RESUMO
Cembranoids are cyclic diterpenoids found in tobacco and in marine invertebrates. The present study established that tobacco cembranoids inhibit behavioral sensitization to nicotine in rats and block several types of nicotine acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). 1) At the behavioral level, rat locomotor activity induced by nicotine was significantly increased after seven daily nicotine injections. This sensitization to nicotine was blocked by mecamylamine (1 mg/kg) and by the cembranoids eunicin, eupalmerin acetate (EUAC), and (4R)-2,7,11-cembratriene-4-6-diol (4R), each at 6 mg/kg. None of these compounds modified locomotor activity of nonsensitized rats. 2) In cells expressing human AChRs, cembranoids blocked carbamoylcholine-induced (86)Rb(+) flux with IC(50) in the low micromolar range. The cell lines used were the SH-EP1-halpha4beta2 cell line heterologously expressing human alpha4beta2-AChR, the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma line naturally expressing human ganglionic alpha3beta4-AChR, and the TE671/RD cell line naturally expressing embryonic muscle alpha1beta1gammadelta-AChR. The tobacco cembranoids tested were 4R and its diastereoisomer 4S, and marine cembranoids tested were EUAC and 12,13-bisepieupalmerin. 3) At the molecular level, tobacco (4R and 4S) and marine (EUAC) cembranoids blocked binding of the noncompetitive inhibitor [(3)H]tenocyclidine to AChR from Torpedo californica electric organ. IC(50) values were in the submicromolar to low-micromolar range, with 4R displaying an order of magnitude higher potency than its diastereoisomer, 4S.
Assuntos
Diterpenos/farmacologia , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Nicotiana/química , Nicotina/farmacologia , Plantas Tóxicas , Receptores Colinérgicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Ligação Competitiva , Células Cultivadas , Diterpenos/metabolismo , Feminino , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/fisiologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Nicotina/antagonistas & inibidores , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores Colinérgicos/metabolismo , Transmissão Sináptica/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The authors review papers and researches about skull growth in newborns and infants: they analysed and correlated anthropometric data with maternal biological and social factors.
Assuntos
Cefalometria , Crânio/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Antropometria , Desenvolvimento Embrionário e Fetal , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/complicaçõesRESUMO
A sample of 4554 of newborn was used to study the distribution of the head circumference measure shortly after birth. The sample is part of the cohort born in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, from June 1st, 1978 to May 31st, 1979. It was possible to show that such measure follows a normal distribution for both sex (either separately or together) and to calculate 'normality limits' for practical use.
Assuntos
Cefalometria , Recém-Nascido , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Valores de Referência , Fatores SexuaisAssuntos
Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Doença de Graves , Hipertireoidismo , RadioisótoposRESUMO
The speech therapy in fifteen aphasic patients was studied. The group consisted of 8 male and 7 female patients and their ages ranged from less than ten to more than fifty years. In eleven cases the aphasia was due to cerebrovascular disease and in the remaining four cases to traumatic injury to the brain. Predominantly expressive aphasia accounted for five patients while in the others a comparable degree of receptive and expressive deficits existed. Six patients had their therapy programme started within the first three months after the acute phase and the rest of the group started it after more time had elapsed. Eleven patients showed a satisfactory recovery regardless the inicial deficit severity, the patients age, the pathology of the lesion or the period of time which elapsed from the beginning of the disease to the start of the therapy. The speech therapy in aphasic patients is effective although a firm prognosis cannot be established at the beginning of the programme. Useful information concerning prognosis only can be taken from the follow-up and after thoroughly retesting the patients.