RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine longitudinal associations between patterns of comorbid cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use and Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD), Major Depressive Episode (MDE), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in adulthood. METHOD: A random community-based sample [XÌ age=36.6 (SD=2.8)] from the Children and Adults in the Community Study, an on-going investigation of substance use and psychiatric disorders. Data were collected at six time waves. Conjoint trajectories of cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use spanning adolescence to adulthood were determined; multivariable logistic regression analyses assessed associations between trajectory group membership and having ASPD, MDE, or GAD in adulthood. RESULTS: Five conjoint trajectory groups were obtained: HHH (chronic cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use), DDD (delayed/late-starting cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use), LML (low/no smoking, moderate alcohol use, occasional marijuana use), HMN (chronic smoking, moderate alcohol use, no marijuana use), and NON (occasional alcohol use only). Compared with members of the NON group, those in the HHH group had significantly greater odds for having ASPD (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]=28.52, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]=9.44-86.17), MDE (AOR=2.67, 95% CI=1.14-6.26), and GAD (AOR=6.39, 95% CI=2.62-15.56). Members of the DDD, LML, and HMN groups had weaker and less consistent associations with the three psychiatric outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: In a large, community-based sample, long-term concurrent use of more than one substance was associated with both externalizing and internalizing psychiatric disorders in adulthood. Prevention and treatment programs might target individuals in the community and general clinical populations with comorbid substance use, even if they haven't been identified as having a substance use disorder.
Assuntos
Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/psicologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/psicologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/psicologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/epidemiologia , Diagnóstico Duplo (Psiquiatria) , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , New York/epidemiologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study examined the role of cigarette smoking beginning in adolescence and extending to the fifth decade of life on insomnia at an average age of 43 years in the Children and Adults in the Community Study. METHODS: Participants were originally assessed in 1983 and came from a community-based random sample of individuals living in 2 upstate New York counties. Participants were assessed over 7 waves of data collection that spanned approximately 29 years, from mean ages 14.1 years (T2) to 42.9 years (T8). We classified the longitudinal trajectories of cigarette use. Five cigarette use trajectory groups were identified: heavy/continuous smokers, late starters, occasional smokers, quitters/decreasers, and nonsmokers. RESULTS: The result of the logistic regression analysis of adult insomnia for the Bayesian posterior probability of the heavy/continuous smokers when compared with the Bayesian posterior probability of nonsmokers was statistically significant-adjusted odds ratio of 3.35 [95% confidence interval (1.06-10.56; P < 0.05)]-after adjustment for control variables. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the importance of heavy chronic smoking as contributing to insomnia. Clinicians should focus their efforts on smoking prevention and treatment of younger individuals, as well as promoting cessation among older adult smokers to decrease the likelihood of insomnia.
Assuntos
Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/epidemiologia , Fumar/epidemiologia , Distribuição por Idade , Comorbidade , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , New York/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The current study examined the association of smoking cessation (≥1 year without relapse) and self-reported psychosocial and physical outcomes among a community sample of women (N = 195; mean age = 63.7 years, SD = 5.7 years). Data were collected in 1985-1986 and 2009. Successful smoking cessation for ≥1 year was significantly associated with each of the outcome measures (e.g., less financial stress [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.50; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.25-1.00, P< 0.05), less life dissatisfaction (AOR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.24-1.09, P< 0.05). Findings suggest that older women should be included in smoking cessation programs, and the important benefits of quitting should be used to encourage cessation.
Assuntos
Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos de Coortes , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , New York/epidemiologia , Satisfação Pessoal , Fumar/economia , Fumar/epidemiologia , Fumar/psicologia , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/economia , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/psicologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: We modeled triple trajectories of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood as predictors of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). METHODS: We assessed urban African American and Puerto Rican participants (n = 816) in the Harlem Longitudinal Development Study, a psychosocial investigation, at 4 time waves (mean ages = 19, 24, 29, and 32 years). We used Mplus to obtain the 3 variable trajectories of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use from time 2 to time 5 and then conducted logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: A 5-trajectory group model, ranging from the use of all 3 substances (23%) to a nonuse group (9%), best fit the data. Membership in the trajectory group that used all 3 substances was associated with an increased likelihood of both ASPD (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.83; 95% CI = 1.14, 40.74; P < .05) and GAD (AOR = 4.35; 95% CI = 1.63, 11.63; P < .001) in adulthood, as compared with the nonuse group, with control for earlier proxies of these conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Adults with comorbid tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use should be evaluated for use of other substances and for ASPD, GAD, and other psychiatric disorders. Treatment programs should address the use of all 3 substances to decrease the likelihood of comorbid psychopathology.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Fumar Maconha/epidemiologia , Uso de Tabaco/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Comorbidade , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Cidade de Nova Iorque/epidemiologia , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Substance use and substance use disorders (SUDs) have been linked with marital discord. Relatively little is known, however, about the antecedents of SUDs, the mediators of these factors over time, or their associations with the spousal/partner relationship among urban adults. A better understanding of the longitudinal pathways to marital conflict and to SUDs should help prevention and intervention programs target their precursors within the developmental period in which they occur. The present study, therefore, examined the longitudinal predictors of an unsupportive spousal/partner relationship and SUDs among a community sample of urban African American and Puerto Rican adults from East Harlem, NY. Participants (N = 816) completed structured questionnaires at five time waves, from adolescence to adulthood (mean ages = 14, 19, 24, 29, and 32 years). Structural equation modeling examined the effects of earlier environmental and social stressors and intrapersonal and interpersonal factors on later SUDs in adulthood. There was a good fit of the structural equation model (CFI = 0.91; RMSEA = 0.06; and SRMR = 0.06), which revealed three main pathways from adolescence to the spousal/partner relationship and SUDs in adulthood. One pathway linked a weak parent-adolescent attachment relationship with the participant's psychological symptoms in emerging adulthood (p < 0.01), which in turn were related to affiliation with deviant and drug-using peers, also in emerging adulthood (p < 0.001). Peer deviance and drug use were associated with the participant's substance use in young adulthood (p < 0.001), which predicted both an unsupportive spousal/partner relationship (p < 0.05) and SUDs (p < 0.001) later in adulthood. Other pathways highlighted the continuity of psychological symptoms as related to both substance use in young adulthood (p < 0.001) and an unsupportive spousal/partner relationship in adulthood (p < 0.001). Findings showed that the associations of both distal stressors and the parent-adolescent relationship with more proximal intra- and interpersonal problems predicted unsupportive spousal/partner relationships and SUDs among urban adults. Several aspects of the individual's life, at different developmental stages, provide opportunities for interventions to prevent or reduce unsupportive spousal/partner relationships and SUDs.
Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Conflito Familiar/psicologia , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Conflito Familiar/etnologia , Humanos , Delinquência Juvenil/etnologia , Delinquência Juvenil/psicologia , Cidade de Nova Iorque , Relações Pais-Filho/etnologia , Porto Rico/etnologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Saúde da População Urbana , Adulto JovemRESUMO
While smoking is a major cause of mortality and morbidity, and maternal smoking is a risk factor for smoking among their offspring, the mechanisms involved in the intergenerational transmission of smoking are not well understood. This study examines the pathways from maternal and adolescent child factors, and the parent-child relationship, to smoking among the adult offspring, approximately 25 years later. Data for the present analysis were based on time waves 2 (T2; 1983) and 7 (T7; 2007-2009) of an on-going study of a community sample of mothers and their children. Offspring and mother X¯ ages were 14.1 and 40.0 years, respectively, at T2, and 36.6 and 65.0 years, respectively, at T7. At T2, trained interviewers administered individual structured interviews. Psychosocial questionnaires were self-administered at T7. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the interrelationships among maternal and offspring attributes (T2 and T7). SEM results indicated a satisfactory model fit (RMSEA=0.052; CFI=0.91; SRMR=0.057), and confirmed hypothesized pathways. One pathway linked maternal maladaptive attributes (T2) to the mother-adolescent child attachment relationship (T2), which was associated with the offspring's maladaptive attributes over time (T2 to T7), which then predicted the adult offspring's smoking (T7). Other pathways highlighted the stability of maternal smoking, the continuity of maladaptive attributes, and less offspring educational attainment as predictors of offspring smoking at T7. Findings suggest the importance of early interventions to treat maternal smoking, maternal and offspring maladaptive attributes, and the mother-child relationship in order to reduce risk factors for the intergenerational transmission of smoking behavior. Interventions which enhance educational success should also prove effective in reducing smoking.
Assuntos
Relação entre Gerações , Relações Mãe-Filho , Fumar/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Comportamento , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , New York/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between trajectories of cigarette smoking among a community sample of women (N=498) with insomnia in late mid-life. METHODS: Participants were administered structured interviews at four time waves in adulthood, spanning approximately 25 years (mean ages=40, 43, 48, and 65 years). At each wave, data were collected on participants' cigarette smoking. At the most recent time wave, in late mid-life, participants reported on their insomnia (difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, early morning wakening, and daytime consequences of these sleep problems). RESULTS: Growth mixture modeling extracted four trajectory groups of cigarette smoking (from mean ages 40-65 years): chronic heavy smokers, moderate smokers, late quitters, and non-smokers. Multivariate logistic regression analysis then examined the relationship between participants' probabilities of trajectory group membership and insomnia in late mid-life, with controls for age, educational level, marital status, depressive symptoms, body mass index, and the number of health conditions. Compared with the non-smokers group, members of the chronic heavy smoking trajectory group were more likely to report insomnia at mean age 65 (Adjusted Odds Ratio=2.76; 95% confidence interval=1.10-6.92; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking cessation programs and clinicians treating female patients in mid-life should be aware that chronic heavy smoking in adulthood is a significant risk factor for insomnia.
Assuntos
Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/etiologia , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idade de Início , Idoso , Índice de Massa Corporal , Depressão/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Estudos Longitudinais , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
This is the first study to examine maternal predictors of comorbid trajectories of cigarette smoking and marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood. Participants (N=806) are part of an on-going longitudinal psychosocial study of mothers and their children. Mothers were administered structured interviews when participants were adolescents, and participants were interviewed at six time waves, from adolescence to adulthood. Mothers and participants independently reported on their relationships when participants were X¯ age 14.1 years. At each time wave, participants answered questions about their cigarette and marijuana use from the previous wave to the present. Latent growth mixture modeling determined the participants' membership in trajectory groups of comorbid smoking and marijuana use, from X¯ ages 14.1 to 36.6 years. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association of maternal factors (when participants were adolescents) with participants' comorbid trajectory group membership. Findings showed that most maternal risk (e.g., mother-child conflict, maternal smoking) and protective (e.g., maternal affection) factors predicted participants' membership in trajectory groups of greater and lesser comorbid substance use, respectively. Clinical implications include the importance of addressing the mother-child relationship in prevention and treatment programs for comorbid cigarette smoking and marijuana use.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Fumar Maconha/epidemiologia , Relações Mãe-Filho , Fumar/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Comorbidade , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Modelos Logísticos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Fumar Maconha/psicologia , Comportamento Materno , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/psicologia , Meio Social , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
This study examines the precursors of violent behavior among urban, racial/ethnic minority adults. Data are from an on-going study of male and female African Americans and Puerto Ricans, interviewed at four time waves, Time 1-Time 4 (T1-T4), from adolescence to adulthood. Structural Equation Modeling was used to analyze the developmental pathways, beginning in mid-adolescence (T1; age = 14.0 years), to violent behavior in adulthood (T4; age = 29.2 years). The variables assessed were: components of externalizing behaviors (i.e., rebelliousness, delinquency; T1, T3); illicit drug use (T2); peer delinquency (T2); perceived neighborhood crime (T4); and violent behavior (T3, T4). Results showed that the participants' externalizing behaviors (rebelliousness and delinquency) were relatively stable from mid-adolescence (T1; age = 14.0 years) to early adulthood (T3; age = 24.4 years). The participants' externalizing behaviors in mid-adolescence also had a direct pathway to peer delinquency in late adolescence (T2; age = 19.1 years). Peer delinquency, in turn, had a direct pathway to the participants' illicit drug use in late adolescence (T2), and to externalizing behaviors in early adulthood (T3). The participants' illicit drug use (T2; age = 19.1 years) had both direct and indirect paths to violent behavior in adulthood (T4). The participants' externalizing behaviors in early adulthood (T3) were linked with violent behavior at T3, and perceived neighborhood crime (T4), both of which had direct pathways to violent behavior in adulthood (T4). The findings suggest developmental periods during which externalizing behaviors, exposure to delinquent peers, illegal drug use, and neighborhood crime could be targeted by prevention and intervention programs in order to reduce violent behavior.
Assuntos
Delinquência Juvenil/psicologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Violência/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Crime/etnologia , Crime/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Delinquência Juvenil/etnologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Cidade de Nova Iorque , Grupo Associado , Porto Rico/etnologia , Características de Residência , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/etnologia , População Urbana , Violência/etnologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
This is the first study to examine the pathways from environmental stressors to substance use among a sample of South African adolescents (N = 2195). The study objective was to assess how environmental stressors might affect cigarette smoking and alcohol use among South African adolescents, and to focus on one mechanism, low well-being, which might mediate this association. Participants consisted of 2195 Black, mixed ancestry ("Colored"), Indian, and White youth, aged 12-17 years old (mean age = 14.6; SD = 1.8), recruited via a multi-stage stratified sampling procedure in Durban, Cape Town, and Johannesburg, South Africa. Data were collected via individual in-person structured interviews, administered by trained interviewers in the participant's preferred language. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the interrelationships of environmental stressors (violent victimisation, legal and illegal drug availability) and low well-being (depressive symptoms, low self-esteem, health problems) with respect to adolescent cigarette smoking and alcohol use. The results supported our hypotheses: Environmental stressors were related to low well-being which, in turn, was linked to both adolescent smoking and alcohol use. There were also direct pathways from environmental stressors to both adolescent smoking and alcohol use. Smoking and alcohol use were significantly correlated. The findings suggest that environmental stressors may be associated with diminished psychological and physical well-being, as well as smoking and alcohol use, among South African adolescents. Longitudinal research is warranted to further understand the interrelationship of environmental stressors, low well-being, and adolescent substance use, so that these issues may be addressed by South African programmes and policies.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Satisfação Pessoal , Fumar/epidemiologia , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Classe Social , África do Sul/epidemiologiaRESUMO
This is the first prospective study to examine the precursors of child externalizing behavior across three generations of African Americans and Puerto Ricans. Participants comprised a community cohort of male and female African Americans and Puerto Ricans (N = 366, Xâ» age = 29.4 years), who are part of an ongoing study of drug use and problem behaviors, and who had a child. Data were collected at four time waves, spanning the participants' adolescence to adulthood. Questionnaires were initially self-administered in schools in East Harlem, NY, USA (time 1). Subsequently, structured interviews were conducted by trained interviewers (times 2 and 3), and self-administered via mail (time 4). The independent variables consisted of the participants' prospective reports of their (a) relationships with their parents during adolescence, (b) depressive mood and drug use (adolescence to adulthood), (c) relationship with their oldest child between the ages of 6-13, and (d) perceptions of neighborhood crime and deterioration (in adulthood). The dependent variable was externalizing behavior in the participant's oldest child (Xâ» age = 9.6 years; SD = 2.0). Structural equation modeling showed that the parent-child relationship during participants' adolescence was linked with the participants' depressive mood and drug use which, in turn, were associated with the participants' relationship with their own child, as well as with neighborhood crime and deterioration when participants were adults. The participants' depressive mood, and relationship with their own child, as well as neighborhood crime and deterioration, each had a direct pathway to externalizing behavior in the participant's child. Findings suggest that intervention programs and public policy should address parental attributes, neighborhood factors, and, especially, parenting skills, to reduce risk factors for the intergenerational transmission of externalizing behavior.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/etnologia , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/etnologia , Depressão/etnologia , Relação entre Gerações/etnologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/etnologia , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Adulto , Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Criança , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Cidade de Nova Iorque/epidemiologia , Relações Pais-Filho/etnologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Porto Rico/etnologia , Fatores de Risco , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE: This is a longitudinal study of the precursors of sexual risk behavior among a cohort of adolescent children of HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug-abusing or drug-dependent fathers. METHODS: Individual structured interviews were administered to 296 drug-abusing or drug-dependent fathers, 43% of whom were HIV positive, and an adolescent child of each father (mean age = 16.3 years; SD = 2.8). Adolescents were reinterviewed approximately 1 year later, at Time 2. RESULTS: Structural equation modeling showed multiple direct and indirect pathways from psychosocial factors to adolescent sexual risk behavior (sexually active, number of sexual partners, and frequency of condom use). Greater paternal drug addiction and infection with HIV/AIDS, and the youth's perception of environmental hostility (discrimination and victimization), were both related to increased adolescent maladjustment and substance use. Greater paternal drug addiction and infection with HIV/AIDS also were associated with a weaker father-child mutual attachment, which was linked with increased adolescent maladjustment and substance use. Greater perceived environmental hostility (discrimination and victimization), a weak father-child relationship, and greater adolescent maladjustment and substance use had direct pathways to adolescent sexual risk behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest complex interrelationships among paternal, environmental, social, personal, and substance use factors as longitudinal predictors of sexual risk behavior in children whose fathers abuse or are dependent upon drugs. The importance of perceived environmental hostility, the father-child relationship, and adolescent maladjustment and substance use may have implications for public policy as well as prevention and treatment programs.
Assuntos
Pai , Soropositividade para HIV , Estudos Longitudinais , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Sexo sem Proteção , Adolescente , Adulto , Filho de Pais com Deficiência , Relações Pai-Filho , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Assunção de RiscosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Studies have consistently documented the importance of examining light smoking among African American and Latino adolescent and adult smokers. Little is known, however, about the psychosocial antecedents of adolescent and young adult light smoking in these racial/ethnic minority groups. METHODS: This study examined the longitudinal interrelationships and pathways leading to light smoking among African Americans (n = 288) and Puerto Ricans (n = 262). Specifically, we assessed parental factors, perceived discrimination, peer smoking, personality factors, and light smoking in late adolescence as precursors to light smoking among African American and Puerto Rican young adults. RESULTS: The results of structural equation modeling showed that a history of greater parental smoking, less parental educational attainment, and more perceived discrimination were each mediated by peer smoking and the youth's maladaptive personality and behavior in late adolescence. The youth's maladaptive personality and behavioral characteristics and light smoking in late adolescence, in turn, predicted light smoking in young adulthood. There were no significant racial/ethnic or gender differences in the pathways to light smoking. DISCUSSION: Findings highlight the longitudinal pathways to light smoking among African Americans and Puerto Ricans. The results suggest that effective prevention and cessation programs must address peer and parental social influences, perceived discrimination, and especially, emotional and behavioral problems in late adolescence to reduce light smoking among late adolescents and young adults in these racial/ethnic groups.
Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano , Hispânico ou Latino , Fumar/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente , Características da Família , Feminino , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pais , Grupo Associado , Personalidade , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/etnologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
This study examined aggressive behaviors in the adolescent children of HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug-abusing fathers. Data were collected via individual structured interviews of low-income, predominantly African American and Hispanic, father-child dyads (N = 415). Structural Equation Modeling was used to assess the interrelationship of several latent constructs with respect to adolescent aggression. Results showed a mediational model linking paternal attributes (including HIV status) and ecological factors with the father-child relationship, which impacted peer influences and the adolescent's vulnerable personality, which was the most proximal construct to aggressive behaviors. Ecological factors were also mediated by peer influences and directly linked with adolescent aggression.
Assuntos
Agressão/psicologia , Filho de Pais com Deficiência/psicologia , Filho de Pais com Deficiência/estatística & dados numéricos , Pai/estatística & dados numéricos , Soronegatividade para HIV , Soropositividade para HIV/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Relações Pai-Filho , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Poder Familiar , Grupo Associado , Transtornos da Personalidade/epidemiologia , Meio SocialRESUMO
This longitudinal study examined paternal, perceived maternal, and youth risk factors at Time 1 (T1) (e.g., substance use, violent victimization, parental rules) as predictors of the stage of substance use in the adolescent child at Time 2 (T2). Participants (N = 296) consisted of drug-abusing fathers and one of their adolescent children, aged 12 to 20 years. Fathers and youths were each administered structured interviews separately and in private. Adolescents were re-interviewed approximately one year later. Pearson correlation analyses showed that the paternal, perceived maternal, and youth risk factors were significantly related to adolescent stage of substance use at T2. With an increase in risk factors, there was an increase in T2 stage of substance use in the child. Findings imply that father-oriented treatment programs should focus on how paternal behaviors, such as illegal drug use, inadequate parenting skills, and a poor father-child relationship contribute to youth problem behaviors, including alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use.
Assuntos
Filho de Pais com Deficiência/psicologia , Filho de Pais com Deficiência/estatística & dados numéricos , Relações Pai-Filho , Pai/psicologia , Pai/estatística & dados numéricos , Drogas Ilícitas , Relações Mãe-Filho , Mães/psicologia , Mães/estatística & dados numéricos , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Adaptação Psicológica , Adolescente , Adulto , Agressão/psicologia , Criança , Vítimas de Crime/psicologia , Vítimas de Crime/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevista Psicológica , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pobreza/psicologia , Pobreza/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores de Risco , Meio Social , Facilitação Social , Estatística como Assunto , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/diagnóstico , Estados Unidos , Violência/psicologia , Violência/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study examined the longitudinal predictors of cigarette smoking in a sample of at-risk adolescents whose fathers were drug abusers (N = 296). METHODS: At time 1, structured interviews were administered, separately and in private, to male and female youth (X age = 16.3) and their fathers; adolescents were reinterviewed approximately 1 year later (at time 2). Structural equation modeling was used to examine the interrelationship of time 1 paternal tobacco and illicit drug use, father-child relations, adolescent psychological adjustment, and peer group factors and adolescent smoking at time 2. A supplementary analysis assessed the same model with control on the adolescent's age, gender, frequency of contact with the father, and the father's treatment status. RESULTS: The structural equation model showed a mediational pathway linking paternal tobacco and drug use to a weak and conflictual father-child relationship, which was associated with greater adolescent maladjustment, which in turn was related to deviant peer affiliations, which predicted adolescent smoking at time 2. There was also a direct path from paternal tobacco and drug use to adolescent time 2 smoking. The supplementary analysis found no significant differences between the models with and without control. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide evidence of the mechanisms that underlie the association between paternal drug use characteristics and smoking in the adolescent child. Clinical implications suggest the importance of the father-child relationship to smoking prevention programs for at-risk youth.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente , Filho de Pais com Deficiência , Pai , Fumar/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Relações Pai-Filho , Humanos , Masculino , Grupo Associado , Personalidade , Prevalência , Psicologia do Adolescente , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/psicologia , Transtornos do Comportamento Social/complicaçõesRESUMO
This study examined the interrelation of parental occupational status (blue- versus white-collar), parental education, parental smoking, parent-child relations, late adolescent tobacco use, and adult offspring smoking. A longitudinal data set was employed, composed of 603 participants who were first studied in childhood and then followed to mean age 27 years. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) showed that the distal factors of parental blue-collar status, low parental educational achievement, and parental smoking were related to adult offspring smoking. Specifically, parental blue-collar status and parental smoking were mediated by the latent construct of the parent-child relationship, which in turn was mediated by smoking in late adolescence with respect to adult offspring smoking. Parental educational level was partially mediated by the parent-adolescent relationship but also had a direct path to adult offspring smoking. The most powerful predictor of offspring smoking in adulthood was smoking in late adolescence. Findings imply areas that may be targeted by intervention programs to decrease offspring tobacco use.
Assuntos
Emprego , Pais/psicologia , Fumar/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Educação Infantil , Escolaridade , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Modelos Psicológicos , Relações Pais-Filho , Pais/educaçãoRESUMO
This study examined the interrelation of several domains, including father attributes, father-child relations, peer influences, environmental factors, and youth personality, as they related to adolescent alcohol use. Several aspects of the father-child relationship were also examined as possible protective factors against adolescent drinking. Subjects consisted of 204 HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug-abusing fathers and their adolescent children between the ages of 12-20. Data were collected via individual structured interviews of both the fathers and the youth. Results indicated that several items from each domain were related to adolescent drinking, and that an affectionate father-child bond had a protective effect. Moreover, hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that the youth's personality mediated between all other domains and adolescent alcohol use. There was also a direct effect of peer influences on adolescent drinking. Findings extend the literature on the specific mechanisms which link parental substance use with adolescent alcohol use in a high-risk population.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Relações Pai-Filho , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Meio Ambiente , Feminino , Infecções por HIV , Humanos , Masculino , Grupo Associado , Personalidade , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The authors examined coping in the adolescent children of drug-abusing fathers who have, or are at risk for contracting, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The ability to cope is an important factor in the adolescent's own risk behaviors, including drug use and associated problems. Each father and his adolescent child were separately administered a structured interview regarding personality, drug use, relationships, coping, and other behaviors. Adolescent adaptive coping was found to be related to greater conventionality, less marijuana use, fewer intra- and interpersonal problems, paternal adaptive coping, and a close father-child bond. Moreover, analysis using a risk factor index indicated an exponential increase in adolescent maladaptive coping with each additional psychosocial risk. Implications for policy and intervention are also discussed.