RESUMO
In Triatoma infestans it was observed pyrethroid resistance attributed in part to an elevated oxidative metabolism mediated by cytochromes P450. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) plays a crucial role in catalysing the electron transfer from NADPH to all cytochrome P450s. The daily variations in the expression of CPR gene and a P450 gene (CYP4EM7), both associated with insecticide resistance, suggested that their expressions would be under the endogenous clock control. To clarify the involvement of the clock in orchestration of the daily fluctuations in CPR and CYP4M7 genes expression, it was proposed to investigate the effect of silencing the clock gene period (per) by RNA interference (RNAi). The results obtained allowed to establish that the silencing of per gene was influenced by intake schemes used in the interference protocols. The silencing of per gene in T. infestans reduced its expression at all the time points analysed and abolished the characteristic rhythm in the transcriptional expression of per mRNA. The effect of the per gene silencing in the expression profiles at the transcriptional level of CPR and CYP4EM7 genes showed the loss of rhythmicity and demonstrated the biological clock involvement in the regulation of t heir expression.
Assuntos
Ritmo Circadiano , Resistência a Inseticidas , Interferência de RNA , Triatoma , Animais , Triatoma/genética , Triatoma/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência a Inseticidas/genética , Ritmo Circadiano/genética , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Proteínas de Insetos/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/genética , NADPH-Ferri-Hemoproteína Redutase/genética , NADPH-Ferri-Hemoproteína Redutase/metabolismo , Vetores de DoençasRESUMO
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) occurs in children with cerebral palsy. It is important to investigate its relationship with some variables, and the objective of this study was to identify factors associated with OD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Case-control study in patients with cerebral palsy from 8months to 15years of age, from November 2018 to November 2019, approved by the Ethics Committee. The diagnosis of OD was made by videofluoroscopy when there was nasopharyngeal reflux, stagnation in the vallecular sinuses, in the piriformis sinuses, penetration, and aspiration. The independent variables were type of cerebral palsy, gross motor impairment classified into five levels, nutritional status and comorbidities. One case with OD was included and the next one without alterations in videofluoroscopy was control. The variables were compared with Chi square and Student's t. The association was measured with odds ratio. The confidence interval was 95%. RESULTS: Thirty patients with OD and 30without OD were studied. Sex, age, birth weight, and gestational age had a similar distribution in the two groups. From the data perceived by the mothers at the time of feeding, the greater frequency of the difficulty in the transfer of the food bolus in the group with OD showed a statistically significant difference (P<.001) and of the studied factors, the levelV of the gross motor involvement was associated with a higher frequency of OD. CONCLUSIONS: OD was associated with level V of gross motor involvement.
Assuntos
Paralisia Cerebral , Transtornos de Deglutição , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Transtornos de Deglutição/etiologia , Humanos , Estado NutricionalRESUMO
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) occurs in children with cerebral palsy. It is important to investigate its relationship with some variables, and the objective of this study was to identify factors associated with OD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Case-control study in patients with cerebral palsy from 8months to 15years of age, from November 2018 to November 2019, approved by the Ethics Committee. The diagnosis of OD was made by videofluoroscopy when there was nasopharyngeal reflux, stagnation in the vallecular sinuses, in the piriformis sinuses, penetration, and aspiration. The independent variables were type of cerebral palsy, gross motor impairment classified into five levels, nutritional status and comorbidities. One case with OD was included and the next one without alterations in videofluoroscopy was control. The variables were compared with Chi square and Student's t. The association was measured with odds ratio. The confidence interval was 95%. RESULTS: Thirty patients with OD and 30without OD were studied. Sex, age, birth weight, and gestational age had a similar distribution in the two groups. From the data perceived by the mothers at the time of feeding, the greater frequency of the difficulty in the transfer of the food bolus in the group with OD showed a statistically significant difference (P<.001) and of the studied factors, the levelV of the gross motor involvement was associated with a higher frequency of OD. CONCLUSIONS: OD was associated with level V of gross motor involvement.
RESUMO
A case study was conducted to evaluate the SO2 emission reduction in a power plant in Central Mexico, as a result of the shifting of fuel oil to natural gas. Emissions of criteria pollutants, greenhouse gases, organic and inorganic toxics were estimated based on a 2010 report of hourly fuel oil consumption at the "Francisco Pérez Ríos" power plant in Tula, Mexico. For SO2, the dispersion of these emissions was assessed with the CALPUFF dispersion model. Emissions reductions of > 99% for SO2, PM and Pb, as well as reductions >50% for organic and inorganic toxics were observed when simulating the use of natural gas. Maximum annual (993 µg/m3) and monthly average SO2 concentrations were simulated during the cold-dry period (152-1063 µg/m3), and warm-dry period (239-432 µg/m3). Dispersion model results and those from Mexico City's air quality forecasting system showed that SO2 emissions from the power plant affect the north of Mexico City in the cold-dry period. The evaluation of model estimates with 24 hr SO2 measured concentrations at Tepeji del Rio suggests that the combination of observations and dispersion models are useful in assessing the reduction of SO2 emissions due to shifting in fuels. Being SO2 a major precursor of acid rain, high transported sulfate concentrations are of concern and low pH values have been reported in the south of Mexico City, indicating that secondary SO2 products emitted in the power plant can be transported to Mexico City under specific atmospheric conditions. Implications: Although the surroundings of a power plant located north of Mexico City receives most of the direct SO2 impact from fuel oil emissions, the plume is dispersed and advected to the Mexico City metropolitan area, where its secondary products may cause acid rain. The use of cleaner fuels may assure significant SO2 reductions in the plant emissions and consequent acid rain presence in nearby populated cities and should be compulsory in critical areas to comply with annual emission limits and health standards.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Óleos Combustíveis , Gás Natural , Centrais Elétricas , Poluição do Ar/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Chumbo/análise , México , Material Particulado/análise , Dióxido de Enxofre/análiseRESUMO
Ultraviolet radiation from sunlight causes DNA damage in skin cells by formation of photoproducts, mainly cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), which are reverted by exogenous CPD-photolyase, preventing photoaging and skin cancer. High performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of CPD-photolyase activity was developed to search new enzymes sources for dermatology or clinical studies. The method was based in the enzymatic conversion of a 15mer oligonucleotide, containing a center cyclobutane thymidine dimer, to the restored 15mer oligonucleotide. Three ion pair reagent were evaluated by response surface methodology to increase mass intensities. Additionally, chromatographic separation of oligonucleotides was performed. The selected mobile phase was 15â¯mM diisopropylethylamine/20â¯mM hexafluoroisopropanol in methanol. The method allowed total separation between the oligonucleotides studied (resolution of 2.3) by using the core shell technology, which reduce the diffusion time of the analyte into the column, increasing the efficiency and minimizing the analysis time at 7â¯min. The mass spectrometry detection allowed a high selectivity and sensitivity. This is the first time where MRM modality has been employed with this specific purpose. Oligonucleotides recovery from reaction mixture was â¼ 94% and the limit of quantification was 13.4â¯nM for 15mer. The method was evaluated with a recombinant CPD-photolyase from Synechococcus leopoliensis using purified and crude protein extract. CPD-photolyase could be measured in terms of activity for enzymatic kinetics studies, for evaluation of UV-R effects in (micro)organisms and to identify new enzymes.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Desoxirribodipirimidina Fotoliase/química , Ensaios Enzimáticos/métodos , Oligonucleotídeos/análise , Synechococcus/enzimologia , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Biocatálise , Desoxirribodipirimidina Fotoliase/genética , Desoxirribodipirimidina Fotoliase/metabolismo , Cinética , Dímeros de Pirimidina/química , Synechococcus/química , Synechococcus/genéticaRESUMO
Objetivo: Valorar el efecto de un entrenamiento en habilidades de comunicación para enfermeras a partir de la percepción del paciente que recibe su cuidado. Métodos: Estudio cuasiexperimental, con la implementación de un entrenamiento en habilidades de comunicación en enfermeras. Se siguió la estrategia del aprendizaje estructurado, para modelar y practicar habilidades sociales dirigidas al fomento de las condiciones facilitadoras de la relación terapéutica: empatía y respeto. La percepción de los pacientes se midió con el formulario Comportamiento de las Enfermeras en cuanto a su forma de Comunicación Observadas por los Pacientes (CECOP). Se aplicó este instrumento a 2 grupos de pacientes adultos de una institución pública de tercer nivel: el primero correspondió a pacientes atendidos por las enfermeras sin entrenamiento; el segundo a pacientes atendidos por las mismas enfermeras cuando ya recibieron el entrenamiento. También se midió la satisfacción y la deseabilidad social de los pacientes en cuanto a la comunicación, por medio de una escala análoga. Se aplicaron las pruebas de U de Mann Whitney y la prueba exacta de Fisher. Resultados: No se observaron cambios significativos en la comparación total de la escala, pero se identificaron cambios significativos con p < 0.05 en 2 comportamientos de la escala: las enfermeras lo «apapachan¼ para animarlo y las enfermeras le platican cuando se acercan a tomarle la presión. Conclusiones: La diferencia observada en 2 de los 10comportamientos evaluados por el grupo de pacientes atendido por las enfermeras entrenadas sustenta la formación de enfermeras en el área de comunicación interpersonal.
Objective: To assess the effect of a training program in communication skills for nurses through the perspective of the patients who receive their care. Method: This is a quasi-experimental study over the implementation of a communication skills-training program for nurses. The structured learning strategy for shaping and applying social skills towards facilitating the therapeutical relationship based on respect and empathy was followed. The perception of patients was measured with the Nursing Behavior regarding Communication Observed by Patients (NBCOP) scale. This instrument was applied to 2 groups of adult patients in a public institution of third level. The first group included the patients attended by nurses who did not receive the training. The second group included the patients attended by nurses who received the training. The satisfaction and social desirability of patients regarding communication was also measured by means of an analog scale. Mann Whitney U and Fisher exact tests were performed. Results: No significant changes were observed regarding the total scale, however, significant changes at P<.05 were identified in 2 behaviors: nurses cuddle the patient to encourage him/her, and nurses chat with the patient while taking his/her pressure. Conclusions: The differences observed in 2 of 10 assessed behaviors in the group of patients attended by nurses who received the training supports the importance of the nursing training in the area of inter-personal communication.
Objetivo: Valorizar o efeito de um treinamento em habilidades de comuniçacão para enfermeiras a partir da percepção do paciente que recebe seu cuidado. Métodos: Estudo quase experimental, com a implementação de um treinamento em habilidades de comunicação em enfermeiras, seguiu-se a estratégia da aprendizagem estruturada, para modelar e praticar habilidades sociais dirigidas ao fomento das condicões facilitadoras da relacão terapêutica: empatia e respeito. A percepçãodos pacientes mediu-se com o Comportamento das Enfermeiras quanto a sua forma de Comunicação, observadas pelos Pacientes (CECOP), aplicou-se este instrumento a 2 grupos de pacientes adultos de uma instituição pública de terceiro nível, o primeiro correspondeu a pacientes atendidos pelas enfermeiras sem treinamento, o segundo a pacientes atendidos pelas mesmas enfermeiras quando já receberam o treinamento. Também se mediu a satisfação e a conveniência social dos pacientes referente à comunicação, por médio de uma escala análoga. Aplicaram-se as provas de U de Mann Whitney e a prova exata de Fisher. Resultados: Não se observaram câmbios significativos na comparação total da escala,mas se identificaram câmbios significativos com p < 0.05 em dois comportamentos da escala: as enfermeiras o «paparicam¼ para o encorajar e as enfermeiras batem papo com ele quando se aproximam a medir-lhe a pressão. Conclusões: A diferença observada em 2dos 10 comportamentos avaliados pelo grupo de pacientes atendido pelas enfermeiras treinadas, sustenta a formaçcão de enfermeiras na área de comunicacção interpessoal.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Pacientes , Comunicação , Enfermeiras e EnfermeirosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Fetal macrosomia is birth weight of 4,000 grams or more, regardless of gestational age, in Mexico representing about 5.4%. Associated with multiple demographic, physiological, metabolic and genetic factors of each population. OBJECTIVE: Determine the risk factors associated with the development of fetal macrosomia in patients without gestational diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Retrospective, descriptive and comparative study of patients who came to delivery from January 2012 to June 2014, 88 patients, 23 patients with diagnosis of macrosomia, and 65 patients without macrosomia without gestational diabetes mellitus were included. RESULTS: An incidence of fetal macrosomia of 18.6%. Risk factors such as parity, history of fetal macrosomia, maternal age, maternal height more to 1.70 meters showed no difference, the percentage of overweight 105% showed 69% vs 52% on the control group and gestational diabetes screening altered that present 30.4 vs 20%. CONCLUSIONS: Increased incidence of macrosomia was demonstrated in patients with metabolic factors such as the percentage of overweight and screening altered gestational diabetes mellitus, as they showed higher prevalence in the study group, all modifiable with preconception nutritional management and during pregnancy, to reduce initial weight and weight gain, improved fasting and postprandial blood glucose in patients with positive screening and negative tolerance curve carbohydrates to maintain fetal growth curve with in the percentiles.
Assuntos
Macrossomia Fetal/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Diabetes Gestacional , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Recently in Mexico the number of cosmetic surgeries has increased. These procedures are often carried out by unqualified people using obsolete and contraindicated products such as injectable oil, which cause uncorrectable disfigurement or more serious complications, even death, after reaching the systemic circulation. We report the case of a fat embolism syndrome (FES) caused by injections of vitamin E (tocopherol) in order to increase the volume of the buttocks. This case of a FES caused by injections of vitamin E was confirmed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.
Assuntos
Nádegas , Embolia Gordurosa/induzido quimicamente , Vitamina E/intoxicação , Adulto , Cosméticos , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Humanos , Injeções , México , Síndrome , Vitaminas/intoxicação , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We study via numerical simulations a granular chain not only with decreasing radii (forward tapering) in geometric progression, but also decorated with grains positioned on the top and bottom of the chain, without altering its original length. The decorating grains act as an auxiliary chain which traps part of the energy and linear momentum, both propagating as a pulse due to disturbances produced at the end of the chain. Thus, this configuration optimizes the impact attenuation and aligns the chain naturally (by symmetry) which facilitates the construction of the experimental setup. Furtheremore, since the decorating grain radii increase along the chain, this new type of chain is necessarily short in order to avoid precompression. Nevertheless, even with short chains, it is possible to mitigate impacts almost completely.
RESUMO
Se realizó una amplia búsqueda en diversas bases de datos a partir de los descriptores: Interacción o comunicación enfermera-paciente, satisfacción por el cuidado de enfermería y entrenamientos en técnicas de comunicación, con el fin de profundizar en el tema de la interacción enfermera-paciente por la importancia que esta tiene en el ejercicio de la práctica profesional de las enfermeras. Se establecen tres ejes de estudio: Interacción o comunicación enfermera-paciente, calidad y satisfacción derivada del cuidado, y efectividad de los entrenamientos en habilidades para la comunicación. La revisión permite identificar que este tema ha sido analizado desde hace mucho tiempo y en diferentes países, los estudios se han relacionado con la calidad de los servicios de enfermería y han motivado el planteamiento de estrategias educativas para desarrollar y mejorar la interacción enfermera-paciente como actitud profesional esencial. Los estudios realizados ofrecen elementos de apoyo para el desarrollo de investigaciones en esta área, pero en algunos casos muestran limitaciones o carencias, así como resultados contradictorios que pueden ser tomadas en cuenta por las personas interesadas en el diseño de estudios relacionados con el tema.
In order to deepen into the highly important topic nurse-patient interaction for the professional practice of nurses, a. database search using the descriptors: nurse-patient interaction/communication, nurse healthcare satisfaction, and communication skills training, was conducted. As a result, three study axes were established; nurse-patient interaction/communication, care-derived quality and satisfaction, and communication skills training effectiveness. This review reveals that this topic has been extensively analyzed throughout time and among different countries. These studies have been related to quality in nursing services, and have motivated the design of strategies to develop and improve the nurse-patient interaction as an essential professional attitude. Furthermore, although these studies offer elements to support the research development in this area, some of them have shown limitations o deficiencies, as well as contradictory results, which should be considered by researchers interested in the design of studies related to this topic.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , FemininoRESUMO
Triatoma infestans is the main vector of Chagas' disease in South America between latitudes 10°S and 46°S. A multilocus microsatellite data set of 836 individuals from 27 populations of T. infestans, from all its range of distribution in Argentina, was analyzed. Our results favor the hypothesis of two independent migration events of colonization in Argentina and secondary contacts. The majority of the populations of the western provinces of Catamarca, La Rioja, San Juan and the west of Cordoba province, had almost no shared ancestry with the rest of the populations analyzed. Probably those populations, belonging to localities close to the Andean region, could have been established by the dispersal line of T. infestans that would have arrived to Argentina through the Andes, whereas most of the rest of the populations analyzed may have derived from the dispersal line of T. infestans in non-Andean lowlands. Among them, those from the provinces of Formosa, Chaco, Santiago del Estero and Santa Fe shared different percentages of ancestry and presented lower degree of genetic differentiation. The migratory movement linked to regional economies and possibly associated with passive dispersal, would allow a higher genetic exchange among these populations of T. infestans. This study, using microsatellite markers, provides a new approach for evaluating the validity of the different hypotheses concerning the evolutionary history of this species. Two major lineages of T. infestans, an Andean and non-Andean, are suggested.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/transmissão , Insetos Vetores/genética , Triatoma/genética , Animais , Argentina , Geografia , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Repetições de Microssatélites , Filogenia , Triatoma/patogenicidadeRESUMO
We present detailed investigations of the spectral dependencies of the transmission of a fiber optical loop mirror (FOLM) consisting of a coupler with output ports spliced at arbitrary angles to a high-birefringence (Hi-Bi) fiber. The application for dual-wavelength lasers is discussed. For this aim, the spectral dependence of the reflection is tuned by the temperature of the Hi-Bi fiber that allows a fine adjustment of the cavity loss for generated wavelengths. The ratio between maximum and minimum reflection can be adjusted by the twist angle of the fiber at the splices, which also provides useful possibilities for the adjustment of cavity losses. We used the twist and temperature variation of the Hi-Bi fiber to change the operation from single wavelength to stable dual-wavelength generation with either equal or unequal powers of wavelengths.
RESUMO
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of destructive joint disease that is characterized by the degeneration of the articular cartilage, synovial membrane, joint capsule, and subchondral bone. The knee is a joint commonly affected for OA. Calcitonin (CT) has been suggested to have chondroprotective effects; therefore, could play a role in the pathogenesis of OA of the knee. Genetic variations in or adjacent to the CT gene may be associated with primary OA development. We conducted a case-control association study in which we examined the correlation between a dinucleotide (cytosine-adenine, CA) repeat polymorphism at the CT locus and OA of the knee in 88 patients with OA and in 111 control subjects from the Mexican mestizo population. Allele A and genotype AG frequencies were significantly higher in patients with OA than in control subjects (56.3 vs. 43.2%; p<0.001 and 40.9 vs. 26.1%; p=0.027, respectively), and were associated with the presence of OA of the knee (odds ratio [OR], 2.62; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.30-5.27, and OR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.04-3.58, respectively) using a logistic regression model adjusted for gender, age and Body mass index (BMI). The GG genotype was associated with a lower risk of OA development of the knee; thus, it may constitute a protective factor against this disease (OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.16-0.98). In summary, we conclude that the dinucleotide CA polymorphism in the CT gene may become a useful marker for genetic studies of OA of the knee in Mexican population.
Assuntos
Calcitonina/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/genética , Osteoartrite do Joelho/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , População Branca/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Repetições de Dinucleotídeos/genética , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Marcadores Genéticos , Genótipo , Humanos , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/etnologia , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Osteoartrite do Joelho/etnologia , População Branca/etnologiaRESUMO
Histoplasma capsulatum was isolated from the spleen of a first infected mara (Dolichotis patagonum) and from a second mara's liver and adrenal gland, both in the same colony at the Africam Safari, Puebla, Mexico. Studies of H. capsulatum isolates, using nested-PCR of a 100-kDa protein coding gene (Hcp100) fragment and a two-primer RAPD-PCR method, suggest that these isolates were spreading in the environment of the maras' enclosure. By using a Dot-ELISA method, sera from mice inoculated with three homogenates of soil samples from the maras' enclosed space developed positive brown spot reactions to a purified H. capsulatum antigen, which identified the probable source of the maras' infection.
Assuntos
Reservatórios de Doenças/microbiologia , Histoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Histoplasmose/veterinária , Doenças dos Roedores/microbiologia , Roedores/microbiologia , Glândulas Suprarrenais/microbiologia , Animais , Aves/microbiologia , Quirópteros/microbiologia , DNA Fúngico/análise , Fezes/microbiologia , Histoplasma/classificação , Histoplasma/genética , Histoplasmose/epidemiologia , Histoplasmose/microbiologia , Abrigo para Animais , Fígado/microbiologia , México/epidemiologia , Camundongos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Técnica de Amplificação ao Acaso de DNA Polimórfico , Doenças dos Roedores/epidemiologia , Microbiologia do Solo , Baço/microbiologiaRESUMO
A second case of histoplasmosis in a captive mara (Dolichotis patagonum) from a colony at the wildlife park Africam Safari, Puebla, Mexico, is described, and the mara died with disseminated clinical form of the disease, affecting mostly the large intestine and adrenal. The pathological findings of this case 2 revealed severe granulomatous typhlocolitis and moderate granulomatous gastrohepatic lymphadenitis with numerous yeast-like cells, 2-4 mum in diameter, with a clear halo surrounding them inside the cytoplasm of macrophages, suggesting the parasitic form of Histoplasma capsulatum. Adrenocortical cells had abundant similar microorganisms in their cytoplasm without any associated lesion. Gomori's methenamine silver and periodic acid Schiff stained positively these microorganisms. Immunohistochemistry, using a rabbit anti-H. capsulatum serum, and transmission electron microscopy supported the diagnosis of H. capsulatum infection.
Assuntos
Histoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Histoplasmose/veterinária , Roedores/parasitologia , Glândulas Suprarrenais/parasitologia , Glândulas Suprarrenais/patologia , Animais , Citoplasma/parasitologia , Histocitoquímica/métodos , Histoplasmose/patologia , Imuno-Histoquímica/métodos , Intestino Grosso/patologia , Linfonodos/parasitologia , Linfonodos/patologia , Macrófagos/parasitologia , Masculino , México , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Coloração e Rotulagem/métodosRESUMO
We propose and compare with experimental data a two-stage model of supercontinuum formation in a fiber for nanosecond-long pulse with intensities in 10 W range. As a result of the first stage, the sea of solitons is formed. The second stage is spectrum modification because of Raman interaction.
RESUMO
This paper centers on some whole-istic organizational and functional aspects of hepatic Schistosoma mansoni granuloma, which is an extremely complex system. First, it structurally develops a collagenic topology, originated bidirectionally from an inward and outward assembly of growth units. Inward growth appears to be originated from myofibroblasts derived from small portal vessel around intravascular entrapped eggs, while outward growth arises from hepatic stellate cells. The auto-assembly of the growth units defines the three-dimensional scaffold of the schistosome granulomas. The granuloma surface irregularity and its border presented fractal dimension equal to 1.58. Second, it is internally regulated by intricate networks of immuneneuroendocrine stimuli orchestrated by leptin and leptin receptors, substance P and Vasoactive intestinal peptide. Third, it can reach the population of ± 40,000 cells and presents an autopoietic component evidenced by internal proliferation (Ki-67+ Cells), and by expression of c-Kit+ Cells, leptin and leptin receptor (Ob-R), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF-R), and erythropoietin (Epo-R) receptors. Fourth, the granulomas cells are intimately connected by pan-cadherins, occludin and connexin-43, building a state of closing (granuloma closure). In conclusion, the granuloma is characterized by transitory stages in such a way that its organized structure emerges as a global property which is greater than the sum of actions of its individual cells and extracellular matrix components.
Assuntos
Animais , Camundongos , Granuloma/patologia , Hepatopatias Parasitárias/patologia , Schistosoma mansoni/fisiologia , Esquistossomose mansoni/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo , Fractais , Granuloma/metabolismo , Granuloma/parasitologia , Hepatopatias Parasitárias/metabolismo , Hepatopatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Coloração e Rotulagem , Esquistossomose mansoni/metabolismo , Esquistossomose mansoni/parasitologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
This paper describes the causes of death of 54 maras (Dolichotis patagonum) in a captive colony in Mexico over a period of seven years. There were 35 adults, 11 juveniles, five neonates, two fetuses and one stillbirth--27 males, 21 females and six whose sex was not determined. Trauma was the cause of 25 deaths, and there were eight cases of fatal bacterial infection. Besnoitiosis was the only parasitic disease found frequently (13 cases), and was associated with fatal interstitial pneumonia in three juveniles. Right-sided hypertrophic cardiomyopathy attributed to high altitude was observed in 26 maras, and in three cases death was attributed to acute cardiac dysfunction. Two maras died of disseminated histoplasmosis and two of hyperthermia. Additional causes of death included one case each of uterine torsion, intestinal intussusception, aspiration pneumonia and hydranencephaly. Gastric erosions with luminal haemorrhage were found in 27 of the maras and splenic lymphoid depletion in 20, changes that were attributed to stress.