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BACKGROUND: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are linked to the development of gastrointestinal disorders during adulthood, but there is limited research on the prevalence of ACEs in Latin American populations. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and impact of ACEs on Mexican adults with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 290 Mexican adults (aged 18-65), including 90 individuals with IBS and 200 healthy controls. All participants completed four self-reported questionnaires: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACEs), Visceral Sensitivity Index, Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptom Severity Scale, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Statistical analyses included mean differences using either the Student's t-test or the Wilcoxon test, correlations assessed with Spearman's correlation coefficient, and logistic regression models. Statistical significance was defined as a p-value less than 0.05. KEY RESULTS: Among IBS subjects, the prevalence of ACEs was 80%, significantly higher than the 59% prevalence observed in controls (p < 0.0001). Individuals with ACEs exhibited elevated levels of anxiety and depression. Seventy-five percent of IBS subjects with severe symptoms reported four or more ACEs. The presence of four or more ACEs was found to be associated with an increased risk of IBS. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES: ACEs are notably prevalent among Mexican individuals with IBS and are positively correlated with the severity of gastrointestinal pain. These findings underscore the critical significance of evaluating and addressing ACEs in the comprehensive management of IBS within Latin American populations.
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Experiências Adversas da Infância , Síndrome do Intestino Irritável , Adulto , Humanos , Síndrome do Intestino Irritável/diagnóstico , Estudos Transversais , Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly prescribed drugs. Chronic PPI use has recently been associated with the risk for developing small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). It is not known whether the short-term prescription of a PPI can trigger SIBO. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence of SIBO and gastrointestinal symptoms after 7 days of PPI use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, pilot, open-label study was conducted on asymptomatic healthy volunteers. The incidence of SIBO was evaluated at the baseline and after administration of 40 mg of pantoprazole once a day for 7 days, through a glucose breath test. In addition, the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms, the number of bowel movements, and the consistency of stools, according to the Bristol scale, were assessed. RESULTS: Thirty-eight healthy subjects (71.1% women, mean age 25.18 ± 6.5 years) were analyzed. The incidence of SIBO after 7 days of PPI administration was 7.8% (95% CI 1.6-21.3%). The patients that developed SIBO had a greater prevalence of bloating (p = 0.0002) and flatulence (p = 0.004) after 7 days of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that a short-term 7-day PPI course produced SIBO in 7.8% of healthy subjects. Although, inappropriate use of PPIs should be discouraged, but since more than 90% of subjects who received PPIs for one week did not develop SIBO, the advantages of PPI administration seem to outweigh the disadvantages.
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Gastroenteropatias , Inibidores da Bomba de Prótons , Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Masculino , Inibidores da Bomba de Prótons/efeitos adversos , Intestino Delgado/microbiologia , Voluntários Saudáveis , Estudos Prospectivos , Incidência , Testes RespiratóriosRESUMO
Increasing evidence suggests a microbial pathogenesis in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) but the relationship remains elusive. Fecal DNA samples from 120 patients with IBS, 82 Mexican (IBS-C: n = 33, IBS-D: n = 24, IBS-M: n = 25) and 38 British (IBS-C: n = 6, IBS-D: n = 27, IBS-M: n = 5), were available for analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Firmicutes (mean: 82.1%), Actinobacteria (10.2%), and Bacteroidetes (4.4%) were the most abundant taxa. The analysis of all samples (n = 120), and females (n = 94) only, showed no significant differences in bacterial microbiota, but the analysis of Mexican patients (n = 82) showed several differences in key taxa (e.g., Faecalibacterium) among the different IBS subtypes. In IBS-D there were significantly higher Bacteroidetes in British patients (n = 27) than in Mexican patients (n = 24), suggesting unique fecal microbiota signatures within the same IBS subtype. These differences in IBS-D were also observed at lower phylogenetic levels (e.g., higher Enterobacteriaceae and Streptococcus in Mexican patients) and were accompanied by differences in several alpha diversity metrics. Beta diversity was not different among IBS subtypes when using all samples, but the analysis of IBS-D patients revealed consistent differences between Mexican and British patients. This study suggests that fecal microbiota is different between IBS subtypes and also within each subtype depending on geographical location.
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is usually a lifelong state that disturbs the digestive system. IBS has been linked to low-grade inflammation and the release of inflammatory mediators into the bloodstream. This could be associated with the degree of obesity presented by patients with IBS. Reports imply that IBS is more frequent in obese patients than in the overall population, with a prevalence of up to 31%. Here, we evaluated the serum levels of immunological and inflammation molecules and their correlation with Body Mass Index in IBS patients and the healthy control (HC). Seventy-nine serum samples of the IBS patients and thirty-five of the HC group were analyzed to determine the levels of each molecule and compare them with their BMI. Serum levels of C3 and C4 were significantly increased in IBS patients. C3 and C4 levels were higher in IBS-M and IBS-D subtypes compared with the HC group. When patients were grouped by BMI, a positive correlation between serum C3 (r = 0.49, p < 0.0001) and CRP (r = 0.40, p < 0.001) levels was found. Our results show, for the first time, a correlation between immunological molecules and BMI in IBS patients, suggesting that the inflammatory nature of obesity could contribute to the development of the symptoms in IBS through the stimulation and release of proteins as complement components and CRP.
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Síndrome do Intestino Irritável , Obesidade , Humanos , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , Complemento C3 , Inflamação , Obesidade/complicaçõesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The definition of metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) allows identification of metabolically complicated patients. Fibrosis risk scores are related to cardiovascular risk (CVR) scores and could be useful for the identification of patients at risk of systemic complications. AIM: To evaluate the relationship between MAFLD and CVR using the Framingham risk score in a group of Mexican patients. METHODS: Cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study carried out in a cohort of 585 volunteers in the state of Veracruz with MAFLD criteria. The risk of liver fibrosis was calculated with aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease score and fibrosis-4, as well as with transient hepatic elastography with Fibroscan®. The CVR was determined by the Framingham system. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-five participants (21.4%) with MAFLD criteria were evaluated, average age 54.4 years, 63.2% were women, body mass index 32.3 kg/m2. The Framingham CVR was high in 43 patients (33.9%). Transient elastography was performed in 55.2% of volunteers; 39.1% with high CVR and predominance in advanced fibrosis (F3-F4). The logistic regression analysis showed that liver fibrosis, diabetes and hypertension independently increased CVR. CONCLUSION: One of every three patients with MAFLD had a high CVR, and in those with high fibrosis risk, the CVR risk was even greater.
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The occurrence and combination of extreme meteorological events may lead to severe (megadisturbance) impacts on conserved forests and protected areas all over the world. Recent research has shown that megadisturbance impacts (after the events of hurricanes and prolonged drought) may be detected in subtropical forest cover using changes in spectral indices derived from satellite imagery. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of megadisturbance on forest types of the Alejandro de Humboldt National Park, Republic of Cuba in the 2001-2017 time-period. The Global Forest Cover Change (GFCC, available on the Global Forest Watch website) product was validated and indicated the prominence of megadisturbance for year 2016 (85% of the total disturbed area), largely associated with the Hurricane Matthew event. A robust estimator of the disturbed forest area, based on GFCC-stratified sampled verification sites, suggests that 11,110 ± 1,771 hectares of forest (~ 16% of the Park's total area) was affected by megadisturbance between 2001 and 2017. In 2017, about 1276 hectares of forests were impacted, presumably related to a long-lasting effect of megadisturbance due to Hurricane Matthew and prolonged droughts in previous years. Four types of tropical rainforests (especially lowland rainforest and submountainous sclerophyllous rainforest on serpentinite), that cover 43% of the National Park, accounted for about 85% of the impacts by megadisturbance. The Easternmost portion of these forests should be prioritized for conservation monitoring and possibly for forest restoration strategies. This study contributes to establishing methodological guidelines for rapid environmental assessment of remote, tropical protected areas facing the impacts of extreme meteorological events and climate change.
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Florestas , Árvores , Secas , Silicatos de Magnésio , Floresta ÚmidaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: A minimum of physical activity and low liquid intake are factors that have been associated with constipation. The health emergency brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in adopting behaviour, such as sheltering-in-place (less mobility) and dietary changes, creating a scenario we believe to be an adequate model for examining the appearance of symptoms of constipation and its associated factors. DESIGN: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted on an open population, applying an electronic survey (4 weeks after lockdown due to COVID-19 in Mexico) to evaluate demographic characteristics, physical activity, water and fibre intake, appearance of constipation symptoms (including stool consistency), and quality of life. RESULTS: Out of 678 subjects evaluated, 170 (25%, 95% CI: 21.7 to 28.4) developed symptoms of 'new-onset' constipation, with a significant decrease in the number of daily bowel movements (p<0.05) and stool consistency (p<0.05) during lockdown. Furthermore, in the 'new-onset' constipation population there was a higher proportion of subjects (79 (47%) of 170) who stopped exercising during the pandemic compared with the subjects who did not develop constipation symptoms (187 (37%) of 508, p=0.03, OR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.0 to 2.1). The multivariate analysis (logistic regression) showed that female sex (p=0.001), water intake (p=0.039), and physical activity (p=0.012) were associated with 'new-onset' constipation. CONCLUSIONS: In our study on an open population in Mexico, we found that one-fourth of the population developed 'new-onset' constipation symptoms during the lockdown imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A reduction of physical activity and less water consumption were associated factors.
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COVID-19 , Pandemias , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , Constipação Intestinal/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Qualidade de Vida , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
The chemical composition of the volatile compounds from the leaves of Lippia dulcis Trev. (Verbenaceae) from Colombia was studied by GC and GC/MS. Forty volatile compounds were identified, of which the major ones were alpha-copaene (18.0%), beta-caryophyllene (17.8%), and delta-cadinene (14.7%). The sweet bisabolane sesquiterpenoid, hernandulcin, formed only 1.1% of the leaf oil.
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Lippia/química , Óleos Voláteis/análise , Óleos de Plantas/análise , Plantas Medicinais/química , Terpenos/isolamento & purificação , Colômbia , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Folhas de Planta/química , Terpenos/químicaRESUMO
El artículo presenta una experiencia inédita de planificación educativa municipal participativa y deliberativa en cuatro municipios chilenos de la Región de Los Ríos y Los Lagos. Lo que presentamos es una práctica diferente a la centralizada, no inclusiva y tradicional, que hace hincapié en tres ámbitos, por lo general controvertidos y olvidados en la planificación local: la inclusión de otros actores (aparte de los municipales), la corresponsabilidad en las tareas propuestas y el monitoreo y evaluación compartidos de lo planificado; pilares para la generación de confianzas, una planificación aterrizada y la conformación compartida de un horizonte educacional comunal. Queremos, de fondo, enfatizar que en la toma de decisiones locales "muchos es mejor que pocos" y que estos espacios potencian una planificación austera, pero no menos compleja, de acuerdos colaborativos, que pueda permanecer en el tiempo y generar inclusión y decisiones compartidas en la educación municipal.(AU)
The article presents a new experience of participative and deliberative municipal education planning in four Chilean municipalities of the Región de los Ríos and de los Lagos. What we presented is a different practice from the centralized one, non inclusive and traditional, that insists on three scopes, generally controverted and forgotten in the local planning: the inclusion of other actors (besides the municipal ones), the joint responsibility in the proposed tasks and the shared monitoring and evaluation of the planned things; pillars for the generation of confidences, for a landed planning and for the shared conformation of a communal educational horizon. We want, basically, to emphasize that in the local decision making "many are better than few" and that these spaces harness an austere planning, but not less complex, in collaborative agreements, that can remain in the long term and generate the inclusion and shared decisions in the municipal education.(AU)
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Recent trends in landscape dynamics were investigated in various forest ecosystems along the Tuxpan river basin (1887.5km²; 620-3640masl) in the State of Michoacan, Mexico. Landscape maps were developed from the interpretation, in GIS-ILWIS ver. 3.0, of land covers corresponding to four different dates (1976-2000), and the typology was based on origin vegetation, physiognomic development and permanence of the land-use disturbance. Maps were cross-related and calculations were derived on surfaces, percent change and mean annual transformation rate, and transition matrices were obtained so as to identify the main change processes. In order to explain the distribution of landscape-dynamics patterns, a landscape geography method was applied using relief units and potential vegetation as the bases for determining landscape systems. The study area comprises three landscape-dynamics patterns: i. fir forest in high volcanic peaks (>3100masl), highly preserved but showing a trend towards an increase in traditional agriculture and deforestation; ii. pine-oak forests in volcanic slopes and peaks (1900-3100masl) and tropical dry forest on sedimentary basement (<1700masl) showing a high deforestation and heavy use, with a trend towards abandonment of crops, expansion of shrublands/grasslands and scarce forest regeneration; and iii. pine-oak forest in low volcanic slopes (1700-2600) with the highest inherited modifications and a trend towards land-use intensification in human settlements and forest plantations.
Se estudiaron las tendencias recientes de la dinámica del paisaje en distintos ecosistemas forestales de la cuenca del río Tuxpan (1887,5km² y 620-3640msnm), en el estado de Michoacán, México. Los mapas de paisajes se obtuvieron a partir de la interpretación, en SIG-ILWIS ver. 3.0, de las coberturas del suelo en cuatro fechas (1976-2000). Para la tipología se consideró el origen, desarrollo fisonómico de la vegetación y permanencia del disturbio asociado al uso del suelo. Los mapas se cruzaron entre sí, se calcularon superficies, porcentajes de cambio e índices de transformación media anual y se elaboraron matrices de transición para identificar los principales procesos de cambio. Para explicar la distribución de la dinámica del paisaje se aplicó un método de la geografía del paisaje que utiliza las unidades del relieve y la vegetación potencial para determinar sistemas de paisajes. El área comprende 3 patrones de dinámica del paisaje: i. abetal de altas cumbres volcánicas (>3100msnm) con alta conservación, pero tendencia al incremento del cultivo tradicional y la deforestación; ii. bosques de pino-encino de cumbres y de laderas volcánicas altas (1900-3100) y selva baja caducifolia del basamento sedimentario (<1700) con alta deforestación e intensificación del uso, pero tendencia al abandono del cultivo y expansión de la vegetación secundaria; y iii. bosque de pino-encino de laderas volcánicas bajas (1700-2600) con la mayor transformación heredada y tendencia a la intensificación del uso del suelo en asentamientos humanos y plantaciones forestales.
Estudaram-se as tendências recentes da dinâmica da paisagem em distintos ecossistemas florestais da bacia do rio Tuxpan (1887,5km² e 620-3640msnm), no estado de Michoacán, México. Os mapas de paisagens se obtiveram a partir da interpretação, em SIG-ILWIS ver. 3.0, das coberturas do solo em quatro datas (1976-2000). Para a tipologia se considerou a origem, o desenvolvimento fisionômico da vegetação e a permanência do distúrbio associado ao uso do solo. Os mapas se cruzaram entre si, se calcularam superfícies, porcentagens de mudança e índices de transformação média anual; foram elaboradas matrizes de transição para identificar os principais processos de mudança. Para explicar a distribuição da dinâmica da paisagem se aplicou um método da geografia da paisagem que utiliza as unidades de relevo e a vegetação potencial para determinar sistemas de paisagens. A área compreende três padrões de dinâmica da paisagem: i. abetal de altos cumes vulcânicos (>3100msnm) com alta conservação, mas tendência ao incremento do cultivo tradicional e ao desflorestamento; ii. bosques de pinho-encino de cumes e de ladeiras vulcânicas altas (1900-3100) e selva baixa caducifólia do basamento sedimentário (<1700) com alto desflorestamento e intensificação do uso, mas tendência ao abandono do cultivo e expansão da vegetação secundária; e iii. bosque de pinho-encino de ladeiras vulcânicas baixas (1700-2600) com a maior transformação herdada e tendência à intensificação do uso do solo em assentamentos humanos e plantações florestais.
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Se estudia el proceso de recuperación del paisaje post-fuego en pastizales subalpinos del volcán Iztaccíhuatl, 70km al SE de la cuidad de México. La información de base se obtuvo de 57 inventarios florísticos-ambientales. La edad post-fuego del 60 por ciento de los sitios se obtuvo de entrevistas de campo, y mediante tablas de correlación binaria entre la riqueza y la abundancia de especies se determinaron la edad post-fuego en el resto de los sitios y las variables de la vegetación que mejor se correlacionan con la edad del incendio: Riqueza Media de Especies y Cobertura Total Media de Lupinus montanus, Penstemon gestianoides y pastos. El análisis de correlación binaria (Casewise MD deletion) entre dichas variables fue utilizado para establecer 12 geofacies de paisaje que representan distintos estados de recuperación post-fuego. La correlación espacial -en GIS entre las geofacies y 7 unidades ambientales definidas por altitud, orientación y morfología de laderas, sirvió para reconocer 6 geofacies cosmopolitas que definen la Serie General del Paisaje post-fuego, así como 6 geofacies excepcionales que se integran a la serie general bajo condiciones ambientales específicas
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Montana , Pastagens , Ecologia , MéxicoRESUMO
Land-cover types were analyzed for 1970, 1990 and 2000 as the bases for determining land-use systems and their influence on the resilience of tropical rain forests in the Tehuantepec Isthmus, Mexico. Deforestation (DR) and mean annual transformation rates were calculated from land-cover change data; thus, the classification of land-use change processes was determined according to their impact on resilience: a) Modification, including land-cover conservation and intensification, and b) Conversion, including disturbance and regeneration processes. Regeneration processes, from secondary vegetation under extensive use, cultivated vegetation under intensive use, and cultivated or induced vegetation under extensive use to mature or secondary vegetation, have high resilience capacity. In contrast, cattle-raising is characterized by rapid expansion, long-lasting change, and intense damages; thus, recent disturbance processes, which include the conversion to cattle-raising, provoke the downfall of the traditional agricultural system, and nullify the capacity of resilience of tropical rain forest. The land-use cover change processes reveal a) the existence of four land-use systems (forestry, extensive agriculture, extensive cattle-raising, and intensive uses) and b) a trend towards the replacement of agricultural and forestry systems by extensive cattle-raising, which was consolidated during 1990-2000 (DR of evergreen tropical rain forest = 4.6%). Only the forestry system, which is not subject to deforestation, but is affected by factors such as selective timber, extraction, firewood collection, grazing, or human-induced fire, is considered to have high resilience (2 years), compared to agriculture (2-10 years) or cattle-raising (nonresilient). It is concluded that the analysis of land-use systems is essential for understanding the implications of land-use cover dynamics on forest recovery and land degradation in tropical rain forests.
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Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Agricultura Florestal , Árvores , Clima Tropical , Agricultura , Animais , Bovinos , Monitoramento Ambiental , Humanos , México , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
[Prólogo] Los sistemas nacionales de información en salud han mejorado substancialmente, sin embargo aún no pueden precisar cuantas personas contraen enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos (ETA) contaminados en la Región, para alcanzar mejor eficacia en los programas de prevención y control de estas enfermedades. Las enfermedades diarreicas, incluida el cólera, están señaladas entre los principals problemas de salud pública y donde los alimentos y el agua contaminados son fuentes importantes de contagio. La información disponible en la Región, indica que las ETA están entre las primeras cinco causas de muerte en niños menores de cinco años, tienen una incidencia promedio de cuatro episodios diarreicos anuales por niño y muestran anualmente un franco aumento en la morbimortalidad. Ante tal problemática, el Consejo Directivo de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, en su XXXV Reunión realizada en Septiembre de 1991, ratificó la aprobación del Plan de Acción 1991-1995 del Programa Regional de Cooperación Técnica en Protección de Alimentos de la OPS, recomendado por la VII Reunión Interamericana sobre Salud Animal a Nivel Ministerial, en su Resolución III, de abril de ese mismo año. Uno de los propósitos del Plan de Acción aprobado dice: "establecer una comunicación permanente de información de alerta epidemiológica para la selección y aplicación de medidas sanitarias de prevención y control de las ETA". Para alcanzar tal propósito y para promover el desarrollo y perfeccionamiento de los sistemas nacionales de vigilancia epidemiológica de las ETA, se elaboró la guía que se presenta en este documento, en consulta con expertos nacionales e internacionales. La guía incluye además, los procedimientos básicos para la investigación epidemiológica de los brotes de las ETA. La información derivada de las investigaciones que se realicen mediante esta, enriquecerá el conocimiento científico sobre el comportamiento de los agentes etiológicos, sobre las fuentes de infección que provocan sufrimiento humano, así como la vulnerabilidad de los agentes ante las medidas sanitarias aplicadas.
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Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos , Inocuidade dos Alimentos , Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Saúde PúblicaRESUMO
Con el propósito de contar con un alimento de alto valor nutritivo para consumo humano, y conscientes de la calidad proteínica de la quinua, así como de su contenido de carbohidratos, vitaminas y minerales, se estudió su comportamiento durante el proceso de extrusión. A fin de eliminar las saponinas, se desarroló un método simple para lavar las semillas, utilizando para el caso un envase de aluminio y una paleta de madera. Se estudiaron siete tratamentos: quinua lavada, quinua lavada y cocida, quinua lavada y expandida No. 1 y 2, y quinua lavada y texturizada No. 1 y 2; se utilizó caseína como control. Luego, se llevó a cabo su evalución biológica en ratas Holtzman, valiéndose del método del PER. Para detectar los posibles efectos de la quinua procesada en los animales experimentales, se realizaron estudios hematológicos e histopatológicos de los órganos vitales. Se obtuvo un PER máximo de 2.43 para la quinua texturizada, 2.16 para la quinua expandida, y 2.6 para la quinua cocida, mientras que el control de caseína arrojó un valor de PER de 3.00. Se determinaron las características fisicoquímicas de la harina de quinua, así como las de los productos expandidos y texturizados. El producto obtenido se sometió a evaluación organoléptica y puede decirse que los resultados obtenidos fueron satisfactorios. El producto es de sabor aceptable y puede ser consumido directamente sin mayores modificaciones. El valor nutritivo de la quinua no sufrió daño alguno y comparó favorablemente con la mejor de las dietas recomendadas para la problación, especialmente la de los grupos de menores ingresos económicos. Los resultados obtenidos en nuestra investigación demuestran la posibilidad de incrementar a un nivel más alto el valor nutritivo del producto así como su aceptabilidad