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NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? The aim was to identify the factors predicting the body core temperature of athletes at the end of a 10 km self-paced run in a hot environment. What is the main finding and its importance? Hyperthermia in athletes subjected to self-paced running depends on several factors, highlighting the integrated control of core temperature during exercise under environmental heat stress. Five of the seven variables that significantly predicted core temperature are not invasive and, therefore, practical for use outside the laboratory environment: heart rate, sweat rate, wet-bulb globe temperature, running speed and maximal oxygen consumption. ABSTRACT: Measurement of body core temperature (Tcore ) is paramount to determining the thermoregulatory strain of athletes. However, standard measurement procedures of Tcore are not practical for extended use outside the laboratory environment. Therefore, determining the factors that predict Tcore during a self-paced run is crucial for creating more effective strategies to minimize the heat-induced impairment of endurance performance and reduce the occurrence of exertional heatstroke. The aim of this study was to identify the factors predicting Tcore values attained at the end of a 10 km time trial (end-Tcore ) under environmental heat stress. Initially, we extracted data obtained from 75 recordings of recreationally trained men and women. Next, we ran hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses to understand the predictive power of the following variables: wet-bulb globe temperature, average running speed, initial Tcore , body mass, differences between Tcore and skin temperature (Tskin ), sweat rate, maximal oxygen uptake, heart rate and change in body mass. Our data indicated that Tcore increased continuously during exercise, attaining 39.6 ± 0.5°C (mean ± SD) after 53.9 ± 7.5 min of treadmill running. This end-Tcore value was primarily predicted by heart rate, sweat rate, differences between Tcore and Tskin , wet-bulb globe temperature, initial Tcore , running speed and maximal oxygen uptake, in this order of importance (ß power values corresponded to 0.462, -0.395, 0.393, 0.327, 0.277, 0.244 and 0.228, respectively). In conclusion, several factors predict Tcore in athletes subjected to self-paced running under environmental heat stress. Moreover, considering the conditions investigated, heart rate and sweat rate, two practical (non-invasive) variables, have the highest predictive power.

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Open-water diving in a polar environment is a psychophysiological challenge to the human organism. We evaluated the effect of short-term diving (i.e., 10 min) in Antarctic waters on autonomic cardiac control, thyroid hormone concentration, body temperatures, mood, and neuropsychological responses (working memory and sleepiness). Data collection was carried out at baseline, before, and after diving in four individuals divided into the supporting (n=2) and diving (n=2) groups. In the latter group, autonomic cardiac control (by measuring heart rate variability) was also assessed during diving. Diving decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (effect size = 1.6) and thyroxine (effect size = 2.1) concentrations; these responses were not observed for the supporting group. Diving also reduced both the parasympathetic (effect size = 2.6) and sympathetic activities to the heart (ES > 3.0). Besides, diving reduced auricular (effect size > 3.0), skin [i.e., hand (effect size = 1.2) and face (effect size = 1.5)] temperatures compared to pre-dive and reduced sleepiness state (effect size = 1.3) compared to basal, without changing performance in the working memory test. In conclusion, short-term diving in icy waters affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, modulates autonomic cardiac control, and reduces body temperature, which seems to decrease sleepiness.

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Resumen Objetivo: Describir las características demográficas del cáncer de tiroides en la Región de Ñuble en pacientes operados en el servicio de cirugía del Hospital Clínico Herminda Martin del 2017 al 2019. Materiales y Método: Mediante estudio descriptivo, se revisaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes operados en la Unidad de Cirugía de Adultos del hospital entre enero de 2017 y diciembre de 2019, tabulando las variables demográficas, clínicas e histopatológicas y método diagnóstico. Resultados: Se operaron 124 pacientes con afecciones tiroideas, 58 resultaron tener cáncer. Predominó el sexo femenino (50 pacientes). Se realizaron 43 tiroidectomías totales como primera cirugía y 15 disecciones cervicales. El carcinoma papilar fue el más diagnosticado (93,1%). Hubo discrepancias entre las categorías Bethesda II y IV en cuanto al diagnóstico definitivo. En mujeres el 36% de los tumores tuvo extensión extra tiroidea y el 54% tenían un diámetro mayor a 1 cm. Discusión: La prevalencia en el sexo femenino corresponde con los datos que se aportan a nivel mundial y en Chile. La discrepancia en el sistema Bethesda pudo corresponder a errores de la toma de muestra o su interpretación citológica. Los hallazgos de extensión y tamaño tumoral pueden estar en relación con el tiempo de espera para la cirugía. Conclusiones: El cáncer tiroideo es más frecuente en el sexo femenino. El carcinoma papilar fue el más diagnosticado. La asociación de tiroiditis con cáncer tiroideo fue de 98%. No se realizó ninguna cirugía conservadora.

Aim: To describe the demographic characteristics of thyroid cancer in the Ñuble Region in patients operated on by the Herminda Martín de Chillán Clinical Hospital surgery service from 2017 to 2019. Materials and Method: Through a descriptive study, the medical records of the patients operated on in the Adult Surgery Unit of the hospital between January 2017 and December 2019 were reviewed, tabulating the demographic, clinical and histopathological variables and method diagnosis. Results: 124 patients with thyroid conditions were operated on, 58 had cancer. The female sex predominated (50 patients). 43 total thyroidectomies were performed as the first surgery and 15 cervical dissections. Papillary carcinoma was the most diagnosed (93.1%). There were discrepancies between Bethesda categories II and IV regarding the definitive diagnosis. In women, 36% of the tumors had an extra-thyroid extension and 54% had a diameter greater than 1 cm. Discussion: The prevalence in the female sex corresponds to the data provided worldwide and in Chile. The discrepancy in the Bethesda system could correspond to errors in the sampling or its cytological interpretation. The findings of tumor extension and size may be related to the waiting time for surgery. Conclusions: Thyroid cancer is more frequent in females. Papillary carcinoma was the most diagnosed. The association of thyroiditis with thyroid cancer was 98%. No conservative surgery was performed.

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PURPOSE: To compare the posttraining recovery timeline of elite Brazilian futsal athletes before (Pre-PS) and after 10 weeks of the preseason (Post-PS) period of high-intensity technical-tactical training. METHODS: At the start (n = 13) and at the end of the preseason (n = 7), under-20 male futsal players undertook fitness testing for maximal aerobic power, the countermovement jump (CMJ), and the 10-m sprint with change of direction. Furthermore, at both Pre-PS and Post-PS, the players participated in a training session where performance and psychophysiological measures were recorded before, immediately, 3, 24, and 48 hours postsession. The measures included CMJ, 10-m sprint, creatine kinase, Total Quality Recovery Scale, and Brunel Mood Scale. Effect size (ES) analyses compared fitness and posttraining recovery values for each parameter at Pre-PS versus Post-PS. RESULTS: Only trivial ES (-0.02 to 0.11) was evident in maximal aerobic power, CMJ, and 10-m sprint at Post-PS compared with Pre-PS. For the timeline of recovery, only trivial and small ESs were evident for the 10-m sprint (-0.12 to 0.49), though CMJ recovery was improved at 3 hours (0.87) and 48 hours (1.27) at Post-PS and creatine kinase was lower at 48 hours (-1.33) at Post-PS. Perception of recovery was improved in Post-PS at 3 hours (1.50) and 24 hours postsession (0.92). Furthermore, perception of effort was lower immediately after the session (-0.29), fatigue was lower at 3 hours (-0.63), and vigor responses were improved in all postseason assessments (0.59 to 1.13). CONCLUSION: Despite minimal changes in fitness, preseason training attenuated players' perception of effort and fatigue and improved their recovery profile following a high-intensity technical-tactical training session.

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Halogen bonding (XB), a highly energetic and directional interaction, is here proposed as a new mechanism to increase solute solubilisation in solvent extractions. The approach is illustrated by the extraction of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) enantiomers in soils and sediments using supramolecular solvents (SUPRAS) containing XB donors in their structure. SUPRAS consisting of inverted hexagonal aggregates of decanoic acid, synthesized by water-induced coacervation of the amphiphile in tetrahydrofuran (THF), were explored for this purpose. Sample treatment involved the extraction of 400 mg of soil or sediment with 250 µL of SUPRAS for 5 min and then centrifugation for 10 min. SUPRAS extracts were directly analyzed by chiral liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and quantification was carried out using isotopically labelled internal standards. Quantitative recoveries (93-102%) were obtained for the six HBCD enantiomers in both fresh and aged spiked samples. The mild experimental conditions required for extraction (room temperature and atmospheric pressure), the low SUPRAS volume/sample amount ratio needed (0.6 mL g─1), the short time required for sample treatment (15 min), and the simplicity of the procedure (use of conventional equipment and the possibility of treating several samples simultaneously), makes this method clearly superior to those previously reported. Method quantitation limits were in the intervals 0.58-2.23 ng g─1, and the relative standard deviations (n = 18, HBCD stereoisomer concentration = 50 ng g─1) obtained under repeatability and reproducibility conditions varied within the ranges 1.0-4% and 2.5-5%, respectively. The approach here described could be easily extended to the extraction of brominated flame retardants in different types of matrices.

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PURPOSE: The main objective of this study is to describe the prevalence, degree and risk of corneal involvement, and visual impact in a pediatric population with blepharokeratoconjunctivitis (BKC). METHODS: Retrospective, observational, case-control study. Clinical records of patients ≤16 years old with BKC seen between 2006 and 2012 were reviewed. The prevalence and relative risk of corneal involvement was evaluated between patients with and without corneal affection through a univariate and multivariate analysis with logistic regression. Visual acuity at presentation and at last follow-up visit was also analyzed. RESULTS: One hundred and fourteen children with BKC, with a male-to-female ratio of 1 : 1 and a mean age at diagnosis of 9.13 years. The mean follow-up time was 26.4 (±25) months. Corneal involvement was present in 39.5% of patients, varying from superficial punctate keratitis to perforation. Corneal changes were not seen in children under 4 years old. The risk of corneal affection was greater in patients with photophobia, hordeolum, female gender and asymmetric disease (OR of 2.69, 11.6, 2.35 and 2.77, respectively). The mean best-corrected visual acuity at presentation was 0.20 (corneal affected group), compared to 0.11 (unaffected group; P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed an older age at time of diagnosis and a worse visual outcome in patients with BKC and corneal disease compared with previous reports. Early diagnosis and detection of risk factors for corneal involvement, as well as adequate treatment, is mandatory to prevent serious long-term visual repercussions in children with BKC.

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MDR1, which is encoded by the ABCB1 gene, is involved in multidrug resistance (hydrophobic), as well as the elimination of xenotoxic agents. The association between ABCB1 gene polymorphisms and breast cancer risk in different populations has been described previously; however, the results have been inconclusive. In this study, we examined the association between polymorphisms 3435 C/T and 1236 C/T in the ABCB1 gene and breast cancer development in Mexican women according to their menopausal status and molecular classification. Molecular subtypes as well as allele and genotype frequencies were analyzed. A total of 248 women with initial breast cancer diagnosis and 180 ethnically matched, healthy, unrelated individuals were enrolled. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was performed to detect polymorphisms 3435 C/T and 1236 C/T in the ABCB1 gene. Premenopausal T allele carriers of the 3435 C/T polymorphism showed a 2-fold increased risk of breast cancer with respect to the reference and postmenopausal groups, as well as triple-negative expression regarding the luminal A/B molecular subrogated subtypes. In contrast, the CT genotype of the 1236 polymorphism was a protective factor against breast cancer. We conclude that the T allele carrier of the 3435 C/T polymorphism in the ABCB1 gene in combination with an estrogen receptor-negative status may be an important risk factor for breast cancer development in premenopausal women.

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Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in Mexico. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the thymidylate synthase (TS) gene, the 28-base pair (bp) tandem repeat in the TS 5'-untranslated enhanced region (TSER) and the 6-bp insertion/deletion in the TS 3'-untranslated region (TS 3'-UTR), increase the rate of misincorporation of uridylate into DNA and may lead to chromosomal damage. We examined the association between these polymorphisms and BC risk in Mexican women according to menopause status. Mexican patients with initial BC diagnosis (N = 230) and 145 individuals from a reference general population group (RGP) were included. For statistical analysis, the BC group was divided into pre- and post-menopause groups (PRE and POST groups, respectively). We analyzed both TS polymorphisms (TSER and TS 3'-UTR) using polymerase chain reaction. Finetti analysis was used to evaluate inter-and intra-group differences. The results showed a high frequency for the 3R and ins6 alleles in the BC, RGP, PRE, and POST groups. No significant differences were observed for the TS and TSER genotype and allele frequency distributions between groups. We found that the TSER and TS 3'-UTR SNPs are not associated with BC risk in Mexican patients.

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En Uruguay las infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas son una importante causa de morbimortalidad. El empiema paraneumónico ha alcanzado cifras del 15% de los ingresos por neumonía en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR). Objetivo: Identificar factores de riesgo de desarrollo de empiema en niños menores de 5 años que requieren ingreso hospitalario por diagnóstico de neumonía. Hipótesis: El retardo en el diagnóstico aumenta al menos 2 veces el riesgo de desarrollar empiema en menores de 5 años que requieren ingreso hospitalario por neumonía. Como hipótesis secundarias, las visitas reiteradas y el uso previo de antibióticos lo aumentan también. Método: Estudio observacional, prospectivo de una cohorte de niños menores de 5 años hospitalizados en el CHPR por neumonía. Interrogatorio a padres de síntomas de interés y exposición a factores. Registro de edad, sexo, estado nutricional, edad gestacional y peso al nacer. Los pacientes fueron seguidos hasta el alta hospitalaria. Resultados: Se siguieron 201 niños; 104 se presentaron con retardo en el diagnóstico, 152 con consultas reiteradas y 36 con uso previo de antibióticos; 70 niños desarrollaron empiema. El retardo en el diagnóstico se asoció a un aumento en el desarrollo de empiema de 1,9 veces (IC95% 1,3-2,9). Ni las consultas reiteradas ni el uso previo de antibióticos se comportaron como factores de riesgo. Conclusión: El retardo en el diagnóstico de neumonía aumenta hasta 2,9 veces el riesgo de desarrollar empiema en niños menores de 5 años con criterio de hospitalización en el CHPR. Las consultas reiteradas y el uso previo de antibióticos no lo aumentan. El reconocimiento precoz de los signos de neumonía podría disminuir esta complicación.

Lower respiratory infectious diseases are an important cause of morbidity-mortality in Uruguay. The parapneumonic empyema occurred in 15% of admissions for pneumonia at the Pereira Rossell Hospital Centre (PRHC). Objective: To identify risk factors for pleural empyema in children aged between 1 month and 5 years with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) admitted to hospital. Hypothesis: The delay in diagnosis increases the risk of pleural empyema two-fold. Secondary hypothesis, previous medical visits and use of antibiotics increase the risk of empyema. Methods: An observational, prospective cohort study was carried out on children admitted to the PRHC with a diagnosis of CAP. Symptoms duration, antibiotic use and previous medical visits were noted, and patients followed up until discharge. Results: Of 201 children, 104 had a delayed diagnosis of CAP, 152 were repeated seen, and 36 had previous antibiotics. 70 developed pleural empyema. The delayed diagnosis increased the risk of empyema by 1,9 (CI 95% 1,3-2,9). Previous medical visits or the use of antibiotics increased the risk. Conclusions: Delayed diagnosis of CAP increased the risk of empyema by as much as 2,9 times normal. The early appreciation of these signs and symptoms may decrease the risk of this complication.

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Este artículo presenta el proyecto de profesionalización que la Escuela Nacional de Enfermería y Obstetricia (ENEO) de la Universidad Autónoma de México (UNAM) ha venido realizando desde hace varios años. Expone los tres ejes fundamentales de dicho proyecto: el desarrollo de la Licenciatura en Enfermería, el programa de enfermería a través del Sistema de Universidad Abierta (SUA) y la educación profesional continua. Así también dentro de este documento se presenta una síntesis de los compromisos establecidos por la ENEO como Centro Colaborador de la OMS/OPS para el Desarrollo de la Enfermería Profesional en México

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Traditionally intraocular ophthalmologic surgery has been performed on hospitalized patients. Nevertheless, surgical advances now allow ambulatory management with the same effectiveness. This communication about our experience with outpatient intraocular surgery shows that there were no complications but several advantages among which is mentioned the optimal use of the hospital facilities, mainly for those patients whose serious condition require hospitalization.

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En 1985 se produjeron en le país 8.742 egresos hospitalarios por quemaduras, 62,8% de ellos en niños de 0 a 14 años. El objetivo del trabajo es decribir la magnitud y características de las consultas por quemaduras en el servicio de las consultas por quemaduras en el servicio de urgencia del Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna en 1985. Se tomó una muestra aleatoria de 22.430 consultas, de un total de 137.220, y se revisaron los boletines respectivos. Las consultas por quemaduras fueron 237: 5,2% de las consultas quirúrgicas y 1,1% del total. De ellas, 56,5% eran de hombres, 73,4% en menores de 5 años, 72% se debieron a líquidos calienes, 51,6% comprometían las extremidades superiores y 4,5% requieron hospitalización. En julio ocurrió el mayor porcentaje de consultas y en febrero el más bajo. Un programa de prevención de quemaduras infantiles debería concentrarse en población menor de cinco años, en meses de invierno, y en torno a un manejo más adecuado de líquidos calientes

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El purpura fulminans es una enfermedad poco frecuente, rapidamente progresiva, de alta toxicidad sistemica y que tiene una gran mortalidad. Se presenta un resumen de la historia clinica de una paciente de 3 anos y 6 meses, hospitalizada en la Unidad de Infecciosos del Hospital Paula Jaraquemada desde el 6 de febrero al 3 de marzo de 1981. En relacion al caso clinico, se revisan las publicaciones disponibles y se actualizan los conceptos de etiologia, clinica, patogenia, anatomia patologica, laboratorio, diagnostico y tratamiento

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Ante el aumento progresivo de la hepatitis viral aguda Tipo A y la necesidad de aminorar la magnitud del impacto medico social, economico, laboral, de ausentismo escolar y factores epidemiologicos de esta enfermedad.Se estudio el efecto del isoprinosine sobre la evolucion clinica, histologica y de laboratorio en 13 ninos sin demostrar ventajas con respecto al uso de placebo

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Se revisaron 782 casos de fiebre tifoidea en ninos hospitalizados a traves de un periodo de 5 anos en dos establecimientos de Santiago Los separamos en 2 grupos: a) con bacteriologia negativa. b) complicados o no complicados Se analizaron porcentaje, tipo, tratamiento y evolucion de los casos complicados. El resultado de nuestra revision indica que se complica el 12,7% de los casos. De ellos, solo el 5,4% corresponde a casos bacteriologicamente confirmados y el 7,3% a casos con bacteriologia negativa. Se uso cloramfenicol en la mayoria de los pacientes, solo excepcionalmente se recurrio a la cirugia; la evolucion de casi todos fue satisfactoria, excepto en caso en el que el paciente fallecio

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