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Resumen El déficit hídrico constituye una severa limitación a la productividad agrícola. En el marco de la producción sostenible de cultivos, la biotecnología microbiana está cobrando relevancia para aumentar la tolerancia a la sequía y mejorar el rendimiento de los cultivos en condiciones adversas. El propósito de este trabajo fue comparar la acción de la cepa de Azospirillum argentinense Az19, con tolerancia in vitro a estresores abióticos, con la cepa Az39, utilizada ampliamente para la formulación de inoculantes comerciales, al inocularlas en plantas sometidas a déficit hídrico. Se realizaron ensayos de invernadero y de campo. En invernadero, la cepa Az19 evitó el impacto adverso del déficit hídrico en el estadio V2 sobre el crecimiento del maíz. Además, el porcentaje de plantas con espigas y el peso de la espiga disminuyó significativamente con la restricción hídrica aplicada en V2 y en floración en plantas inoculadas con la cepa Az39, pero no en las inoculadas con Az19. En el primer ensayo de campo con el maíz híbrido comercial DOW DS 515 PW las plantas inoculadas con Az19 fueron las que mejor toleraron la deficiencia hídrica. En el segundo ensayo de campo se utilizaron dos genotipos de maíz con sensibilidad diferencial a la sequía. La inoculación con Az19 condujo a una mayor tolerancia al déficit hídrico, con un efecto detectable en algunos componentes del rendimiento en el genotipo sensible. Sobre la base de estos resultados, proponemos el empleo de A. argentinense Az19 para la formulación de inoculantes basados en Azospirillum especialmente indicados para áreas agroecológicas que experimenten períodos de déficit hídrico.
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In Colombia, glyphosate (GP) is used to control weeds, with Roundup Active® being the most widely used. This use has affected aquatic ecosystems, causing malformations in amphibians. The Savannah frog (D. molitor) is a tropical frog inhabiting the mountain of Colombia. In the present study, we determined the effect of sublethal concentrations of GP (Roundup Active®) on the skin of D. molitor. Twenty-four tadpoles were exposed to concentrations of GP (T1: 0, T2: 1.4, T3: 3.6, and T4: 5.6 a.e mg/L) during 31 days. In 10 individuals per treatment, two skin regions were evaluated: dorsal cranial and caudal ventral to determine histopathological alterations. Morphometric analysis of the layers of the skin was performed: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis-muscular. T1 did not present histopathological alterations. Since T2 was identified, glandular cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy increased melanophores and melanin accumulations in the highest concentrations of GP. The ultrastructure revealed an increase in excretory glands in the dermis. In the other layers, an increase of melanophores and melanocyte clusters was observed accompanied by vacuolization of basal cells. The morphometry showed an increase in the thickness of the dermis in the dorso-cranial region in T2 compared to the other treatments, while the ventral caudal region exhibited a variation in the thickness of the dermis from T2 and a decrease in T4. Despite evaluating sublethal concentrations, the skin of D. molitor tadpoles presents histopathological, ultrastructural, and morphometric alterations that could affect the survival of the species in the natural environment.
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Herbicidas , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Humanos , Animais , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Ecossistema , Poluentes Químicos da Água/farmacologia , Anuros , Larva , GlifosatoRESUMO
Water deficit constitutes a severe limitation to agricultural productivity. In the context of sustainable crop production, the potential of microbial biotechnology to increase plant drought tolerance and improve crop yields under adverse conditions is gaining relevance. This work aimed to compare the performance of Azospirillumargentinense strain Az19 to that of strain Az39, the most widely used for commercial inoculants, when inoculated in maize plants exposed to water deficit. For this purpose, greenhouse and field assays were conducted. In the greenhouse experiment, strain Az19 prevented the adverse effect of water deficit at V2 stage on maize growth. Moreover, the percentage of fertile plants and the ear weight decreased significantly under water deficits imposed at V2 and flowering in Az39-inoculated plants but not in Az19-inoculated plants. In the first field trial with the commercial maize hybrid DOW DS 515 PW, Az19-inoculated plants were those which better tolerated the water deficit imposed. In the second field trial, two maize genotypes with differential drought sensitivity (LP 29×LP 2542, sensitive; LP 882 (923)×LP 4703, tolerant) were tested. Higher tolerance to water deficit was detected in plants inoculated with A. argentinense Az19, with a noticeable effect on grain yield components in the sensitive genotype. Based on these results, we propose the use of A. argentinense Az19 for the formulation of more targeted Azospirillum-based inoculants, suitable for agroecological areas subjected to seasonal water deficits.
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Azospirillum , Água , Zea mays , Agricultura , Desenvolvimento VegetalRESUMO
Introduction: There has been growing interest in recent years in the cross-cultural adaptation of mea-suring instruments for various conditions treated by physiotherapy. Validation of an instrument within a target language and culture creates a final version that is conceptually and linguistically adapted to the context but remains valid and reliable. This paper describes the process of translation and cross-cul-tural adaptation of the Test of Infant Motor Performance (timp) from us English to Colombian Spanish. This was performed in accordance with international methodological guidelines. Materials and meth-ods: A group of trained translators and field experts participated in the five stages presented herein. These stages were translation and adaptation of the instrument to Colombian Spanish, validation of its content and appearance, back-translation, revision by the original author, and, finally, a pilot test.Results: The existence of two intralingual translated and revised versions of this instrument led to a more appropriate preliminary version from conceptual, discursive, and terminological perspectives. Therefore, the adjustments made in the first stage were primarily semantic. During the second stage, field experts positively assessed the translated version and suggested adjustments to grammar, spell-ing, and word choices. There were no significant discursive problems during the back-translation stage so conceptual and terminological adjustments were minor. The revision stage and the pilot test were satisfactory. Conclusion: This translation and cross-cultural adaptation was successful. The Colombian Spanish version of the measure was culturally relevant and used appropriate language, yet remained a valid and reliable tool
Introducción: la adaptación transcultural de distintos instrumentos de medición, y para diferentes tipos de condiciones en el campo de la fisioterapia, ha sido un tema de interés en los últimos años. La validación lingüística de un instrumento a una lengua y cultura meta implica que la versión final es adaptada conceptual y lingüísticamente al contexto meta. El objetivo de este artículo es describir el proceso de traducción y adaptación transcultural al español de Colombia del Test of Infant Motor Performace(timp) siguiendo los lineamientos metodológicos internacionales. Materiales y método: se conformó un grupo de traductores calificados y de expertos que participaron en cinco fases: traducción y adaptación al español de Colombia, validez de contenido y apariencia, retrotraducción, revisión por autora original y prueba piloto. Resultados: la posibilidad de contar con dos versiones intralinguales revisadas llevó a una versión preliminar más adecuada desde las perspectivas conceptual, discursiva y terminológica. Por lo tanto, los ajustes en esta fase se realizaron principalmente desde una perspectiva semántica. En cuanto a la segunda fase, los expertos validaron positivamente dicha versión y sugirieron cambiar algunas palabras y cuestiones ortográficas. La fase de retrotraducción y la validación no presentaron problemas discursivos, así que las adecuaciones conceptuales y terminológicas fueron mínimas. La fase de revisión y la prueba piloto fueron satisfactorias. Conclusión: este proceso de traducción y adaptación transcultural fue exitoso. La versión al español de Colombia fue apropiada culturalmente, además de ser una herramienta válida y confiable
Introdução: a adaptação transcultural de diferentes instrumentos de medida e para diferentes tipos de condições no campo da fisioterapia tem sido um tema de interesse nos últimos anos. A validação linguís-tica de um instrumento para uma língua e cultura alvo implica que a versão final seja conceitual e lin-guisticamente adaptada ao contexto alvo. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever o processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural para o espanhol colombiano do Test of Infant Motor Performace (timp) de acordo com as diretrizes metodológicas internacionais. Materiais e métodos: foi conformado um grupo de tradu-tores qualificados e especialistas que participaram em cinco fases: tradução e adaptação para o espanhol colombiano, validade de conteúdo e aparência, retrotradução, revisão pelo autor original e teste piloto. Resultados: a possibilidade de haver duas versões intralinguais revisadas levou a uma versão preliminar mais adequada do ponto de vista conceitual, discursivo e terminológico, portanto, os ajustes nesta fase foram feitos principalmente do ponto de vista semântico. Já na segunda fase, os especialistas validaram positivamente essa versão e sugeriram alterações em algumas palavras e problemas ortográficos. A fase de retrotradução e a validação não apresentaram problemas discursivos, portanto as adaptações conceituais e terminológicas foram mínimas. A fase de revisão e o teste pilotoforam bem-sucedidos. Conclusão: este processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural foi favorável do ponto de vista de validade e aparência para o contexto colombiano
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Humanos , Adaptação a Desastres , Tradução , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Destreza MotoraRESUMO
AIM: Compare a pre-co-seasonal with a perennial schedule using an undiluted mixture of a depigmented-polymerized grass/Olea europaea immunotherapy (2,000 DPP/mL) in pediatric patients with rhinitis/rhinoconjunctivitis with or without controlled asthma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Primary objective was to determine the non-superiority of a perennial compared to a pre-co-seasonal schedule by means of Paediatric/Adolescent Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (PRQLQ/AdolRQLQ). Secondary objectives were Paediatric Asthma/Caregiver´s Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ/PACQLQ) Asthma Control Test (ACT), Visual Analogue Scale global assessment of allergic disease (VAS), use of resources and immunological response. All variables were compared during the pollen season (April-June) without (2015) and with (2016) immunotherapy. RESULTS: Forty patients were included in the study of which 29 patients were assigned to the perennial and 11 to the pre-co-seasonal schedule. During 2016 pollen season a significant improvement in the PRQLQ/AdolRQLQ, PAQLQ/AdolAQLQ, ACT and VAS score were observed both in perennial and pre-co-seasonal schedule group. No significant differences were seen between treatment schedules for PRQLQ/AdolRQLQ, PAQLQ/AdolAQLQ and ACT scores comparing both pollen seasons. A significant increase in sIgG4 and reduction in the number of rescue medications used and number of patients who needed visit to any specialist was observed in both treatment schedules during 2016 pollen season. No relevant differences were found in the safety profile of any treatment schedule. DISCUSSION: Treatment with undiluted mixture of a depigmented-polymerized Grass/Olea europaea allergen immunotherapy has proven to be effective both using a perennial and a pre-co-seasonal schedule and therefore suitable for polyallergic patients.
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Estações do Ano , Adolescente , Alérgenos , Asma/terapia , Criança , Dessensibilização Imunológica , Humanos , Olea/imunologia , Poaceae , Qualidade de Vida , Rinite Alérgica Sazonal/terapia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Resumen Las infecciones por amebas de vida libre causan compromiso cutáneo y neurológico. Estas afecciones presentan una baja frecuencia pero una alta letalidad, mayor al 98%. Gene ralmente el cuadro clínico es inespecífico y los exámenes de laboratorio no son de gran ayuda, por lo que representa un reto diagnóstico y terapéutico. En este informe presentamos el caso de un paciente de 21 años que fue hospitalizado por un síndrome convulsivo con tumoraciones cerebrales, además de una lesión cutánea en el muslo derecho. El análisis histopatológico, PCR y el cuadro clínico permitieron el diagnóstico de encefalitis amebiana granulomatosa. A pesar del tratamiento, el paciente tuvo un desenlace fatal.
Abstract Infections by free-living amoebas cause cutaneous and neurological compromise. These conditions have a low frequency, but a high lethality more than 98%. Generally, the clinical picture is nonspecific; the laboratory tests dont help, so it represents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. In this report, we present the case of a 21-year-old patient, who was hospitalized for a convulsive syndrome with brain tumors, in addition to a cutaneous lesion on the right thigh. Histopathological analysis, PCR and the clinical picture allowed the diagnosis of granulomatous amebic encephalitis. Despite the treatment, the patient had a fatal outcome.
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Adulto , Humanos , Adulto Jovem , Balamuthia mandrillaris , Amebíase , Peru , Evolução Fatal , Amebíase/diagnóstico , GranulomaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The heterologous expression of isopentenyl transferase (IPT) under the transcriptional control of the senescence-associated receptor-like kinase (SARK) promoter delayed cellular senescence and, through it, increased drought tolerance in plants. To evaluate the effect of pSARK::IPT expression in bread wheat, six independent transgenic events were obtained through the biolistic method and evaluated transgene expression, phenology, grain yield and physiological biomass components in plants grown under both drought and well-irrigating conditions. Experiments were performed at different levels: (i) pots and (ii) microplots inside a biosafety greenhouse, as well as under (iii) field conditions. RESULTS: Two transgenic events, called TR1 and TR4, outperformed the wild-type control under drought conditions. Transgenic plants showed higher yield under both greenhouse and field conditions, which was positively correlated to grain number (given by more spikes and grains per spike) than wild type. Interestingly, this yield advantage of the transgenic events was observed under both drought and well-watered conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained allow us to conclude that the SARK promoter-regulated expression of the IPT gene in bread wheat not only reduced the yield penalty produced by water stress but also led to improved productivity under well-watered conditions.
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In this work, the effect of different immobilization procedures on the properties of a lipase obtained from the extremophilic microorganism Serratia sp. USBA-GBX-513, which was isolated from Paramo soils of Los Nevados National Natural Park (Colombia), is reported. Different Shepharose beads were used: octyl-(OC), octyl-glyoxyl-(OC-GLX), cyanogen bromide (BrCN)-, and Q-Sepharose. The performance of the different immobilized extremophile lipase from Serratia (ESL) was compared with that of the lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB). In all immobilization tests, hyperactivation of ESL was observed. The highest hyperactivation (10.3) was obtained by immobilization on the OC support. Subsequently, the thermal stability at pH 5, 7, and 9 and the stability in the presence of 50% (v/v) acetonitrile, 50% dioxane, and 50% tetrahydrofuran solvents at pH 7 and 40 °C were evaluated. ESL immobilized on octyl-Sepharose was the most stable biocatalyst at 90 °C and pH 9, while the most stable preparation at pH 5 was ESL immobilized on OC-GLX-Sepharose supports. Finally, in the presence of 50% (v/v) tetrahydrofuran (THF) or dioxane at 40 °C, ESL immobilized on OC-Sepharose was the most stable biocatalyst, while the immobilized preparation of ESL on Q-Sepharose was the most stable one in 40% (v/v) acetonitrile.
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Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Enzimas Imobilizadas/metabolismo , Extremófilos/enzimologia , Lipase/metabolismo , Serratia/enzimologia , Basidiomycota/enzimologia , Biocatálise , Estabilidade Enzimática , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Temperatura Alta , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Sefarose/análogos & derivados , Sefarose/químicaRESUMO
Infections by free-living amoebas cause cutaneous and neurological compromise. These conditions have a low frequency, but a high lethality more than 98%. Generally, the clinical picture is nonspecific; the laboratory tests dont help, so it represents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. In this report, we present the case of a 21-year-old patient, who was hospitalized for a convulsive syndrome with brain tumors, in addition to a cutaneous lesion on the right thigh. Histopathological analysis, PCR and the clinical picture allowed the diagnosis of granulomatous amebic encephalitis. Despite the treatment, the patient had a fatal outcome.
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Amebíase , Balamuthia mandrillaris , Adulto , Amebíase/diagnóstico , Evolução Fatal , Granuloma , Humanos , Peru , Adulto JovemRESUMO
To exploit the hydrolytic activity and high selectivity of immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica on octyl agarose (CALB-OC) in the hydrolysis of triacetin and also to produce new value-added compounds from glycerol, this work describes a chemoenzymatic methodology for the synthesis of the new dimeric glycerol ester 3-((2,3-diacetoxypropanoyl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl diacetate. According to this approach, triacetin was regioselectively hydrolyzed to 1,2-diacetin with CALB-OC. The diglyceride product was subsequently oxidized with pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) and a dimeric ester was isolated as the only product. It was found that the medium acidity during the PCC treatment and a high 1,2-diacetin concentration favored the formation of the ester. The synthesized compounds were characterized using IR, MS, HR-MS, and NMR techniques. The obtained dimeric ester was evaluated at 100 ppm against seven bacterial strains and two Candida species to identify its antimicrobial activity. The compound has no inhibitory activity against the bacterial strains used but decreased C. albicans and C. parapsilosis growth by 49% and 68%, respectively. Hemolytic activity was evaluated, and the results obtained support the use of the dimeric ester to control C. albicans and C. parapsilosis growth in non-intravenous applications because the compound shows hemolytic activity.
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Proteínas Fúngicas/química , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Éteres de Glicerila/síntese química , Lipase/química , Lipase/metabolismo , Candida/química , Diglicerídeos/química , Enzimas Imobilizadas/química , Ésteres , Hidrólise , Oxidantes , Compostos de Piridínio/química , Triacetina/químicaRESUMO
Interleukin- (IL-) 17 is increased in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and plays a key role in inflammatory diseases through its involvement in the activation of leukocytes. Here, we describe for the first time the effect of IL-17 in the migration and activation of monocyte subsets in patients during ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and post-STEMI. We analyzed the circulating levels of IL-17 in patient plasma. A gradual increase in IL-17 was found in STEMI and post-STEMI patients. Additionally, IL-17 had a powerful effect on the recruitment of CD14++CD16+/CD14+CD16++ monocytes derived from patients post-STEMI compared with the monocytes from patients with STEMI, suggesting that IL-17 recruits monocytes with inflammatory activity post-STEMI. Furthermore, IL-17 increased the expression of TLR4 on CD14 + CD16 - and CD14++CD16+/CD14+CD16++ monocytes post-STEMI and might enhance the response to danger-associated molecular patterns post-STEMI. Moreover, IL-17 induced secretion of IL-6 from CD14++CD16- and CD14++CD16+/CD14+CD16++ monocytes both in STEMI and in post-STEMI, which indicates that IL-17 has an effect on the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from monocytes during STEMI and post-STEMI. Overall, we demonstrate that in STEMI and post-STEMI, IL-17 is increased and induces the migration and activation of monocyte subsets, possibly contributing to the inflammatory response through TLR4 and IL-6 secretion.
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Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Monócitos/imunologia , Infarto do Miocárdio/imunologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Eletrocardiografia , Endotélio Vascular/patologia , Feminino , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana , Humanos , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Receptores de Lipopolissacarídeos/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Receptores de IgG/metabolismo , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismoRESUMO
Glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) using is increasing on a global scale. Few studies have investigated the sub-lethal effects of GBH in endemic amphibian species. The present work tested the GBH Roundup Active® on the tadpoles of Dendropsophus molitor. The exposure was in a range of plausible environmental concentrations (0-0.75 µg a.e./L) during a month. D. molitor is an endemic tropical frog of South America. The exposure from 325 µg a.e./L caused histological alterations in the liver. The high-resolution optical microscopy (HROM) detected sinusoidal dilatation and cytoplasmic vacuolization. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed disorganization of the endoplasmic reticulum. Since the liver is essential for detoxification, these results suggest choric effects. Exposure to another GBH has caused histological alterations in liver tadpoles liver in a previous study, but, this study tested another endemic South-American frog for only 96h. The present work applied HROM to observe lipid alterations since it does not use organic solvents; and TEM for the ultrastructural observation of hepatocytes. Environmental risk of GBH can improve by including sub-lethal effects in endemic species.
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Glicina/análogos & derivados , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Anuros/anatomia & histologia , Colômbia , Glicina/toxicidade , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Larva/anatomia & histologia , Fígado/anatomia & histologia , Fígado/patologia , Fígado/ultraestrutura , Microscopia/métodos , América do Sul , GlifosatoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Detection of chromosomal abnormalities is crucial in various medical areas; to diagnose birth defects, genetic disorders, and infertility, among other complex phenotypes, in individuals across a wide range of ages. Hence, the present study wants to contribute to the knowledge of type and frequency of chromosomal alterations and polymorphisms in Ecuador. METHODS: Cytogenetic registers from different Ecuadorian provinces have been merged and analyzed to construct an open-access national registry of chromosome alterations and polymorphisms. RESULTS: Of 28,806 karyotypes analyzed, 6,008 (20.9%) exhibited alterations. Down syndrome was the most frequent autosome alteration (88.28%), followed by Turner syndrome (60.50%), a gonosome aneuploidy. A recurrent high percentage of Down syndrome mosaicism (7.45%) reported here, as well as by previous Ecuadorian preliminary registries, could be associated with geographic location and admixed ancestral composition. Translocations (2.46%) and polymorphisms (7.84%) were not as numerous as autosomopathies (64.33%) and gonosomopathies (25.37%). Complementary to conventional cytogenetics tests, molecular tools have allowed identification of submicroscopic alterations regions or candidate genes which can be possibly implicated in patients' symptoms and phenotypes. CONCLUSION: The Ecuadorian National Registry of Chromosome Alterations and Polymorphisms provides a baseline to better understand chromosomal abnormalities in Ecuador and therefore their clinical management and awareness. This data will guide public policy makers to promote and financially support cytogenetic and genetic testing.
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Transtornos Cromossômicos/genética , Análise Citogenética/estatística & dados numéricos , Testes Genéticos/estatística & dados numéricos , Sistema de Registros/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Aberrações Cromossômicas/classificação , Transtornos Cromossômicos/classificação , Transtornos Cromossômicos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Cromossômicos/epidemiologia , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Equador , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fenótipo , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMO
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder that affects young patients in which antipsychotic treatment is essential for sympto- matic control and preventing progression. The high rate of relapse in these patients (10%) is mainly due to the abandonment of the medication. It is necessary to find tools to increase adherence. The long acting injectable antipsychotics (depot antipsychotics) represent a useful alternative in the recent years, since there is great evidence that they improve therapeutic compliance. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness and adherence to pharmacological treatment with depot antipsychotics in patients with psychotic disorders. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective longitudinal observational study was performed on a population of 89 subjects from Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón (HUFA) with psychotic disorders, who received depot antipsychotics since September 2015 until June 2017. The incidences of new symptomatic episodes (assessed as visits to Emergency Department, general hospital admissions and psychiatric admissions) were compared at 6, 12, 24 months before and 6, 12, 14 months after the start of the depot treatment. RESULTS: There is a significant reduction in the relative risk of general and psychiatric admissions with all depot antipsychotics. Paliperidone Palmitate is superior to the others, being the only one that reduces the number of visits to general Emergencies. Aripiprazole only decreased the relative risk of psychiatric admissions. The depot antipsychotics used had a high adherence (73%). Among the causes of non-adherence to treatment (23%), the most important is non-compliance with the prescribed regimen. CONCLUSION: Depot antipsychotics are an effective alternative to improve therapeutic adherence in patients with psychotic disorders, which means a lower incidence of symptoms and lower hospital requirements.
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Antipsicóticos , Esquizofrenia , Antipsicóticos/administração & dosagem , Preparações de Ação Retardada , Humanos , Adesão à Medicação , Palmitato de Paliperidona/administração & dosagem , Estudos Retrospectivos , Esquizofrenia/tratamento farmacológico , Cooperação e Adesão ao TratamentoRESUMO
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are worldwide distributed plant symbionts. However, their occurrence in hydrocarbon-polluted environments is less investigated, although specific communities may be present with possible interest for remediation strategies. Here, we investigated the AMF community composition associated with the roots of diverse plant species naturally recolonizing a weathered crude oil pond in the Amazon region of Ecuador. Next generation 454 GS-Junior sequencing of an 800 bp LSU rRNA gene PCR amplicon was used. PCR amplicons were affiliated to a maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree computed from 1.5 kb AMF reference sequences. A high throughput phylogenetic annotation approach, using an evolutionary placement algorithm (EPA) allowed the characterization of sequences to the species level. Fifteen species were detected. Acaulospora species were identified as dominant colonizers, with 73% of relative read abundance, Archaeospora (19.6%) and several genera from the Glomeraceae (Rhizophagus, Glomus macrocarpum-like, Sclerocystis, Dominikia and Kamienskia) were also detected. Although, a diverse community belonging to Glomeraceae was revealed, they represented <10% of the relative abundance in the Pond. Seventy five % of the species could not be identified, suggesting possible new species associated with roots of plants under highly hydrocarbon-polluted conditions.
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Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Micorrizas/isolamento & purificação , Micorrizas/metabolismo , Petróleo/análise , Plantas/microbiologia , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Equador , Fungos/classificação , Fungos/genética , Fungos/metabolismo , Hidrocarbonetos/análise , Hidrocarbonetos/metabolismo , Micorrizas/classificação , Micorrizas/genética , Petróleo/metabolismo , Filogenia , Desenvolvimento Vegetal , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Solo/química , Microbiologia do Solo , Poluentes do Solo/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cytokines and macrophages play a central role in the development of atherosclerosis. Interleukin (IL)-17 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with differential effects on innate immune cells. We investigated the effects of IL-17 on macrophage differentiation and foam cell formation and activation in response to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). METHODS: Human monocytes were treated with IL-17 to induce macrophage differentiation. As controls, human monocytes were differentiated into M1 macrophages (M1) or M2 macrophages (M2). Subsequently, we analyzed the expression levels of markers such as CD80, CD36 and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as well as foam cell formation and cytokines in M1, M2 and macrophages differentiated with IL-17 with or without oxLDL. RESULTS: The expression of M1 or M2 markers or cytokines was not induced in macrophages differentiated with IL-17. Macrophages differentiated with IL-17 formed few foam cells, with an average proportion of 20%, and expressed 3 times as much TLR2 and 3.8 times as much TLR4 as M0 macrophages. Additionally, macrophages differentiated with IL-17 acquired inflammatory capacity in response to oxLDL through the expression of specific markers, such as CD80, which increased 18-times compared with macrophages differentiated with IL-17 alone, and secreted 1.3 times less tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α than M1. Additionally, oxLDL increased the levels of CD80, CD86 and IL-6 by 5.7, 2.8 and 1.4 times in M1 compared with M1 in the absence of oxLDL. In M2, oxLDL induced increases in the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α that were 1.9 times and 1.2 times smaller, respectively, than those observed in M1. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that differentiation of macrophages with IL-17 does not induce the expression of markers or cytokines characteristic of M1 or M2 and these macrophages form few foam cells; however, the expression of TLR is increased. Moreover, these macrophages acquire the inflammatory capacity as evidenced by the expression of costimulatory molecules and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to oxLDL. These findings suggest that the activation of macrophages differentiated with IL-17 by oxLDL contributes to the inflammatory process of atherosclerosis.
Assuntos
Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Interleucina-17/farmacologia , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Lipoproteínas LDL/farmacologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Antígeno B7-1/genética , Antígeno B7-1/imunologia , Antígeno B7-2/genética , Antígeno B7-2/imunologia , Diferenciação Celular , Humanos , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/imunologia , Macrófagos/citologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Cultura Primária de Células , Receptor 2 Toll-Like/genética , Receptor 2 Toll-Like/imunologia , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/genética , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Type 2 diabetes is growing in epidemic proportions and disproportionately affects lower-income, diverse communities. Text messaging may provide one of the most rapid methods to overcome the "digital divide" to improve care. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A randomized, nonblinded, parallel-groups clinical trial design allocated N = 126 low-income, Hispanic participants with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes to receive the Dulce Digital intervention or usual care (UC). Dulce Digital participants received up to three motivational, educational, and/or call-to-action text messages per day over 6 months. The primary outcome was HbA1c; lipids, blood pressure, and BMI were secondary outcomes. Satisfaction and acceptability were evaluated via focus groups and self-report survey items. RESULTS: The majority of patients were middle-aged (mean age 48.43 years, SD 9.80), female (75%), born in Mexico (91%), and uninsured (75%) and reported less than a ninth-grade education level (73%) and mean baseline HbA1c 9.5% (80 mmol/mol), SD 1.3, and fasting plasma glucose 187.17 mg/dL, SD 64.75. A statistically significant time-by-group interaction effect indicated that the Dulce Digital group achieved a significantly greater reduction in HbA1c over time compared with UC (P = 0.03). No statistically significant effects were observed for secondary clinical indicators. The number of blood glucose values texted in by participants was a statistically significant predictor of month 6 HbA1c (P < 0.05). Satisfaction and acceptability ratings for the Dulce Digital intervention were high. CONCLUSIONS: Use of a simple, low-cost text messaging program was found to be highly acceptable in this sample of high-risk, Hispanic individuals with type 2 diabetes and resulted in greater improvement in glycemic control compared with UC.
Assuntos
Glicemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/terapia , Hispânico ou Latino , Telemedicina , Envio de Mensagens de Texto , Adulto , Pressão Sanguínea , Índice de Massa Corporal , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Autorrelato , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Abstract Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) we evaluated the culture conditions (nitrogen source, carbon source, pH and agitation rate) that increase the biomass of Acidocellafaalis strain USBA-GBX-505 and therefore enhance the production of its lipolytic enzyme, 505 LIP. RSM results revealed that yeast extract and agitation were key culture factors that increased the growth-associated lipolytic activity by 4.5-fold (from 0.13 U.mg-1 to 0.6 U.mg-1). The 505 LIP lipase was partially purified using size-exclusion chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography. Its molecular weight was >77 kDa. The enzyme shows its optimum catalytic activity at 55 °C and pH 7.5. EDTA, PMSF, 1-butanol and DMSO inhibited enzymatic activity, whereas Tween 20, acetone, glycerol and methanol increased it. Metallic ions are not required for the activity of 505 LIP, and even have an inhibitory effect on the enzyme. This study shows the potential use of A. facilis strain USBA- GBX-505 for the production of a newly identified lipolytic enzyme, 505 LIP, which is stable at moderate temperatures and in the presence of organic solvents. These are important characteristics for the synthesis of many useful products.
Resumen Por medio de la Metodología de Respuesta de Superficie (RSM) evaluamos las condiciones de cultivo (fuente de N, fuente de C, pH y tasa de agitación) que incrementan la biomasa de Acidocella facilis cepa USBA-GBX-505 y, como consecuencia, la producción de su enzima lipolítica, llamada 505 LIP. Los resultados de la RSM revelaron que el extracto de levadura y la agitación fueron factores de cultivo claves, que incrementaron de 4 a 5 veces la actividad lipolítica asociada al crecimiento (de 0.13 U.mg-1 a 0.6 U.mg-1). La lipasa 505 LIP se purificó parcialmente usando cromatografía de exclusión por tamaño y cromatografía de intercambio iónico. Su peso molecular fue > 77 kDa. La enzima muestra su actividad catalítica óptima a 55 °C y pH 7.5. El EDTA, el PMSF, el 1-butanol y el DMSO inhibieron la actividad enzimática, mientras que el Tween 20, la acetona, el glicerol y el metanol la incrementaron. La enzima 505 LIP no requiere iones metálicos para su actividad, e incluso se inhibe en presencia de ellos. Este estudio muestra el uso potencial de A. facilis cepa USBA-GBX-505 para la producción de una nueva enzima lipolítica, 505 LIP, que es estable a temperaturas moderadas y en la presencia de solventes orgánicos. Estas son características importantes en la síntesis de muchos productos útiles.
Resumo Utilizando a Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta (MSR) avaliamos as condições de cultivo (fontes de nitrogénio e carbono, pH e taxa de agitação) que aumentam a biomassa de Acidocella facilis cepa USBA-GBX-505, e, portanto, elevam a produção de sua enzima lipolítica 505 LIP. Os resultados da MSR revelaram que o extrato de levedura e a agitação foram fatores de cultivo chave que permitiram aumentar 4 a 5 vezes a atividade lipolítica associada ao crescimento (de 0,13 U.mg-1 a 0,6 U.mg-1). A lipase 505 LIP foi parcialmente purificada utilizando cromatografia por exclusão de tamanho e cromatografia de intercambio iónico. Seu peso molecular foi > 77 kDa. A enzima mostra sua atividade catalítica ótima a 55 °C e pH 7,5. EDTA, PMSF, 1-butanol e DMSO inibiram a atividade enzimática, enquanto que Tween 20, acetona, glicerol e metanol aumentaram esta atividade. Íons metálicos não são necessários para a atividade da 505 LIP, apresentando inclusive efeito inibitório da enzima. Este estudo demonstra o potencial uso de A. facilis cepa USBA-GBX-505 para a produção de uma nova enzima lipolítica, 505 LIP, a qual é estável a moderadas temperaturas e na presença de solventes orgánicos. Estas características são importantes para a síntese de diversos produtos úteis.
Assuntos
Cromatografia por Troca Iônica/métodosRESUMO
Los suelos salinos, característicos de zonas áridas, pueden afectar la germinación de las especies por presentar bajos potenciales hídricos o por toxicidad iónica. En este trabajo se determinó el efecto del estrés hídrico y salino sobre la germinación de Atriplex nummularia, una alternativa forrajera para zonas áridas. Las semillas fueron escarificadas para minimizar el efecto inhibidor de las brácteas y germinadas a 23 ºC sobre papel de germinación en soluciones con diferente potencial hídrico (-0,5, -1,0 y -1,5 MPa) de cloruro de sodio (NaCl) y polietilenglicol (PEG), utilizando agua destilada como control. El porcentaje de germinación y la velocidad de germinación fueron significativamente afectados por la concentración de la solución y el soluto utilizado. A valores de potencial osmótico más negativos el porcentaje de germinación y velocidad de germinación fueron significativamente menores. En los tres potenciales hídricos ensayados la velocidad y el porcentaje de semillas germinadas en NaCl fue significativamente menor que en PEG, siendo especialmente notoria esta diferencia a -1,0 MPa. Los datos sugieren que las semillas de A. nummularia presentan sensibilidad a la presencia de los iones Na+ y Cl- que afectan el proceso de germinación.
Saline soils, characteristic of arid zones, can affect the germination of the species due to low water potential or ion toxicity. The effect of water and saline stress on germination was evaluated in Atriplex nummularia a potential source of forage for arid zones. The seeds were scarified to reduce the inhibitory effect on germination and incubated in at 23 ºC on germination paper imbibed with solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl) and polyethylen glycol (PEG) at three water potentials: -0,5; -1,0 and -1,5 MPa. The percentage germination and germination speed were significantly affected by the concentration of the solution and the solute used. While more negative osmotic potentials, the percentage of germination and germination speed were significantly lower. The seeds germinated in PEG solution have higher germination and germination speed than the seeds germinated in NaCl, specially in -1,0 MPa. The data suggest that the seeds of A. nummularia show sensitivity to the presence of Na+ and Cl- ions affecting the germination process.
RESUMO
La gastritis es una inflamación del revestimiento de la mucosa gástrica en respuesta a una lesión. Puede ser aguda, crónica o mixta y estar asociada con metaplasia intestinal y atrofia. Los factores etiológicos son múltiples y varían desde irritantes, químicos, inmunológicos y genéticos, hasta infecciosos; dentro de estos últimos se destaca el bacilo Helicobacter pylori como el agente causal más común. Objetivo: Caracterizar los hallazgos histológicos de la gastritis crónica en niños de 1 a 16 años de edad internados en el Hospital Infantil de San José, durante el período comprendido entre septiembre de 2008 a septiembre de 2010. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, de corte transversal. La información se obtuvo de los reportes de biopsias gástricas de niños entre 1 a 16 años de edad, evaluados en el Hospital Infantil de San José entre septiembre de 2008 y septiembre de 2010. Resultados: Se revisaron 826 reportes de biopsias gástricas de niños con gastritis crónica, y se pudo observar que el 59,2% de la muestra eran niñas y el promedio de edad fue de 9 años. El Helicobacter pylori estuvo presente en el 58,96% de la población, la atrofia gástrica en el 0,7% y la metaplasia intestinal en el 1%. Se identificó que la presencia de este microorganismo estuvo relacionada con el grado de inflamación crónica y el grado de actividad neutrofílica polimorfonuclear. Conclusiones: La infección por Helicobacter pylori es frecuente en la gastritis crónica en la infancia y su presencia se relaciona con el grado de inflamación crónica y de actividad neutrofílica polimorfonuclear.
Gastritis is an inflammation of the lining of the gastric mucosa which occurs in response to an injury. It can be acute, chronic or mixed, and it can be associated with intestinal metaplasia and atrophy. There are multiple etiologic factors including irritation, chemical, immunological, genetic and infectious factors. Among the latter, Helicobacter pylori is the most common causative agent. Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize histologic findings of chronic gastritis in children aged 1-16 years at the Hospital Infantil de San José from September 2008 to September 2010. Materials and methods: This was an observational and descriptive cross sectional study. Information was obtained from gastric biopsy reports from children between 1 and 16 years of age who had been evaluated at the Hospital Infantil de San José from September 2008 to September 2010. Results: We reviewed 826 reports of gastric biopsies from children with chronic gastritis. 59.2% of the sample was female, and the mean age was 9 years. Helicobacter pylori was present in 58.96% of this population, gastric atrophy was present in 0.7% and intestinal metaplasia in 1%. It was found that the presence of Helicobacter pylori was related to the degree of chronic inflammation and polymorphonuclear neutrophil activity levels. Conclusions: Helicobacter pylori infection is common in chronic gastritis in children and its presence is related to the degree of chronic inflammation and polymorphonuclear neutrophil activity.