RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of intraumbilical vein oxytocin injection with standard management in reducing blood loss during the third and fourth stages of labor. Acute complications threaten the mother's life during the third and fourth stages of labor. The most common complication is postpartum hemorrhage, which remains a leading cause of maternal mortality, particularly in developing countries. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of Leonardo Martínez Valenzuela Hospital from January to June 2021. A probabilistic sample was used: 332 pregnant patients were enrolled in the study and randomized into the case (166 patients) and control (166 patients) groups. The volume of blood lost was compared between the groups. RESULTS: The median estimated blood loss was 120 mL (interquartile range [IQR], 80-218.75 mL). There was a statistically significant difference between the groups, showing less estimated blood loss in the international unit group with a median of 80 mL (IQR, 60-100 mL) (P<0.001), and 200 mL (IQR, 143.75-300 mL) in the intramuscular (IM) group, highlighting that 66.8% of the IM group had an estimated blood loss >251 mL. CONCLUSION: Any reduction in bleeding during labor is clinically relevant because it improves patient prognosis. The use of intraumbilical oxytocin injection with active management of the third stage of labor significantly reduced postpartum blood loss and the duration of the third stage compared with the IM group.
RESUMO
Acute kidney injury (AKI), defined as an abrupt increase in serum creatinine, a reduced urinary output, or both, is experiencing considerable evolution in terms of our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms and its impact on other organs. Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are main contributors to organ dysfunction in AKI, but they are not alone. The precise mechanisms behind multi-organ dysfunction are not yet fully accounted for. The building up of uremic toxins specific to AKI might be a plausible explanation for these disturbances. However, controversies have arisen around their effects in organs other than the kidney, because animal models usually depict AKI as a kidney-specific injury. Meanwhile, humans present AKI frequently in association with multi-organ failure (MOF). Until now, medium-molecular-weight molecules, such as inflammatory cytokines, have been proven to play a role in endothelial and epithelial injury, leading to increased permeability and capillary leakage, mainly in pulmonary and intestinal tissues.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda/metabolismo , Insuficiência de Múltiplos Órgãos/metabolismo , Toxinas Urêmicas/metabolismo , Animais , Humanos , Ligação ProteicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Subcutaneous injection of illicit polymers can result in a number of local complications, including injection-site deformity, granulomas, and skin changes. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare postoperative complications and symptom flare in patients undergoing surgical excision of foreign-body granulomas. METHODS: We retrospectively examined data of patients who underwent surgical removal of foreign-body granulomas caused by polymer injection for cosmetic purposes. The granulomas were removed by ultrasonic-assisted liposuction or en bloc excision with primary closure, skin grafts, or free flaps during 2014 to 2020. Data collected included demographic and operative parameters. Postoperative complications, symptom flare, and time to flare were reported. The relations between type of surgery and complications, symptom flare, and time to flare were determined through statistical analysis. RESULTS: The final cohort included 49 surgeries (42 primary and 7 secondary) in 35 patients. The overall complication rate was 28.9%, with no significant intergroup differences (30.8%, 20%, 66.7%, and 40%; Pâ =â 0.328). Wound dehiscence and skin burns were the main complications. An overall symptom flare of 35.1% in surgically treated areas over a mean period of 28.49 months was reported. Chi-squared test indicated statistical significance between type of surgery and symptom flare (Pâ =â 0.004) and between complications and flare (Pâ =â 0.013). Kaplan-Meier test for flare was statistically significant (Pâ =â 0.006) after comparison of the 4 groups. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of postoperative complications was similar for each type of surgery. However, en bloc excision and reconstruction by either primary closure or free flap was associated with a significantly decreased rate of symptom flare and a longer symptom-free period.
Assuntos
Granuloma de Corpo Estranho , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica , Granuloma de Corpo Estranho/diagnóstico , Granuloma de Corpo Estranho/etiologia , Granuloma de Corpo Estranho/cirurgia , Humanos , Polímeros , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica/efeitos adversos , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Resumen Este artículo propone identificar la relación entre la preferencia hacia uno de dos tipos de justicia (retributiva y restaurativa) y el nivel de competencia moral en estudiantes universitarios. Se trabajó con una muestra por conveniencia de 120 estudiantes de psicología (93 mujeres y 27 hombres) de 16 a 46 años de edad (M = 19.53, DE = 3.17). Se diseñó y validó la Escala de Preferencia hacia la Justicia Restaurativa/Retributiva, y se aplicó el Test de Juicio Moral. Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes presentan una preferencia por la justicia restaurativa, a la vez que evidencian niveles bajos a medios en su competencia moral. Se obtuvo una correlación estadísticamente significativa entre nivel de competencia moral y la preferencia hacia la justicia tanto restaurativa como retributiva para solo uno de los dilemas morales analizados (médico vs. trabajador). Se discuten los resultados asumiendo que el tipo de evento transgresor analizado afecta de forma significativa el índice de competencia moral y la preferencia hacia un tipo de justicia específico. La preferencia tiende hacia la justicia restaurativa con respecto a la justicia retributiva; esta preferencia no se ve influenciada por el sexo o haber sido víctima de un delito.
Abstract In this paper, we aim to identify the relationship between the preference towards one of two types of justice (retributive justice and restorative justice) and the level of moral competence in university students. A convenience sample of 120 Psychology students (93 women and 27 men) aged 16-46 (M=19.53, SD=3.17) participated in this correlational design. The "Preference Scale Towards Restorative/Retributive Justice" was designed and validated and the "Moral Judgement Test" was applied. Results suggest that most students lean towards restorative justice and have low to medium levels of moral competence. We found a positive and statistically significant correlation between moral competence and preference for restorative and retributive justice for one of the analyzed dilemmas (doctor vs. worker). Results are discussed assuming that the type of transgressing event significantly affects moral competence index and favorability toward a specific type of justice. The preference tends toward restorative justice than retributive justice; this preference is not influenced by sex or having been the victim of a crime.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Justiça Social , Competência Mental , MoralRESUMO
El lindefema masivo localizado es una condición rara pero su incidencia se encuentra en aumento. El linfedema puede ser primario o secundario a infecciones, radioterapia, cirugías, cáncer, enfermedades del sistema inmune o a compresión. Algunos autores han sugerido un incremento en su incidencia debido a la epidemia de obesidad. El linfedema escrotal produce una morbilidad importante debido a mala higiene, infecciones, incontinencia urinaria, disfunción sexual, pérdida de la libido e inclusive limitación en la deambulación. Las opciones de tratamiento no quirúrgico de la linfedema incluyen el drenaje linfático manual, prendas de compresión, terapia física y ejercicio. Usualmente, el tratamiento conservador falla debido a la dificultad anatómica que presenta la región genital para la aplicación de dichas terapias. El tratamiento quirúrgico puede ser efectivo en casos graves y moderados. Existen diferentes variantes a la técnica quirúrgica, pero la resección del tejido afectado y la reconstrucción con tejido sano es primordial. El pronóstico de esta patología tiende a ser bueno; sin embargo, se reporta una alta tasa de recidiva.
Massive localized lymphedema is a rare but rising condition that could be primary in nature or secondary to infections, radiation, surgery, malignancies, autoimmune or compression. Some authors have suggested and increased incidence due to the raising epidemic of obesity. Scrotal lymphedema causes significant morbidity such as poor hygiene, infections, urinary incontinence, sexual dysfunction, loss of libido and a limited ambulation. Although non operative treatment options for lymphedema include manual lymph drainage, compression garments, exercises, sequential gradient pump. Usually, non-operative techniques fail due to the difficult in the anatomic area. Surgical treatment can be effective in moderate to severe cases of giant scrotal lymphedema. There are many variations of the surgical technique, however, resection of the affected tissue and reconstruction with healthy skin is primordial. The prognosis tends to be good, although there is reported a significant amount of relapse, mostly dependent on the weight lost and diet of the patients
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Escroto/cirurgia , Linfedema/patologia , Elefantíase , Neoplasias , ObesidadeRESUMO
Resumen: El desarrollo de la vacunación a nivel mundial ha permitido el control de algunas enfermedades infecciosas, constituyéndose en una poderosa herramienta de salud pública. Asimismo, se han identificado algunos efectos secundarios neurológicos, como el denominado episodio de hipotonía-hiporreactividad, evento supuestamente atribuido a la vacunación e inmunización. Si bien es poco frecuente, se considera un efecto adverso severo. El objetivo de este artículo es reportar un caso y revisar la literatura sobre el tema. Se presenta una lactante de 2 meses que luego de tres horas de recibir la primera dosis de la vacuna combinada pentavalente, presenta episodio de hipotonía con cianosis de segundos de duración. Este episodio se caracteriza por presentarse horas después de la administración de la vacuna con un inicio súbito de hipotonía generalizada, hiporreactividad y palidez cutánea o cianosis. El diagnóstico es de exclusión, ya que se presenta en lactante de aspecto grave. La mayoría de los episodios se han relacionado con el componente pertussis, ya sea celular o acelular. La vigilancia de los ESAVI es un pilar fundamental para desarrollar esquemas de vacunación eficaces y seguros para toda la población.
Summary: The global development of vaccines has enabled us to control some infectious diseases and has become a powerful public health tool. Despite this, vaccines have some neurological side effects, such as the so-called Hypotonic-Hyporesponsive Episode (HHE), an adverse event following vaccination and immunization (AEFI). Even though it is rare, it is considered to be a severe adverse effect. The objective of this article is to report about a HHE case and to review the literature on the subject. The case is of a 2-month-old infant who, after 3 hours of receiving the first dose of the combined pentavalent vaccine, developed a hypotonic episode with cyanosis of seconds of duration. HHE usually happens hours after the vaccine is administered and it shows a sudden onset of generalized hypotonia, hyporesponsiveness, pale skin or cyanosis. A diagnosis of exclusion was made, since the symptoms looked serious on the infant. Most episodes have been linked to cellular or acellular pertussis. It is essential to carry out AEFI surveillance in order to develop effective and safe vaccination schedules for the entire population.
Resumo: O desenvolvimento global de vacinas há permitido controlar algumas doenças infeccionas tornando-se uma poderosa ferramenta de saúde pública. Apesar disso, elas têm alguns efeitos colaterais neurológicos, como o chamado Episódio Hipotônico-Hiporresponsivo (EHH), um evento adverso pós-vacinação e imunização (EAPV). Embora seja raro, é considerado um efeito adverso grave. O objetivo deste artigo é relatar um caso de EHH e revisar a literatura sobre o assunto. O relato de caso é de uma criança de 2 meses de idade quem, após 3 horas de recebimento da primeira dose da vacina pentavalente combinada, desenvolveu um episódio hipotônico com cianose de segundos de duração. O EHH geralmente ocorre horas após a administração da vacina e mostra um início repentino de hipotonia generalizada, hiporresponsividade, pele pálida ou cianose. O diagnóstico foi de exclusão, pois os sintomas no bebê eram sérios. A maioria dos episódios foi associada à pertussis celular ou acelular. É essencial realizar a vigilância da EAPV para desenvolver cronogramas de vacinação eficazes e seguros para toda a população.
RESUMO
ABSTRACT To evaluate the anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of the major polyphenol compounds of propolis and their cellular damage, both as single molecule or in combination. Honey bees propolis were fractionated by using CPC and preparative HPLC. Four major polyphenols (chrysin, pinocembrin, galangin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester) were identified by thin layer chromatography-mass spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. These compounds inhibited both ATCC and clinical H. pylori strains, with caffeic acid phenethyl ester being the most active. The four compounds presented minimum inhibitory concentration in the range 256-1024 µg ml−1 and a fractional inhibitory concentration of 64-512 µg ml−1. In mixtures all compounds showed an indifference effect (FIC < 0.15) but chrysin + galangin which was synergistic (FIC = 2.0). Killing curves show a similar behavior as the antibiotic amoxycillin. On the other hand, analyses by transmission electron microscopy at sub inhibitory concentration show vesicle formation and cell lysis after exposition to both individual polyphenol compounds and in mixture. The major compounds of propolis show anti-H. pylori activity both as individual compounds and in mixture. When combined they present mainly indifference but exert a lytic activity upon H. pylori, suggesting a potential bactericidal activity of propolis.
RESUMO
Resumen: La oxigenoterapia de alto flujo mediante cánula nasal (CNAF) es un método de apoyo respiratorio no invasivo que se ha desarrollado con excelentes resultados en servicios pediátricos de emergencia y cuidados moderados, para el tratamiento de infecciones respiratorias bajas de etiología viral. Objetivo: describir y analizar las características clínicas y evolución de los menores de 2 años con infecciones respiratorias bajas de probable etiología viral que recibieron tratamiento con CNAF en el servicio de cuidados moderados pediátricos de la ciudad de Florida, Uruguay. Método: estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo. Se incluyeron todos los menores de 2 años con la patología respiratoria mencionada que fueron asistidos con CNAF desde el 1º de junio hasta el 31 de octubre de 2017: n=10. Criterios de inclusión: score de Tal modificado mayor o igual a 7 mantenido, score de Tal mayor o igual a 9 desde el inicio, o saturación de oxígeno menor o igual a 90% con oxigenoterapia convencional. Los criterios de éxito o fracaso se definieron de acuerdo a la respuesta y evolución clínica. En los casos en que se consideró el fracaso de la técnica, los pacientes fueron derivados a centro de terapia intensiva para realizar otras modalidades de soporte ventilatorio. En todos los casos se realizó gasometría preconexión, que no se repitió si la técnica fue exitosa. Se registraron diferentes variables: edad, procedencia, sexo, institución prestadora, comorbilidades, motivo de conexión, aspirado nasofaríngeo, tiempo de aplicación de la técnica y resultado de su aplicación. Resultados: se incluyeron 10 pacientes, con edad promedio de 8,1 meses, 6 de sexo femenino; en nueve casos el motivo de la conexión fue un score de Tal mayor o igual 7 mantenido pese al tratamiento; siete pacientes tuvieron aspirado nasofaríngeo diagnóstico negativo y tres fueron reactivos para virus respiratorio sincicial. El promedio de aplicación fue de 54,9 horas y la técnica resultó exitosa en 7/10 casos. En los tres casos en que se consideró fracaso, los pacientes fueron trasladados en ambulancia especializada pediátrica, sin suspender la técnica, y en la evolución requirieron asistencia respiratoria invasiva. Conclusiones: la utilización de la CNAF en el servicio asistencial pediátrico de Florida permitió la resolución de 7/10 casos de lactantes con insuficiencia respiratoria hipoxémica en el contexto de infección respiratoria baja.
Summary: High Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) Oxygen Therapy is a non-invasive respiratory support method that has had excellent results for the treatment of low viral respiratory infections in pediatric emergency centers and moderate care units. Objective: analyze and describe the clinical characteristics and evolution of children under 2 years of age, treated with HFNC for low viral respiratory infections at moderate care pediatric units in Florida Department, Uruguay. Method: observational, descriptive, and retrospective study. We included all children under 2 years of age with low viral respiratory infections treated with HFNC between June 1st. and October 31st, 2017: n=10. Inclusion criteria: Tal Score modified more or equal 7, maintained despite treatment, Tal Score more or equal 9 from the beginning, or oxygen saturation less or equal 90% conventional oxygenation. The success or failure criteria were defined by clinical response and evolution. Failure cases were referred to Intensive Therapy for alternative ventilatory support. Gasometry was performed in all cases before the treatment, and it was not repeated if the technique was successful. We recorded age, place of birth, gender, institution, comorbidities, reason for cannula insertion, nasopharyngeal aspiration, application time and treatment results. Results: 10 patients were included, average age 8.1 months, 6 female; the connection reason was Tal Score more or equal 7 maintained despite treatment; 7 had negative nasopharyngeal aspiration and 3 were reactive to respiratory syncytial virus. The average application time was 54.9 hours and the technique was successful in 7/10 cases. The three failed cases were transferred by pediatric ambulance and the treatment was not discontinued. These children required invasive respiratory assistance. Conclusions: the use of HFNC in the Florida Pediatric Center enabled us to successfully treat 7/10 lactating children with hypoxemic respiratory failure due to low respiratory infection.
Resumo: A oxigenoterapia de alto fluxo por cânula nasal (CNAF) é um método não invasivo de suporte respiratório, desenvolvido com excelentes resultados em serviços pediátricos de emergência e cuidados moderados, para o tratamento das infecções respiratórias baixas de etiologia viral. Objetivo: descrever e analisar as características clínicas e a evolução de crianças menores de 2 anos de idade com infecções respiratórias de provável etiologia viral, que receberam tratamento com CNAF, no Serviço de Atendimento Pediátrico Moderado do Departamento de Flórida, Uruguai. Método: estudo observacional, descritivo, retrospectivo. n = 10. Critérios de inclusão: todas as crianças com menos de 2 anos de idade com as doenças respiratórias mencionadas, que foram atendidos utilizando CNAF de 1 Junho a 31 de outubro de 2017. Critérios de inclusão: Score de Tal modificado o mais ou igual 7 mantido, Score de Tal mais ou igual 9 desde o início, ou saturação de O2 menor ou igual 90% com oxigenoterapia convencional. Os critérios para sucesso foram definidos de acordo com a resposta e a evolução clínica. Nos casos de falha da técnica, os pacientes foram encaminhados ao Centro de Terapia Intensiva (CTI), para realizar outras modalidades de suporte ventilatório. Em todos os casos, foi realizada a gasometria de pré-conexão, que não foi repetida se a técnica teve sucesso. Registramos diferentes variáveis, como: idade, origem, sexo, instituição médica, comorbidades, motivo para a conexão, aspirado nasofaríngeo, tempo de aplicação da técnica e resultados. Resultados: foram incluídos 10 pacientes, com média de idade de 8,1 meses, 6 do sexo feminino; em 9 casos a razão para a conexão foi um Score de Tal mais ou igual 7 mantido desde o início do tratamento; 7 tiveram diagnóstico negativo e aspirado nasofaríngeo e 3 foram reativos para o vírus sincicial respiratório. A aplicação média foi de 54,9 horas e a técnica obteve sucesso em 7/10 casos. Nos 3 casos em que houve falha, os pacientes foram transferidos por ambulância especializada pediátrica, sem suspender a técnica, e na evolução necessitaram de assistência respiratória invasiva. Conclusões: o uso do CNAF no serviço de pediatria do Departamento de Florida, Uruguai, resolveu com sucesso 7/10 casos de lactentes com insuficiência respiratória hipoxêmica no contexto de infecção respiratória baixa.
RESUMO
Antecedentes: La histerectomía, es uno de los procedimientos quirúrgicos ginecológicos que más se realizan es Estados Unidos; la histerectomía laparoscópica, introducida en 1989, se ha convertido en un procedimiento diseminado dado su baja morbi - lidad y pronta recuperación comparada a la histerectomía abdominal. Objetivo: Caracterizar la evolución de pacientes sometidas a histerectomía laparoscópica en centros hospitalarios de la zona norte de Honduras. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, multicéntrico, se revisó la casuística de 10 años en 8 centros hospitalarios de la zona norte de Honduras caracterizando la evolución de pacientes sometidas a histerectomía con o sin ooforectomia por vía laparoscópica. Resultados: Se realizaron en el periodo de estudio, 569 procedimientos, 551 casos en pacientes menores de 50 años, el tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue 62 minutos, el sangrado oscilo entre 50 y 150 ml en 557 pacientes, tiempo promedio de hospitalización 30 horas, las complicaciones observadas fueron san- grado importante en 6 pacientes, lesión vesical 5 pacientes y tromboembolia 1 paciente. Discusión: La histerectomía laparoscópica en los centros incluidos en el estudio se inicio en 2006; el procedimiento y la mejora en los resultados de la evolución de las pacientes se observo después de capacitar personal de enfermería, y médico, y realizar protocolos para la realización de los procedimientos...(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Eletrocoagulação/métodos , Histerectomia/métodos , Laparoscopia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos OperatóriosRESUMO
This study was conducted with the objective of determining whether there is a depuration of organochlorine pesticides in breast milk according to breastfeeding time. In total, 171 samples from mothers that lived in the State of Guerrero, Mexico were analyzed. There was a weak negative relationship between pp'DDE (r = -0.216) and Σ-DDT (r = -0.222) concentrations with the days of lactation. In a comparison analysis, a statistically significant decrease of pp'DDT and pp'DDE levels was observed, as well as the Σ-DDT from the first to the fifth week of lactation. A reduction of 0.188 mg/kg lipid of pp'DDE and 0.181 mg/kg lipid of Σ-DDT per week was obtained. HCB, ß-HCH and op'DDT concentrations were low and had no major fluctuations between subgroups. The low levels found and the observed reduction in time involve less exposure to the infant to these pollutants. Through this methodology changes in levels of certain organochlorine pesticides in various stages of human milk production may be shown.
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/metabolismo , Leite Humano/química , Praguicidas/metabolismo , DDT/análise , DDT/metabolismo , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/análise , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , México , Praguicidas/análise , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Patients with proximal forearm and arm transplantation have obtained and/or maintained function of the elbow joint and full active range of motion of the extrinsic muscles of the hand, but with diminished protective sensibility and a lack of good function of the intrinsic muscles. These patients have improved function, as measured by the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire. METHODS: We report the case of a 52-year-old man who suffered a high-voltage electrical burn requiring amputation of his upper limbs. He underwent bilateral proximal forearm transplantation in Mexico City in May 2012. RESULTS: At 2-year follow-up, immunosuppressive treatment has not led to metabolic, oncologic, or infectious complications. Keloid scars developed at the graft-recipient interface. There have been 4 acute rejections: the fourth was treated with methylprednisolone, rituximab, and immunoglobulin. Chronic rejection has not been detected. The extrinsic muscles of the wrist and digits have good function. Although the intrinsic muscles demonstrated electrical activity 15 months postoperatively, clinically, they are nonuseful. After 2 years, hand function is sufficient to allow the patient to grasp lightweight and medium-sized objects. The patient's Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire score improved from 50.00 points to 30.83 points, and his Hand Transplantation Score System rating is good, at 69/73 (right/left) of 100. The patient and his family are very satisfied with the functional and aesthetic outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Upper arm or proximal forearm transplantation is a reconstructive option for patients who have experienced amputation because of trauma.
Assuntos
Queimaduras por Corrente Elétrica/cirurgia , Traumatismos do Antebraço/cirurgia , Antebraço/cirurgia , Transplante de Órgãos/métodos , Doença Aguda , Amputação Cirúrgica , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Biópsia , Queimaduras por Corrente Elétrica/diagnóstico , Queimaduras por Corrente Elétrica/fisiopatologia , Avaliação da Deficiência , Antebraço/inervação , Traumatismos do Antebraço/diagnóstico , Traumatismos do Antebraço/fisiopatologia , Rejeição de Enxerto/tratamento farmacológico , Rejeição de Enxerto/imunologia , Humanos , Imunossupressores/administração & dosagem , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Monitorização Imunológica , Transplante de Órgãos/reabilitação , Satisfação do Paciente , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
La aspiración de cuerpo extraño (ACE) es un evento provocado por un agente externo, esta forma de lesión puede ser evitada con medidas preventivas. Los episodios de aspiración pueden pasar desapercibidos provocando lesiones en sectores distales del árbol bronquial manifestándose en la evolución por la presencia de complicaciones. Este artículo presenta 4 casos clínicos que plantearon dificultades diagnósticas y complicaciones en su evolución. Los mismos presentan similitudes con la literatura internacional en cuanto a sus características epidemiológicas ya que predominan en menores de 3 años, varones, en días festivos, predomina el maní como cuerpo extraño y existió un retraso en el diagnóstico en la mayoría de los casos. En el diagnóstico de la ACE se debe tener en cuenta el antecedente de sofocación o tos con dificultad respiratoria en un niño previamente asintomático que se encontraba jugando o comiendo. El examen físico y radiológico pueden ser normales después que el episodio de sofocación ha pasado, por lo que es necesario un alto índice de sospecha para el diagnóstico. Frente a la sospecha de ACE se debe realizar broncoscopía rígida porque ésta constituye el mejor método diagnóstico y terapéutico. Asimismo, hay que considerar el diagnóstico en pacientes que presentan neumonías recurrentes o lesiones persistentes sin otra causa, fundamentalmente si se asocian a otras lesiones como atelectasia y episodios de obstrucción bronquial.
The foreign body aspiration event is caused by an external agent, this form of injury can be avoided by preventive measures. The episodes of aspiration may go unnoticed causing injury to distal areas of the bronchial tree, manifesting the presence of complications in the evolution. This article presents four clinical cases that raised diagnostic difficulties and complications in its evolution. These cases have similarities with the international literature regarding their epidemiological characteristics: prevalence in children under 3 years, male, in festive days, peanuts being the most common foreign body and there being a delay in diagnosis in most cases. Diagnosis must take into account the history of choking or coughing respiratory distress in a previously asymptomatic child who was playing or eating. The physical and radiological examination may be normal after the episode of suffocation has passed, so a high index of suspicion is necessary for diagnosis. Upon suspicion of foreign body aspiration event, a rigid bronchoscopy should be performed, since this is the best diagnostic and therapeutic method. Also, in patients with persistent or recurrent pneumonia lesions without other cause, mainly this diagnosis should be considered, if associated with other lesions such as atelectasis and episodes of bronchial obstruction.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Broncoscopia , Aspiração Respiratória/complicações , Aspiração Respiratória/diagnóstico , Radiografia Torácica , Corpos Estranhos/diagnósticoRESUMO
La aspiración de cuerpo extraño (ACE) es un evento provocado por un agente externo, esta forma de lesión puede ser evitada con medidas preventivas. Los episodios de aspiración pueden pasar desapercibidos provocando lesiones en sectores distales del árbol bronquial manifestándose en la evolución por la presencia de complicaciones. Este artículo presenta 4 casos clínicos que plantearon dificultades diagnósticas y complicaciones en su evolución. Los mismos presentan similitudes con la literatura internacional en cuanto a sus características epidemiológicas ya que predominan en menores de 3 años, varones, en días festivos, predomina el maní como cuerpo extraño y existió un retraso en el diagnóstico en la mayoría de los casos. En el diagnóstico de la ACE se debe tener en cuenta el antecedente de sofocación o tos con dificultad respiratoria en un niño previamente asintomático que se encontraba jugando o comiendo. El examen físico y radiológico pueden ser normales después que el episodio de sofocación ha pasado, por lo que es necesario un alto índice de sospecha para el diagnóstico. Frente a la sospecha de ACE se debe realizar broncoscopía rígida porque ésta constituye el mejor método diagnóstico y terapéutico. Asimismo, hay que considerar el diagnóstico en pacientes que presentan neumonías recurrentes o lesiones persistentes sin otra causa, fundamentalmente si se asocian a otras lesiones como atelectasia y episodios de obstrucción bronquial.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Aspiração Respiratória/complicações , Aspiração Respiratória/diagnóstico , Broncoscopia , Corpos Estranhos/diagnóstico , Radiografia TorácicaRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Background Maternal syphilis has an important impact on reproductive health. In 2010, World Health Organization (WHO)/Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) member countries approved the Strategy and Plan of Action for Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV and Congenital Syphilis in the Americas by 2015. This paper aims to describe epidemiological and programmatic characteristics related to maternal and congenital syphilis in selected countries of Latin America and Caribbean for the period 2010-12. METHODS: The report is based on a multi-country, quantitative and qualitative analysis from data collected from several sources, representing a compilation of country reports from nine countries as part of the 2012 mid-term evaluation of the Strategy. Data was collected based on standardised procedures at country level. RESULTS: Results are variable among countries. All countries have a strategic national plan to eliminate congenital syphilis, with some distinct characteristics for each country. Protocols and guidelines for the management and treatment of maternal and congenital syphilis in all countries were updated between 2011 and 2013. A high rate of missing information for all countries for some indicators was noticed. CONCLUSIONS: The main limitation of the analyses is the huge amount of missing data. Countries must continue to be supported to build capacity for collecting high-quality data on intervention coverage and inequities, and to use it as a basis for decisions about how best to reach women and children with interventions. A high level political commitment is necessary to put into practice the Regional Initiative to Eliminate Congenital Syphilis, with the support of Health Ministries.
RESUMO
Los microRNA son RNA pequeños no codificantes que regulan la traducción de RNA mensajeros. En el tejido cerebral de mamífero, existe una regulación temporal de los niveles de estas moléculas durante el desarrollo, los cuales están relacionados directamente con momentos específicos en la formación del sistema nervioso central y tienen un papel trascendental en la citoarquitectura cerebral. Existe una gran cantidad de deficiencias y/o alteraciones de las funciones cerebrales que no pueden ser explicadas por causas genéticas o detectadas por los métodos convencionales, por lo que es de gran importancia identificar marcadores moleculares no invasivos de problemas sutiles relacionados con alteraciones en la diferenciación, proliferación, muerte celular u organización del tejido nervioso que puedan tener consecuencias negativas en la vida postnatal del producto, principalmente en el área cognitiva, motora y social. Una alternativa es la búsqueda y determinación de los niveles de microRNA involucrados en la corticogénesis fetal en suero materno. Aquí revisaremos algunas de las características de estas moléculas que las hacen buenas candidatas para ser consideradas como biomarcadores del desarrollo cerebral fetal, entre las que se encuentran la forma en que se sintetizan y llegan al torrente sanguíneo, su estabilidad, su patrón de expresión durante la corticogénesis y su presencia en el suero materno.
MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate the translation of messenger RNA into proteins. During the development of the mammalian brain tissue, there is a temporal regulation of the levels of these molecules, which are directly related to specific stages in the formation of the central nervous system; microRNAs play a major role in brain cytoarchitecture. There are multiple alterations in brain function that cannot be explained by genetic causes or detected by conventional methods; for this reason, it is very important to identify molecules that can be proposed as biomarkers in a noninvasive way for pathologies related to alterations upon cell differentiation, proliferation and death or brain tissue organization that may have negative consequences in postnatal life and that can potentially lead to cognitive, motor and social deficits. An alternative is determining the microRNA levels involved in fetal corticogenesis in the maternal serum. In this article, we review some characteristics of these molecules that make them candidates to be proposed as biomarkers of fetal brain development, such as the pathway throught which they are synthesized and released into the bloodstream, their stability, their expression pattern during corticogenesis and their presence in the maternal serum.
RESUMO
In Mexico, organochlorine pesticides were used in public health and agriculture programs, causing chronic exposure to the population. Human breast milk samples were collected from 171 mothers who were residents from Guerrero, Mexico. Analysis was carried out by gas chromatography. Median concentrations (mg/kg on fat basis) for the following pesticides were: HCB, 0.009; ß-HCH, 0.004; pp'DDE, 0.760; op'DDT, 0.016; pp'DDT, 0.045; and Σ-DDT, 0.833. These values are lower than in other States in Mexico, and in some countries where the use of these pesticides was banned more than 30 years ago. Differences were found in HCB, pp'DDE and pp'DDT concentrations in groups divided according to age (p < 0.05). The older age groups had higher concentrations, except for the comparison between groups 21-23/24-28 years, which were 0.913 and 0.530 mg/kg of pp'DDE, respectively. Given the restrictions on use, a greater decrease in organochlorine pesticide levels in human milk is expected in a few years.
Assuntos
DDT/análise , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/análise , Hexaclorocicloexano/análise , Leite Humano/química , Praguicidas/análise , Adulto , Agricultura , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Feminino , Humanos , MéxicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The nasal colonization by Staphylococcal (epidermidis or aureus) is frequent and it has importance when it is associated to bacteremia in immunocompromised patients. The objective was to determine the frequency of strains that colonize the nasal mucosa in patients with leukemia and its relationship with peripheral blood cultures. METHODS: A retrospective, observational, transversal, retrolective study was done. We analyzed the weekly results of nasal cultures and peripheral blood cultures in patients with leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. The chi-squared test and odds ratio value were estimated in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: We included 67 patients, 55 of them with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL); 28.5 % of the cultures (n = 47) corresponded to a positive nasal culture. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus were the most isolated bacteria. During the first week of treatment, the positive cultures were the most frequently. All the samples isolated were sensitive to vancomycin or linezolid. It was established only the association between negative nasal cultures and negative peripheral blood cultures (p = 0.0005). Odds ratio for positive nasal cultures and the risk of bacteremia was 0.0269. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of the positive bacteria culture was low, with an adequate sensitivity measure. The presence of bacteria in nasal culture was not identified as a risk factor for the occurrence of bacteremia.
INTRODUCCIÓN: la colonización nasal por Staphylcoccus epidermidis y Staphylococcus aureus es frecuente y se ha relacionado con bacteremia en huéspedes inmunocomprometidos. En la investigación que se presenta, los objetivos fueron determinar la frecuencia de cepas que colonizan la mucosa nasal en pacientes en tratamiento de leucemia aguda y su relación con los cultivos de sangre periférica. MÉTODOS: estudio retrospectivo, observacional, transversal, retrolectivo de cultivos nasales obtenidos durante cuatro semanas. La relación con los hemocultivos se estableció mediante chi cuadrada; se calculó razón de momios. RESULTADOS: se estudiaron 67 casos, en su mayoría con leucemia linfoblástica aguda (n = 55). De 165 cultivos nasales, 28.5 % fue positivo (n = 47). Las principales bacterias identificadas fueron Staphylcoccus epidermidis y Staphylococcus aureus. La primera semana de tratamiento fue el principal momento de aislamiento. Todas las cepas fueron sensibles a vancomicina o linezolid. Se estableció relación entre los cultivos nasales y los hemocultivos negativos (p = 0.0005). La razón de momios para los cultivos nasales positivos respecto a los hemocultivos y el riesgo de bacteremia fue de 0.0269 (IC 95 % = 0.0016, 0.4484). CONCLUSIONES: se aislaron pocas bacterias en la mucosa nasal, y la sensibilidad de estas a los antibióticos fue adecuada. La presencia de bacterias en la mucosa nasal no fue un factor de riesgo para la aparición de bacteremia.
Assuntos
Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/microbiologia , Mucosa Nasal/microbiologia , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/microbiologia , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: to compare the frequency of acute leukemia in two periods of study in a reference Hospital at Mexico City. METHODS: it was an observational study. There were registered 250 cases with the morphology diagnostic criterion of acute leukemia. RESULTS: 63 cases versus 92 of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) and 16 versus 79 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) of 1990-1992 versus 2008-2009 respectively was observed; corresponding to 62 % in total of ALL in both periods and 38 % of AML. The ALL was the most frequent variant (62 % versus 38 %). The median age was 26 years, male 52 %. It showed a significant increase in the number of admissions in the period of 2008-2009 and acute promyelocytic leukemia also showed an increase (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: acute leukemia is the main cause of admission, mortality and morbidity. Our study differs slightly from the literature; the leukemia that diagnostic with major frequency was the acute lymphoid leukemia increasing his number in the period of 2008-2009. The significant rise due to an increase use of new diagnostic tools such as the flow cytometry and molecular biology.
Assuntos
Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/epidemiologia , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Encaminhamento e Consulta , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to measure the level of immunoglobulin A, G and M in saliva of 3- to 12-year-old children, both healthy and diagnosed with gingivitis. METHODS: A sample of 177 children was selected, of whom 24 were healthy and 153 were diagnosed with gingivitis according to Loe 's index. Samples of saliva were taken and the ELISA test was applied to obtain the immunoglobulin concentrations expressed in microg/ml. A relationship was established between the immunoglobulin levels, the disease (gingival index) and Loe 's bacterial plaque index. IgG levels were higher in healthy children. In the group with gingivitis, 95.8% of the children had incipient gingivitis with a low average index of bacterial plaque (1.33). A direct correlation was found between age and gingival index, while an inverse correlation was found between age and bacterial plaque index. The analysis of the behavior of immunoglobulin according to age showed that age was only significantly correlated to IgA levels. The analysis comparing immunoglobulin levels and clinical parameters for gingivitis showed a direct correlation between gingival index and lgM The gingival index was found that to increase with the age of the subject, even though bacterial plaque decreases. It was also found that age is a better predictor of lgA level than gingival index and bacterial plaque index are; and that gingival index is a better predictor of lgM level than age and bacterial plaque index are.