ß, as opposed to children who developed mild clinical complications. Our results suggest that a distinctive, not regulated, proinflammatory immune response might favor T. gondii vertical transmission and the development of severe clinical manifestations in congenitally infected newborns.
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Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/imunologia , Toxoplasmose Congênita/imunologia , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Masculino , Gravidez , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasmose Congênita/transmissãoRESUMO
Climate warming has been increasing ocean water temperature and decreasing oxygen concentrations, exposing aquatic organisms to environmental stress conditions. The shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei manages to survive these harsh environmental conditions by enhancing their antioxidant defenses, among other strategies. In this study, we report the mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (mMnSOD) nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences and its gene expression in L. vannamei tissues. The deduced protein has 220 amino acids with a signal peptide of 20 amino acids. Expression of mMnSOD was analyzed in hepatopancreas, gills and muscle, where gills had highest expression in normoxic conditions. In addition, shrimp were subjected to high temperature, hypoxia and reoxygenation to analyze the effect on the expression of mMnSOD and SOD activity in mitochondria. High temperature and hypoxia showed a synergistic effect in the up-regulation on expression of mMnSOD in gills and hepatopancreas. Moreover, induction in SOD activity was found in the mitochondrial fraction from gills of normoxia at high temperature, probably due to an overproduction of reactive oxygen species caused by an elevated metabolic rate due to the stress temperature. These results suggest that the combined stress conditions of hypoxia and high temperature trigger molecularly the antioxidant response in L. vannamei in a higher degree than only one stressor.
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Proteínas de Artrópodes , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Oxigênio , Penaeidae , Superóxido Dismutase , Temperatura , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Proteínas de Artrópodes/genética , Proteínas de Artrópodes/metabolismo , Sequência de Bases , Penaeidae/genética , Penaeidae/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/genética , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
Endocannabinoids are ancient biomolecules involved in several cellular (e.g., metabolism) and physiological (e.g., eating behaviour) functions. Indeed, eating behaviour alterations in marijuana users have led to investigate the orexigenic/anorexigenic effects of cannabinoids in animal/ human models. This increasing body of research suggests that the endocannabinoid system plays an important role in feeding control. Accordingly, within the endocannabinoid system, cannabinoid receptors, enzymes and genes represent potential therapeutic targets for dealing with multiple metabolic and behavioural dysfunctions (e.g., obesity, anorexia, etc.). Paradoxically, our understanding on the endocannabinoid system as a cellular mediator is yet limited. For example: (i) only two cannabinoid receptors have been classified, but they are not enough to explain the pharmacological profile of several experimental effects induced by cannabinoids; and (ii) several orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) interact with cannabinoids and we do not know how to classify them (e.g., GPR18, GPR55 and GPR119; amongst others). On this basis, the present review attempts to summarize the lines of evidence supporting the potential role of GPR18, GPR55 and GPR119 in metabolism and feeding control that may explain some of the divergent effects and puzzling data related to cannabinoid research. Moreover, their therapeutic potential in feeding behaviour alterations will be considered.
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Endocanabinoides/metabolismo , Endocanabinoides/farmacologia , Receptores de Canabinoides/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Animais , Canabinoides , Endocanabinoides/química , Endocanabinoides/fisiologia , Humanos , Receptores de Canabinoides/fisiologia , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/fisiologiaRESUMO
The cell cycle comprises a series of steps necessary for cell growth until cell division. The participation of proteins responsible for cell cycle regulation, known as cyclin dependent kinases or Cdks, is necessary for cycle progression. Cyclin dependent kinase 2 (Cdk-2) is one of the most studied Cdks. This kinase regulates the passage through the G1/S phase and is involved in DNA replication in the S phase. Cdks have been extensively studied in mammals, but there is little information about these proteins in crustaceans. In the present work, the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of Cdk-2 from the white shrimp (Cdk-2) and its expression during hypoxia and reoxygenation are reported. Cdk-2 is a highly conserved protein and contains the serine/threonine catalytic domain, an ATP binding site and the PSTAIRE sequence. The predicted Cdk-2 structure showed the two-lobed structure characteristic of kinases. Expression of Cdk-2 was detected in hepatopancreas, gills and muscle, with hepatopancreas having the highest expression during normoxic conditions. Cdk-2 expression was significantly induced after hypoxia for 24â¯h in muscle cells, but in hypoxia exposure for 24 followed by 1â¯h of reoxygenation, the expression levels returned to the levels found in normoxic conditions, suggesting induction of cell cycle progression in muscular cells during hypoxia. No significant changes in expression of Cdk-2 were detected in these conditions in hepatopancreas and gills.
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Proteínas de Artrópodes/metabolismo , Quinase 2 Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Hipóxia/enzimologia , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Penaeidae/enzimologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Proteínas de Artrópodes/química , Proteínas de Artrópodes/genética , Sequência de Bases , Quinase 2 Dependente de Ciclina/química , Quinase 2 Dependente de Ciclina/genética , Brânquias/enzimologia , Hepatopâncreas/enzimologia , Músculos/enzimologia , Penaeidae/metabolismo , FilogeniaRESUMO
Abstract: Primary cardiac tumors in adults are rare and mostly benign, approximately 75%, being the myxoma the most frequent in half of that percentage. One-fourth of the primary cardiac tumors are malignant and 95% of the cases are sarcomas. Metastases are more frequent than primary tumors. Cardiac surgery is indicated specially in benign masses and therapies such as chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy should be reserved for unresectable or metastatic malignancies. Hence the importance of a diagnostic approach, which leads to the best therapeutic conduct and in many cases, a multimodal image approach is necessary, as it is exposed in our case.(AU)
Resumen: Los tumores cardiacos primarios en adultos son raros y en su mayoría benignos, aproximadamente el 75%, siendo el mixoma el más frecuente en la mitad de ese porcentaje. Un cuarto de los tumores cardiacos primarios son malignos y el 95% de los casos son sarcomas. Las metástasis son más frecuentes que los tumores primarios. La cirugía cardiaca está indicada especialmente en masas benignas y las terapias como la quimioterapia y/o la radioterapia deben reservarse para tumores malignos o metástasis irresecables. De ahí la importancia de un enfoque de diagnóstico, que conduzca a la mejor conducta terapéutica y, en muchos casos, es necesario un enfoque de imagen multimodal, como está expuesto en nuestro caso.(AU)
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Humanos , Forame Oval/fisiopatologia , Mixoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/instrumentação , Ecocardiografia/instrumentação , Tomografia/instrumentação , Imagem Multimodal/métodosRESUMO
Genomic signal processing (GSP) methods which convert DNA data to numerical values have recently been proposed, which would offer the opportunity of employing existing digital signal processing methods for genomic data. One of the most used methods for exploring data is cluster analysis which refers to the unsupervised classification of patterns in data. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for performing cluster analysis of DNA sequences that is based on the use of GSP methods and the K-means algorithm. We also propose a visualization method that facilitates the easy inspection and analysis of the results and possible hidden behaviors. Our results support the feasibility of employing the proposed method to find and easily visualize interesting features of sets of DNA data.
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bjetivo: analizar los factores asociados a la asistencia a citas médicas preventivas en la ciudad de Bogotá en el año 2014.Métodos: se ajustaron dos modelos de Ecuaciones de Estimación Generalizadas (GEE) con función de enlace Bernoulli y estructuras de correlación independiente y simétrica compuesta para la variable de asistencia a citas médicas preventivas.Resultados: el nivel de ingreso, el estrato socioeconómico y el nivel educativo alcanzado por el jefe de hogar generan un aumento en la probabilidad de asistir a citas médicas preventivas: la razón de probabilidad de asistencia y no asistencia es por lo menos 1,5 veces mayor en miembros de hogares de estratos distintos al 1 y por cada 100 mil pesos adicionales en el ingreso mensual del hogar dicha razón se incrementa en 1 %. Aquellos miembros pertenecientes a hogares, cuyo jefe alcanzó un nivel educativo superior a primaria tienen una razón de probabilidad de asistencia y no asistencia a citas preventivas hasta 2,3 veces mayor.Conclusiones: los resultados coinciden con los de Grossman (1972) y Kenkel (1990); sin embargo, aspectos como el nivel educativo individual, la presencia de adultos mayores e infantes o inclusive de un cónyuge en el hogar no están relacionados con la asistencia a citas médicas preventivas.
bjective: Analyze factors involved in preventive medical appointments attendance in Bogota year 2014.Methods: two models were adjusted under GEE using a Bernoulli link function with independent and exchangeable correlation structures for preventive medical appointments attendance.Results: Income and socioeconomic stratum increase probability of preventive appointments attendance: Odds ratio of attendance and not attendance is at least 1,5 times higher in stratum 2 or higher households. Also, for every $100.000 additional pesos in monthly household income the reason increases by 1%. Household members which head reached an educational level higher than primary have an odds ratio of attendance and not attendance up to 2,3 times higher.Conclusions: Results are similar to Grossman (1972) and Kenkel (1990) nevertheless, individual educational level, presence in household of elder people or children and even presence of spouse are not related with preventive medical appointments attendance.
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OBJECTIVE:: To analyze tobacco consumption susceptibility and disincentive factors among non-smoker teenagers in Bolivia. MATERIALS AND METHODS:: A secondary data analysis of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey was conducted. A multivariate logistic regression was developed to estimate the relation between the susceptibility to smoke and social factors, smoking behaviour, and tobacco control policies. RESULTS:: Susceptibility increases by: close smoker friends (OR=1.74); comfort perception when smoking on social events (OR=1.86); observing smokers in public places (OR=1.54); teenager's cigarettes promotion (OR=4.05); exposure to tobacco advertising (OR=2.08); and male teenagers (OR=2.00). Tobacco disincentives are parental information about smoking (OR=0.38) and health warning labels (OR=0.63). CONCLUSION:: Bolivia requires, at minimum, to implement the other basic measures of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.