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Introduction: Obesity is a complex disease that predisposes individuals to cardiometabolic alterations. It leads to adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction, which triggers insulin resistance (IR). This suggests that people with obesity develop local IR first and systemic IR later. AT secretes extracellular vesicles, which may be physiopathologically associated with the development of IR. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of a high-fat diet on different parameters of adiposity in a rat model of early-stage obesity and to determine if these parameters are associated with markers of systemic IR. In addition, we sought to explore the relationship between fasting blood measures of IR (Triglycerides/High Density Lipoprotein-cholesterol [TAG/HDL-c] and Triglycerides-Glucose Index [TyG Index]) with the size of adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (adEV). Methods: We used a model of diet-induced obesity for ten weeks in Wistar rats exposed to a high-fat diet. Final weight gain was analyzed by Dual X-ray absorptiometry. Visceral obesity was measured as epididymal AT weight. IR was evaluated with fasting TyG Index & TAG/HDL-c, and adEV were isolated from mature adipocytes on ceiling culture. Results: In the high-fat diet group, glucose and triglyceride blood concentrations were higher in comparison to the control group (Log2FC, 0.5 and 1.5 times higher, respectively). The values for TyG Index and adEV size were different between the control animals and the high-fat diet group. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that adEV size can be significantly associated with the TyG Index value, when controlling for epididymal AT weight. Conclusion: Our results show that lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as the size and zeta potential of adEV are already altered in early-stage obesity and that adEV size can be significantly associated with liver and systemic IR, estimated by TyG Index.

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Home range is a fundamental characteristic of an animal natural history. The study of home range provides information on the sites where organisms forage for food, find shelter, or locate mates. Home range size and shape can change throughout the lifespan of an organism, during the year, or across seasons, driven by resource availability and the basic needs for each organism. For freshwater and semi-aquatic turtles, home range is greatly affected by water availability, humidity, and temperature throughout the year, nevertheless demographic factors such age and sex are also important determinants of home range size. In this study we estimated home range and dispersal movements for Kinosternon creaseri, Terrapene yucatana, and Rhinoclemmys areolata in a semi-tropical dry forest in central Yucatán. For a two-year period, turtles were surveyed using hoop traps and visual encounters. Twenty-one individuals (5-8 per species) were equipped with radio transmitters to track them across the landscape. Distances between relocations and home range were compared across species seasons, sex, and interactions of these variables. Monthly average movements were positively correlated with rain in the three species studied. Home range of R. areolata was larger than those of K. creaseri and T. yucatana. Home range of the three studied species were larger during the wet season. Home range overlap index within same species individuals was higher during the rainy than dry season, but overall overlap is low between and within species.

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In the present study, a culture of Chaetoceros muelleri, a cosmopolitan planktonic diatom microalga present in the Sea of Cortez, was established under controlled laboratory conditions. A sulfated polysaccharide (CMSP) extraction was carried out from the biomass obtained, resulting in a yield of 2.2% (w/w of dry biomass). The CMSP sample was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, showing bands ranging from 3405 to 590 cm-1 and a sulfate substitution degree of 0.10. Scanning electron microscopy with elemental analysis revealed that the CMSP particles are irregularly shaped with non-acute angles and contain sulfur. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a dynamic light-scattering detector yielded molecular weight (Mw), polydispersity index (PDI), intrinsic viscosity [η], and hydrodynamic radius (Rh) values of 4.13 kDa, 2.0, 4.68 mL/g, and 1.3 nm, respectively, for the CMSP. This polysaccharide did not present cytotoxicity in CCD-841 colon cells. The antioxidant activity and the glycemic index of the CMSP were 23% and 49, respectively, which gives this molecule an added value by keeping low glycemic levels and exerting antioxidant activity simultaneously.

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Arabinoxylans (AX) microcapsules loaded with insulin were prepared by enzymatic gelation of AX, using a triaxial electrospray method. The microcapsules presented a spherical shape, with an average size of 250 µm. The behavior of AX microcapsules was evaluated using a simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem. AX microcapsules were mainly (70%) degraded in the ascending colon. The fermentation was completed in the descending colon, increasing the production of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids. In the three regions of the colon, the fermentation of AX microcapsules significantly increased populations of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and decreased the population of Enterobacteriaceae. In addition, the results found in this in vitro model showed that the AX microcapsules could resist the simulated conditions of the upper gastrointestinal system and be a carrier for insulin delivery to the colon. The pharmacological activity of insulin-loaded AX microcapsules was evaluated after oral delivery in diabetic rats. AX microcapsules lowered the serum glucose levels in diabetic rats by 75%, with insulin doses of 25 and 50 IU/kg. The hypoglycemic effect and the insulin levels remained for more than 48 h. Oral relative bioavailability was 13 and 8.7% for the 25 and 50 IU/kg doses, respectively. These results indicate that AX microcapsules are a promising microbiota-activated system for oral insulin delivery in the colon.

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This study aimed to evaluate whether aluminum chloride (AlCl3) causes hematological changes in the peripheral blood of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Five groups of female SD rats were intragastrically administered with 4 different concentrations of AlCl3 for 5 days a week for a total of 90 days. The aluminum concentration was determined via graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Analysis of serum iron-kinetic profiles, blood cytometry outcomes, and blood smears of the blood samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy were used to search for structural and ultrastructural changes, respectively. Blood aluminum concentration ranged 12.38-16.24 µg/L with no significant difference between experimental treatments. At the AlCl3 concentration of 40 mg Al/kg bw of rats/day, the mean ferritin value in the serum iron kinetic profile was 29.81±6.1 ng/mL, and this value showed a significant difference between experimental treatments. Blood cytometry revealed that there were 6.45-7.11×106 cells/µL erythrocytes, 8.91-9.32×103 cells/µL leukocytes, and 477.2-736.3×103 cells/µL platelets along with a hemoglobin of 37.38-41.93 g/dL and hematocrit level of 37.38-41.93%; the experimental treatments showed no significant differences. Erythrocyte structural analysis using SEM showed no differences between experimental treatments, whereas ultrastructural evaluation using Raman spectroscopy made it possible to identify the following bands: 741, 1123, 1350, 1578, and 1618 cm-1, which were respectively associated with the following vibrational modes and compounds: vibration of the tryptophan ring, asymmetric C-O-C stretching of glucose, C-H curve of tryptophan, C=C stretching of the heme group, and C-N stretching of the heme group, with no significant differences between experimental treatments. Therefore, AlCl3 administration does not induce ultrastructural changes in the erythrocyte membrane. This study revealed that serum ferritin concentration was the only parameter affected by AlCl3 exposure at 40 mg of Al/kg bw of rats/day.

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RESUMEN La Dermatoglifia ha sido utilizada como herramienta para identificar la relación de esta con las capacidades físicas dentro de diferentes tipos de disciplinas deportivas. El presente documento tuvo como objetivo, identificar los hallazgos de investigaciones a nivel mundial, mostrando los resultados existentes entre los dermatoglifos y la capacidad de la fuerza en el rendimiento deportivo. Método: la búsqueda incluye publicaciones en revistas indexadas en los idiomas inglés, portugués y español. Se utilizaron las siguientes bases de datos: Scopus, Scielo, Redalyc, Pubmed, Sportdiscus, Science Direct y Biblioteca Regional de Salud, para la búsqueda de información se definieron varias palabras clave. Se realizó la búsqueda y luego la revisión, donde se identificaron 56 artículos, de los cuales seis cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Resultados y conclusiones: se evidenció que la mayor parte de investigaciones son casos y controles, algunos con altos niveles de sesgo por eso su clasificación fue de 2+ y 3 (Escala SIGN). Los resultados en esta revisión sustentan la relación entre la predominancia del patrón de Presilla y el desarrollo de la fuerza sin discriminar tipo de deporte, género y edad de los practicantes, país de procedencia, composición corporal o características genéticas.

ABSTRACT Dermatoglyphics have been used as a tool to identify its relationship with physical capacities within different types of sports disciplines. The present document aimed to identify research findings worldwide, showing the existing results between dermatoglyphics and the force capacity in sports performance. Method: The search includes publications in indexed journals in the English, Portuguese and Spanish languages. The following databases were used: Scopus, Scielo, Redalyc, Pubmed, Sportdiscus, Science Direct and Regional Health Library, for the information search several key words were defined. The search and then the review were carried out, where 56 articles were identified, of which 6 met the inclusion criteria. Results and conclusions: It was evidenced that most of the investigations are cases and controls, some with high levels of bias, which is why their classification was 2+ and 3 (SIGN Scale). The results in this review support the relationship between the predominance of the Clip pattern and the development of strength without discriminating type of sport, gender and age of the practitioners, country of origin, body composition or genetic characteristics.

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RESUMEN Introducción: la hemorragia digestiva alta constituye toda pérdida hemática de volumen suficiente como para producir hematemesis, melena o ambas, cuyo origen se encuentra entre el esfínter esofágico superior y el ángulo de Treitz. Objetivo: determinar los factores predictivos de mortalidad en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, de cohorte prospectiva. Se seleccionó una muestra de 456 pacientes mayores de 15 años con el diagnóstico clínico de hemorragia digestiva alta admitidos en el cuerpo de guardia de cirugía general y unidad de cuidados intensivos y emergentes del Hospital Celia Sánchez Manduley, Manzanillo, entre enero de 2020 a diciembre de 2021. Se identificó una cohorte de pacientes egresados vivos (n=415) y una cohorte de pacientes fallecidos (n=41). Se realizó un análisis bivariado y posteriormente un análisis multivariado. Resultados: el modelo más ajustado de los factores predictivos de mortalidad quedó constituido por las siguientes variables: edad mayor de 60 años, shock hipovolémico, insuficiencia cardíaca, insuficiencia hepática yhemorragia recidivante. Conclusiones: se obtuvo un modelo ajustado con los factores predictivos de mortalidad en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta. Por lo tanto, podremos egresar precozmente a un paciente con bajo riesgo de mortalidad, mientras que podemos considerar el ingreso de un paciente de alto riesgo en la unidad de cuidados intensivos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: upper gastrointestinal bleeding constitutes any blood loss of sufficient volume to produce hematemesis, melena or both, whose origin is between the upper esophageal sphincter and the angle of Treitz. Objective: to determine the predictive factors of mortality in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Methods: an observational, analytical, prospective cohort study was carried out. A sample of 456 patients older than 15 years with the clinical diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding admitted to the general surgery guardhouse and intensive and emergent care unit of the Celia Sánchez Manduley Hospital, Manzanillo, between January 2020 and December, was selected. 2021. A cohort of patients discharged alive (n = 415) and a cohort of deceased patients (n = 41) were identified. A bivariate analysis was performed and subsequently a multivariate analysis. Results: the most adjusted model of the predictive factors of mortality was made up of the following variables: age over 60 years, hypovolemic shock, heart failure, liver failure and recurrent bleeding. Conclusions: an adjusted model was obtained with the predictive factors of mortality in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Therefore, we can discharge a patient with low risk of mortality early, while we can consider the admission of a high-risk patient to the intensive care unit.

RESUMO Introdução: o sangramento gastrointestinal superior constitui qualquer perda de sangue de volume suficiente para produzir hematêmese, melena ou ambas, cuja origem se encontra entre o esfíncter esofágico superior e o ângulo de Treitz. Objetivo: determinar os fatores preditivos de mortalidade em pacientes com hemorragia digestiva alta. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo observacional, analítico e de coorte prospectivo. Foi selecionada uma amostra de 456 pacientes maiores de 15 anos com diagnóstico clínico de hemorragia digestiva alta internados na enfermaria de cirurgia geral e unidade de terapia intensiva e emergente do Hospital Celia Sánchez Manduley, Manzanillo, entre janeiro de 2020 e dezembro. coorte de pacientes que receberam alta com vida (n = 415) e uma coorte de pacientes falecidos (n = 41). Foi realizada uma análise bivariada e posteriormente uma análise multivariada. Resultados: o modelo mais ajustado dos fatores preditivos de mortalidade foi composto pelas seguintes variáveis: idade acima de 60 anos, choque hipovolêmico, insuficiência cardíaca, insuficiência hepática e sangramento recorrente. Conclusões: foi obtido um modelo ajustado com os fatores preditivos de mortalidade em pacientes com hemorragia digestiva alta. Por tanto, podemos dar alta precoce a um paciente com baixo risco de mortalidade, en quanto podemos considerar a admissão de um paciente de alto risco à unidade de terapia intensiva.

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Introducción: La dehiscencia de la línea de sutura es una de las complicaciones más frecuentes en la cirugía intestinal. Objetivo: Diseñar una escala predictiva para estimar de forma individual la probabilidad de dehiscencia de la línea de sutura intestinal. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio, analítico, de cohorte con recogida retrospectiva de datos en el sexenio 2014-2019 en el hospital "Celia Sánchez Manduley". La muestra fue de 437 pacientes y se usó la variable dependiente: dehiscencia de la línea de sutura intestinal y variables independientes: edad, sexo, comorbilidad, hemoglobina, hipoalbuminemia, neoplasia de colon, riesgo anestésico, entre otras. Resultados: En el análisis multivariado se obtuvo un modelo ajustado con las variables: edad mayor de 70 años (p = 0,002), hipoalbuminemia (p = 0,014), anastomosis enterocólica (p = 0,018), cirugía urgente (p = 0,001) e íleo paralítico prolongado (p < 0,001). La escala predictiva fue derivada del modelo estadístico ajustado y clasificado en 3 grupos de riesgo la probabilidad de dehiscencia de la línea de sutura intestinal: bajo (menor de 2 puntos), moderado (entre 3 y 5 puntos) y elevado (mayor de 6 puntos). Presentó una sensibilidad de 89,6 por ciento, especificidad de 89,1 por ciento, porciento predictivo global de 89,2 por ciento, valor predictivo positivo de 66,1 por ciento y valor predictivo negativo de 97,2 por ciento. Tuvo una excelente calibración y un elevado poder discriminativo. Conclusión: Se obtuvo una escala predictiva para estimar de forma individual la probabilidad de dehiscencia de la línea de sutura intestinal(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: The suture line dehiscence is one of the most frequent complications in intestinal surgery. Objective: To design a predictive scale for estimating individual probability of suture line dehiscence. Methods: An analytical cohort study, which involved retrospective data collection, was carried out, in the six-year period of 2014-2019, at Celia Sánchez Manduley Hospital. The sample consisted of 437 patients. Dehiscence of the intestinal suture line was used as a dependent variable, while age, sex, comorbidity, hemoglobin, hypoalbuminemia, colon neoplasia, anesthetic risk, among others, were used as independent variables. Results: Through multivariate analysis, an adjusted model was obtained, with the following results for the variables: age over 70 years (P=0.002), hypoalbuminemia (P=0.014), enterocolic anastomosis (P=0.018), urgent surgery (P=0.001), and ileus prolonged paralytic (P < 0.001). The predictive scale was derived from the adjusted statistical model and, based on the probability of dehiscence of the intestinal suture line, classified into three risk groups: low (less than two points), moderate (between 3-5 points) and high (more than six points). It presented a sensitivity of 89.6 percent, a specificity of 89.1 percent, a global predictive percentage of 89.2 percent, a positive predictive value of 66.1 percent, and a negative predictive value of 97.2 percent. It had an excellent calibration and a high discriminative power. Conclusion: A predictive scale was obtained for estimating the individual probability of dehiscence of the intestinal suture line(AU)

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RESUMEN Introducción: el término «mucocele¼, una denominación no específica y descriptiva referida a una acumulación mucosa anormal dentro de la luz del apéndice, independientemente de la causa subyacente, es una afección clínica rara que con poca frecuencia se considera en el diagnóstico diferencial de las lesiones localizadas en el cuadrante inferior derecho del abdomen. Objetivo: presentar un paciente con diagnóstico preoperatorio de apendicitis aguda complicada que fue intervenido quirúrgicamente de urgencia y se le diagnosticó finalmente un mucocele apendicular. Presentación del caso: paciente masculino de 52 años que fue admitido en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos y Emergentes por presentar dolor en la región lumbar derecha que se irradió a fosa iliaca derecha. Se acompañó de náuseas, vómitos abundantes, fiebre de 38,5-390 C, sed, oliguria, astenia y anorexia. Discusión: a la exploración física presentó mucosas pálidas y ligeramente secas, pulso débil y taquicárdico, hipotensión arterial, abdomen ligeramente distendido, doloroso a la palpación profunda en fosa ilíaca derecha. Los estudios imagenológicos sugirieron una colección apendicular. Con la sospecha clínica de apendicitis aguda complicada y ante la duda diagnóstica se decidió realizar laparotomía exploradora de urgencia. Durante el transoperatorio se identificó un mucocele apendicular. La histología confirmó un mucocele apendicular sin evidencia de origen neoplásico. El paciente evolucionó satisfactoriamente y se le dio de alta al cuarto dia posoperatorio. Conclusiones: el mucocele apendicular es una afección clínica-quirúrgica que, a pesar de ser conocida, su incidencia es muy baja; siendo el diagnóstico preoperatorio difícil por la variedad en su presentación clínica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the term «mucocele¼, a nonspecific and descriptive name referring to an abnormal mucous accumulation within the lumen of the appendix, regardless of the underlying cause, is a rare clinical condition that is infrequently considered in the differential diagnosis of the lesions located in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen. Objective: to present a patient with a preoperative diagnosis of complicated acute appendicitis who underwent emergency surgery and was finally diagnosed with an appendicular mucocele. Clinical case: 52-year-old male patient who was admitted to the Emergency and Intensive Care Unit for presenting pain in the right lumbar region that radiated to the right iliac fossa. He was accompanied by nausea, profuse vomiting, fever of 38.5-390 C, thirst, oliguria, asthenia, and anorexia. Discussion: on physical examination, she presented pale and slightly dry mucous membranes, weak and tachycardic pulse, arterial hypotension, slightly distended abdomen, painful on deep palpation in the right iliac fossa. Imaging studies suggested an appendicular collection. With the clinical suspicion of complicated acute appendicitis and the diagnostic doubt, it was decided to perform emergency exploratory laparotomy. During the intraoperative period, anappendicular mucocele was identified. Histology confirmed an appendicular mucocele with no evidence of neoplastic origin. The patient evolved satisfactorily and was discharged on the fourth postoperative day. Conclusions: the appendicular mucoceleis a clinical-surgical condition that, despite being known, its incidence is very low; being the preoperative diagnosis difficult due to the variety in its clinical presentation.

RESUMO Introdução: o termo "mucocele", nome inespecífico e descritivo que se refere a um acúmulo anormal de muco dentro da luz do apêndice, independente da causa subjacente, é uma condição clínica rara, raramente considerada no diagnóstico diferencial das lesões localizado no quadrante inferior direito do abdômen. Objetivo: apresentar um paciente com diagnóstico pré-operatório de apendicite aguda complicada, submetido a cirurgia de urgência e com diagnóstico de mucocele apendicular. Caso clínico: Paciente do sexo masculino, 52 anos, que deu entrada no Pronto Socorro e na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva por apresentar dor em região lombar direita com irradiação para fossa ilíaca direita. Foi acompanhada de náuseas, vômitos profusos, febre 38,5-390 C, sede, oligúria, astenia e anorexia. Discussão: ao exame físico apresentava mucosas pálidas e levemente ressecadas, pulso fraco e taquicárdico, hipotensão arterial, abdome levemente distendido, doloroso à palpação profunda em fossa ilíaca direita. Estudos de imagem sugeriram uma coleção apendicular. Com a suspeita clínica de apendicite aguda complicada e a dúvida diagnóstica, optou-se pela realização de laparotomia exploradora de emergência. No intraoperatório, foi identificada mucocele apendicular. A histologia confirmou uma mucocele apendicular sem evidência de origem neoplásica. A paciente evoluiu satisfatoriamente e recebeu alta hospitalar no quarto dia de pós-operatório. Conclusões: amucocele apendicular é uma condição clínico-cirúrgica que, apesar de conhecida, é muito baixa; sendo o diagnóstico pré-operatório difícil pela variedade de sua apresentação clínica.

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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of bladder lesions diagnosed during transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), to identify the associated risk factors, and to correlate the macroscopic descriptions with the pathological findings. METHODS: This was a single-center retrospective case series conducted at a hospital in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. We reviewed the medical and surgical records of patients who underwent TURP between January 2012 and December 2017. RESULTS: The final sample comprised 513 patients, with a mean age of 70.8 years. Bladder lesions were identified during TURP in 109 (21.2%) of the patients, and 90 of those lesions were submitted for pathological examination. The most common macroscopic finding was bullous edema, which was seen in 57 (63.3%) of the 90 lesions examined. The pathological analysis revealed chronic cystitis in 61 lesions (67.8%) and malignant lesions in 16 (17.8%). Of the 57 lesions described as bullous edema, 5 (8.8%) were found to be malignant. CONCLUSIONS: Alterations in the bladder mucosa appear to be more common among elderly patients who use an indwelling urinary catheter for a prolonged period and among patients with recurrent urinary tract infections. In addition, the risk of a bladder lesion being malignant is apparently higher in current and former smokers than in never smokers. Our findings suggest that at-risk patients should undergo biopsy or resection of incidental bladder lesions even if those lesions seem to be benign, due to the low level of agreement between the visual analysis and the pathological examination.

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Recently, soluble forms of aluminum for human use or consumption have been determined to be potentially toxic due to their association with hepatic, neurological, hematological, neoplastic, and bone conditions. This study aims to assess the genotoxic effect of aluminum chloride on genomic instability associated with the onset of N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU)-induced breast cancer in Sprague Dawley rats. The dietary behavior of the rats was assessed, and the concentration of aluminum in the mammary glands was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Genomic instability was determined in the histological sections of mammary glands stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Moreover, micronucleus in peripheral blood and comet assays were performed. The results of dietary behavior evaluation indicated no significant differences between the experimental treatments. However, aluminum concentration in breast tissues was high in the +2000Al/-NMU treatment. This experimental treatment caused moderate intraductal cell proliferation, lymph node hyperplasia, and serous gland adenoma. Furthermore, micronucleus and comet test results revealed that +2000Al/-NMU led to a genotoxic effect after a 10-day exposure and the damage was more evident after a 15-day exposure. Therefore, in conclusion, genomic instability is present and the experimental conditions assessed are not associated with breast cancer.

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Ruminants are highly susceptible to photosensitization caused by the ingestion of hepatotoxic plants. In two adjacent farms in Colima, Mexico, several sheep exhibited signs of depression and crusting dermatitis involving the ears, periorbital skin, eyelids, nostrils, and axillary regions. Results of serum biochemistry were indicative of liver injury. Post mortem examination revealed jaundice, craniofacial edema as well as an enlarged liver having an orange-brown discoloration; on the cut surface, the hepatic parenchyma had a subtle zonal pattern. Histopathological findings were those of severe necrotizing dermatitis, lymphoplasmacytic cholangiohepatitis, and renal tubular necrosis. Acicular crystals were microscopically and ultrastructurally evident in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, biliary ducts, renal tubules and interstitium. The clinical, gross and microscopic findings were consistent with hepatogenous photosensitization. A field investigation revealed that affected sheep had been grazing Brachiaria spp., a potentially toxic grass originated from Africa and commonly cultivated in Australia and South America. This grass contains hepatotoxic saponins that cause liver injury and secondary hepatogenous photosensitization. Although frequently reported in South America, to our knowledge, this is the first report of Brachiaria spp. toxicity in Mexico.(AU)

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Ruminants are highly susceptible to photosensitization caused by the ingestion of hepatotoxic plants. In two adjacent farms in Colima, Mexico, several sheep exhibited signs of depression and crusting dermatitis involving the ears, periorbital skin, eyelids, nostrils, and axillary regions. Results of serum biochemistry were indicative of liver injury. Post mortem examination revealed jaundice, craniofacial edema as well as an enlarged liver having an orange-brown discoloration; on the cut surface, the hepatic parenchyma had a subtle zonal pattern. Histopathological findings were those of severe necrotizing dermatitis, lymphoplasmacytic cholangiohepatitis, and renal tubular necrosis. Acicular crystals were microscopically and ultrastructurally evident in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, biliary ducts, renal tubules and interstitium. The clinical, gross and microscopic findings were consistent with hepatogenous photosensitization. A field investigation revealed that affected sheep had been grazing Brachiaria spp., a potentially toxic grass originated from Africa and commonly cultivated in Australia and South America. This grass contains hepatotoxic saponins that cause liver injury and secondary hepatogenous photosensitization. Although frequently reported in South America, to our knowledge, this is the first report of Brachiaria spp. toxicity in Mexico.

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SUMMARY: Veterinary oncology is very important nowadays to get a better understanding of human carcinogenesis. Estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and Human Epidermal Growth Factor receptor 2 are frequently evaluated by immunohistochemistry (HIC) in human breast tumor. WT1 is an oncogene, its overexpression has been detected in leukemia and diverse solid tumors like breast cancer, lung cancer and mesothelioma in humans. WT1 expression was evaluated in 15 canine breast tumors (CBT) diagnosed by histopathological analysis to find its relationship with neoplasia and malignancy. IHC and RT-PCR were performed in CBT tissues. Fisher´s test was used to analyze WT1 relationship with malignancy. Of the 15 tumors, 9 (60 %) were diagnosed as benign and 6 (40 %) were malignant. With IHC, WT1 expression was positive only in biopsies diagnosed as malignant. Expression of WT1 by RT-PCR was detected in 14 of the 15 tumors (93.33 %) as well as in control healthy mammary gland. Clinical significance: This study describes for the first time a close correlation between CBT and a positive result for WT1 expression with IHC; hence, it can be used as a biomarker for this neoplasia and as an indicator of malignancy. RT-PCR analysis also showed to be good option to detect WT1 expression. These results will be useful to further investigations to elucidate WT1-related signaling pathways in CBT. Also to know molecules that regulate the translation of this protein as a marker for tumor progression.

RESUMEN: La oncología veterinaria es muy importante hoy en día para comprender mejor la carcinogénesis humana. El receptor de estrógeno, el receptor de progesterona y el receptor 2 del factor de crecimiento epidérmico humano se evalúan con frecuencia mediante inmunohistoquímica (HIC) en tumores de mama humanos. WT1 es un oncogén, su sobreexpresión se ha detectado en leucemia y en diversos tumores sólidos como el cáncer de mama, cáncer de pulmón y mesotelioma en humanos. La expresión de WT1 se evaluó en 15 tumores de mama caninos (TCC) diagnosticados mediante análisis histopatológico para encontrar su relación con la neoplasia y la malignidad. IHC y RT-PCR se realizaron en tejidos CBT. La prueba de Fisher se utilizó para analizar la relación de WT1 con la malignidad. De los 15 tumores, 9 (60 %) fueron diagnosticados como benignos y 6 (40 %) fueron malignos. Con IHC, la expresión de WT1 fue positiva solo en biopsias diagnosticadas como malignas. La expresión de WT1 por RT-PCR se detectó en 14 de los 15 tumores (93,33 %), así como en el control de la glándula mamaria sana. Importancia clínica: este estudio describe por primera vez una estrecha correlación entre la TCC y un resultado positivo para la expresión de WT1 con IHC; por lo tanto, se puede utilizar como un biomarcador para esta neoplasia y como un indicador de malignidad. El análisis por RT-PCR también demostró ser una buena opción para detectar la expresión de WT1. Estos resultados serán útiles para futuras investigaciones para dilucidar las vías de señalización relacionadas con WT1 en la TCC. También para conocer moléculas que regulan la traducción de esta proteína como marcador de progresión tumoral.

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Letter to the Editor

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Bluetongue (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer (EHD) are two distinct viral hemorrhagic diseases of domestic and wildruminants caused by members of the family Reoviridae and transmitted by Culicoides midges. These conditions have been recognized in Canada and the United States for many years, but not in Mexico. Although in Mexico there is serologic evidence of EHD virus (EHDV) and bluetongue virus (BTV) in domestic and wild ruminants, to our knowledge, there have never been reports of clinical illness or fatalities attributed to either of these viruses. Two free ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in twolicensed hunting ranches in Northern Mexico near the Texas border died unexpectedly. Postmortem and microscopic examinations revealed hemorrhagic lesions compatible with viral hemorrhagic disease (Reoviridae: Orbivirus). Tissues from one animal tested positive by RT-PCR for BTV but negative for EHDV. To our knowledge, this is the first time in Mexico where deer dying with hemorrhagic lesions consistent with Bluetongue tested positive for BTV by PCR.(AU)

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Didelphostrongylus hayesi is an important and prevalent pulmonary nematode in the opossum ( Didelphis virginiana ). An in-depth description of the pulmonary lesions caused by this nematode is lacking. The objective of this investigation was to make a detailed account of the gross, subgross, and microscopic changes that occur in the lungs of opossums naturally infected with D. hayesi. Forty-four opossums trapped in the state of Colima, Mexico, were euthanized by an overdose of barbiturates. Following a postmortem examination, the right lung was cut from the main bronchi and placed in a Petri dish containing a saline solution for the detection and identification of live parasites. The left lung was fixed and cut serially for subgross microscopic examination and sections of lung were cut and stained for histopathologic examination. The most remarkable gross change in parasitized lungs was a poorly collapsible pulmonary parenchyma and mild emphysema. The right lung tested positive for lungworms on gross examination in 20/44, and 11/44 (25%) of the left lungs showed tan nodules on the pleural surface. Microscopically, the bronchi of 20/44 animals harbored adult and larval stages of D. hayesi (left lung), the same 20 opossums from which nematodes were grossly evident at necropsy (right lung). Adults and larvae were present in bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli mixed with desquamated cells and many eosinophils, and to a lesser extent neutrophils, alveolar macrophages, and giant cells. Bronchi and bronchioles exhibited goblet cell hyperplasia and metaplasia respectively, and infiltration of lymphoplasmacytic cells in the interstitium and lamina propria. The tan nodules consisted of focal alveolar endogenous lipidosis, which likely resulted from parasitic airway obstruction. The lungs of 3/20 parasitized opossums also showed alveolar bronchiolization (Lambertosis). The absence of Eucoleus aerophilus or bacterial pneumonia incriminates D. hayesi as the putative cause of pulmonary lesions in these opossums.

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Oak species (Fagaceae: Quercus) differ in their distribution at the landscape scale, specializing to a certain portion of environmental gradients. This suggests that functional differentiation favors habitat partitioning among closely related species. To elucidate the mechanisms of species coexistence in oak forests, we explored patterns of interspecific variation in functional traits involved in water-use strategies. We tested the hypothesis that oak species segregate along key trade-offs between xylem hydraulic efficiency and safety, and between hydraulic safety and drought avoidance capacity, leading to species niche partitioning across a gradient of aridity. To do so, we quantified biophysical and physiological traits in four red and five white oak species (sections Lobatae and Quercus, respectively) across an aridity gradient in central Mexico. We also explored the trade-offs guiding species differentiation, particularly between the drought tolerance versus water acquisition capacity, and determined whether the water-use strategy was associated with the portion of the environmental gradient that the species occupy. In a trait-by-trait analysis, we detected differences between white and red oak species. However, a larger part of the variation was explained at the species rather than at the section level. We detected two primary axes of trait covariation. The first exhibited differences between species with dense tissues and species with soft tissues (the tissue construction cost axis); however, the oak sections did not constitute separate groups, while the second suggested a trade-off between xylem resistance to cavitation and tree deciduousness. As expected, the water-use strategies of the species were related to the environment; oak species from arid areas had more deciduousness and a higher instantaneous water-use efficiency. In contrast, their humid counterparts had less deciduousness and had a xylem that was more resistant to embolisms. Altogether, these results suggest that aridity filters closely related species, resulting in habitat partitioning and niche divergence.

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Bluetongue (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer (EHD) are two distinct viral hemorrhagic diseases of domestic and wildruminants caused by members of the family Reoviridae and transmitted by Culicoides midges. These conditions have been recognized in Canada and the United States for many years, but not in Mexico. Although in Mexico there is serologic evidence of EHD virus (EHDV) and bluetongue virus (BTV) in domestic and wild ruminants, to our knowledge, there have never been reports of clinical illness or fatalities attributed to either of these viruses. Two free ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in twolicensed hunting ranches in Northern Mexico near the Texas border died unexpectedly. Postmortem and microscopic examinations revealed hemorrhagic lesions compatible with viral hemorrhagic disease (Reoviridae: Orbivirus). Tissues from one animal tested positive by RT-PCR for BTV but negative for EHDV. To our knowledge, this is the first time in Mexico where deer dying with hemorrhagic lesions consistent with Bluetongue tested positive for BTV by PCR.

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Biliary atresia is a congenital cholangiopathy characterized by a progressive fibrosis of the bile ducts leading to impaired biliary flow, hepatic failure, icterus and early death. This paper describes the gross and microscopic findings in a 4-week-old Beefmaster calf that unexpectedly died with severe jaundice. On postmortem examination, the liver was firm in texture and exhibited an orange-yellow discoloration. Microscopically, there were cholestasis, hyperplasia, fibrosis and obliteration of the bile ducts, and mural fibrosis of the gall-bladder. Massons trichrome and Gomoris stain revealed excessive collagen deposition in the portal areas and biliary ducts, and occasionally around central veins. Immunohistochemistry confirmed biliary epithelial cells, not only lining the bile ducts but also were forming tubular-like structures devoid of a lumen. Blood test was negative for babesiosis and anaplasmosis. Based on these findings, the final diagnosis was congenital biliary atresia.(AU)

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