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The vertical facial profile is a crucial factor for facial harmony with significant implications for both aesthetic satisfaction and orthodontic treatment planning. However, the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the development of vertical facial proportions is still poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the potential impact of some SNPs in genes associated with craniofacial bone development on the establishment of different vertical facial profiles. Vertical facial profiles were assessed by two senior orthodontists through pre-treatment digital lateral cephalograms. The vertical facial profile type was determined by recommended measurement according to the American Board of Orthodontics. Healthy orthodontic patients were divided into the following groups: "Normodivergent" (control group), "Hyperdivergent" and "Hypodivergent". Patients with a history of orthodontic or facial surgical intervention were excluded. Genomic DNA extracted from saliva samples was used for the genotyping of 7 SNPs in RUNX2, BMP2, BMP4 and SMAD6 genes using real-time polymerase chain reactions (PCR). The genotype distribution between groups was evaluated by uni- and multivariate analysis adjusted by age (alpha = 5%). A total of 272 patients were included, 158 (58.1%) were "Normodivergent", 68 (25.0%) were "Hyperdivergent", and 46 (16.9%) were "Hypodivergent". The SNPs rs1200425 (RUNX2) and rs1005464 (BMP2) were associated with a hyperdivergent vertical profile in uni- and multivariate analysis (p-value < 0.05). Synergistic effect was observed when evaluating both SNPs rs1200425- rs1005464 simultaneously (Prevalence Ratio = 4.0; 95% Confidence Interval = 1.2-13.4; p-value = 0.022). In conclusion, this study supports a link between genetic factors and the establishment of vertical facial profiles. SNPs in RUNX2 and BMP2 genes were identified as potential contributors to hyperdivergent facial profiles.

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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the insertion torque (IT), flexural strength (FS) and surface alterations between stainless steel (SS-MIs) and titanium alloy (Ti-MIs) orthodontic mini-implants. METHODS: Twenty-four MIs (2 x 10 mm; SS-MIs, n = 12; Ti-MIs, n = 12) were inserted on artificial bone blocks of 20 lb/ft3 (20 PCF) and 40 lb/ft3 (40 PCF) density. The maximum IT was recorded using a digital torque meter. FS was evaluated at 2, 3 and 4 mm-deflection. Surface topography and chemical composition of MIs were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). General linear and mixed models were used to assess the effect of the MI type, bone density and deflection on the evaluated outcomes. RESULTS: The IT of Ti-MIs was 1.1 Ncm greater than that obtained for the SS-MIs (p= 0.018). The IT for MIs inserted in 40 PCF test blocks was 5.4 Ncm greater than that for those inserted in 20 PCF test blocks (p < 0.001). SS-MIs inserted in higher density bone (40 PCF) had significantly higher flexural strength than the other groups, at 2 mm (98.7 ± 5.1 Ncm), 3 mm (112.0 ± 3.9 Ncm) and 4 mm (120.0 ± 3.4 Ncm) of deflection (p< 0.001). SEM evidenced fractures in the Ti-MIs. EDS revealed incorporation of 18% of C and 2.06% of O in the loaded SS-MIs, and 3.91% of C in the loaded Ti-MIs. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the findings of this in vitro study, it seems that SS-MIs offer sufficient stability and exhibit greater mechanical strength, compared to Ti-MIs when inserted into higher density bone.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess the microbial contamination of three different brands of esthetic elastomeric ligatures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Different brands of esthetic ligatures (Unistick Pearl [American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, WI, USA], Power Sticks Pearl [Ortho Technology, Tampa, FL, USA], and Ease [Obscure, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA]) were randomly assigned to permanent canines of 25 patients (aged 11-18 years) undergoing corrective orthodontic treatment. After 30 days, the ligatures were removed, processed, and the biofilm composition was analyzed by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization for 40 bacterial species. The microbiological data were analyzed using a nonparametric mixed model. RESULTS: The ligatures presented intense microbial contamination after 30 days, but no statistically significant differences were observed among the three groups (p > 0.05). The levels of the evaluated individual species and proportions of the microbial complexes showed no statistically significant differences among the ligature groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Esthetic elastomeric ligatures became multicolonized by several bacterial species after 30 days of exposure to the oral cavity. However, no relevant differences were observed among the biofilm composition formed on the different ligature brands.

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ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to compare the insertion torque (IT), flexural strength (FS) and surface alterations between stainless steel (SS-MIs) and titanium alloy (Ti-MIs) orthodontic mini-implants. Methods: Twenty-four MIs (2 x 10 mm; SS-MIs, n = 12; Ti-MIs, n = 12) were inserted on artificial bone blocks of 20 lb/ft3 (20 PCF) and 40 lb/ft3 (40 PCF) density. The maximum IT was recorded using a digital torque meter. FS was evaluated at 2, 3 and 4 mm-deflection. Surface topography and chemical composition of MIs were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). General linear and mixed models were used to assess the effect of the MI type, bone density and deflection on the evaluated outcomes. Results: The IT of Ti-MIs was 1.1 Ncm greater than that obtained for the SS-MIs (p= 0.018). The IT for MIs inserted in 40 PCF test blocks was 5.4 Ncm greater than that for those inserted in 20 PCF test blocks (p < 0.001). SS-MIs inserted in higher density bone (40 PCF) had significantly higher flexural strength than the other groups, at 2 mm (98.7 ± 5.1 Ncm), 3 mm (112.0 ± 3.9 Ncm) and 4 mm (120.0 ± 3.4 Ncm) of deflection (p< 0.001). SEM evidenced fractures in the Ti-MIs. EDS revealed incorporation of 18% of C and 2.06% of O in the loaded SS-MIs, and 3.91% of C in the loaded Ti-MIs. Conclusions: Based on the findings of this in vitro study, it seems that SS-MIs offer sufficient stability and exhibit greater mechanical strength, compared to Ti-MIs when inserted into higher density bone.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o torque de inserção (TI), a resistência flexural (RF) e as alterações de superfície em mini-implantes ortodônticos de aço inoxidável (MIs-Ai) e de liga de titânio (MIs-Ti). Métodos: Vinte e quatro MIs (2 x 10 mm; MIs-Ai, n = 12; MIs-Ti, n = 12) foram inseridos em blocos de osso artificial de densidades de 20 lb/ft3 (20 PCF) e 40 lb/ft3 (40 PCF). O torque máximo de inserção foi registrado por meio de um torquímetro digital. A resistência flexural foi avaliada nas deflexões de 2, 3 e 4 mm. Topografia de superfície e composição química dos MIs foram avaliadas por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva de Raios X (EDS). Modelos lineares gerais e mistos foram utilizados para avaliar o efeito do tipo de MI, da densidade óssea e da deflexão nos desfechos avaliados. Resultados: O TI dos MIs-Ti foi 1,1 Ncm maior do que o obtido para os MIs-Ai (P = 0,018). O TI para MIs inseridos em blocos de teste de 40 PCF foi 5,4 Ncm maior do que para aqueles inseridos em blocos de teste 20 PCF (p < 0,001). MIs-Ai inseridos em osso de maior densidade (40 PCF) apresentaram resistência flexural significativamente maior do que outros grupos, em deflexões de 2 mm (98,7 ± 5,1 Ncm), 3 mm (112,0 ± 3,9 Ncm) e 4 mm (120,0 ± 3,4 Ncm) (p < 0,001). A MEV evidenciou fraturas nos MIs-Ti. A EDS revelou incorporação de 18% de C e 2,06% de O nos MIs-Ai e 3,91% de C nos MIs-Ti, ambos submetidos a testes mecânicos. Conclusões: Com base nos resultados desse estudo in vitro, os MIs-Ai aparentam oferecer adequada estabilidade e maior resistência mecânica, em comparação aos MIs-Ti, quando inseridos em osso de maior densidade.

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Objective: To investigate the effects of maxillary orthodontic expansion on the alveolar bone tissue in adult patients treated with aligners by using cone-beam computed tomography. Methods: Thirty patients (22 females and 8 males; mean age: 36.3 years) were treated with Invisalign® aligners. Cone-beam computed tomography and digital models were obtained before (T0) and after (T1) upper arch expansion. The bone thicknesses in the cervical, middle, and apical areas of the incisors, canines, premolar, and first molars were buccally and palatally measured, totaling 96 areas and 2,880 measurements. The buccolingual inclinations and transverse measurements of the teeth were obtained from digital models to correlate them with the bone changes. The statistical tests used were Student's t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson's correlation tests (p < 0.05). Results: From the 96 areas evaluated, 84 revealed an increase or stability in the alveolar bone thickness and twelve displayed significant bone loss. Bone changes did not correlate with the tooth inclination and transverse measurements. Conclusions: Within the limitation of the present study, mild levels of upper arch expansion obtained with Invisalign® aligners in adult patients did not result in any clinically significant loss of alveolar bone thickness.

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PURPOSE: We evaluated bacterial endotoxin adhesion, superficial micromorphology and mechanical properties of latex and non-latex intermaxillary orthodontic elastics. METHODS: To quantify the adhered bacterial endotoxin, elastics were divided into 5 groups: experimental (n = 12) latex and non-latex elastics, previously contaminated by an endotoxin solution, negative control (n = 6) latex and non-latex elastics without contamination, and positive control (n = 6) stainless steel specimens (metallic replicas), contaminated by an endotoxin solution. In parallel, the structural micromorphology (n = 6) and surface roughness of latex and non-latex intermaxillary orthodontic elastics were assessed using confocal laser microscopy. Force degradation (g) and deformation of the internal diameter change (mm) were also evaluated. Structural micromorphology, surface roughness (µm), force degradation (g) and internal diameter (mm) change were evaluated at time 0 and after 24 and 72 h in a deformation test. Data were analyzed by the Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn, ANOVA and Bonferroni tests (α = 5%). RESULTS: Endotoxin adhered similarly to both types of elastics with scores of 3 (> 1.0 EU/mL). The surface microstructure of both types of elastics showed irregularities and porosities at all times. Initially, the latex elastics had a higher surface roughness (p < 0.001) than the non-latex ones. After 24 h loading, surface roughness of the latex elastics was significantly reduced (p < 0.001), while after 72 h, the values were similar for both types (p > 0.05). The non-latex elastics had significantly higher force generation values (p < 0.05) at 0, 24 and 72 h compared with the latex elastics, although there was a significant reduction (p < 0.001) in force over time for both elastics. Despite similar initial values, non-latex elastics had a significantly larger internal diameter (p < 0.001) after the loading periods of 24 and 72 h compared with the latex elastics. CONCLUSION: Both elastics showed high affinity with endotoxin and microstructural irregularities of their surface. The non-latex elastics generated higher force values but demonstrated greater deformation of the internal diameter after loading.

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INTRODUCTION: Surgically Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (SARPE) promote maxillary expansion in skeletally mature patients. This technique is effective; however, some side effects are still unknown. OBJECTIVES: evaluate the presence of alveolar defects (dehiscences and fenestrations) in patients submitted to the SARPE. The null hypothesis tested was: SARPE does not influence the number of dehiscences and fenestrationss. METHODS: A retrospective quasi-experiment study of a convenience sample of 279 maxillary teeth, in 29 patients evaluated with Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) at T1 (before SARPE), T2 (after expansion) and T3 (after retention), was performed. The examined teeth were: canines, first and second premolars, first and second molars. in axial, coronal, and cross-sectional views. The evaluations involved viewing slices from mesial to distal of the buccal roots. RESULTS: All statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.3 and SUDAAN softwares. Alpha used in the study was 0.05. Alveolar defects increased statistically from T1 (69.0%) to T2 (96.5%) and T3 (100%). Dehiscences increased 195% (Relative Risk 2.95) at the end of expansion (T2). After retention (T3), individuals were on average 4.34 times more likely to develop dehiscences (334% increase). Fenestrations did not increase from T1 to T2 (p = 0.0162, 7.9%) and decreased from T2 to T3 (p = 0.0259, 4.3%). Presence of fenestrations at T1 was a significant predictor for the development of dehiscences in T2 and T3. Dehiscences increased significantly in all teeth, except second molars. CONCLUSION: The null hypothesis was rejected. After SARPE the number of dehiscences increased and fenestrations decreased. Previous alveolar defects were predictor for dehiscences after SARPE.

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The study evaluated the clinical changes of orthodontic mini-implants (MI) inserted for the purpose of anchoring during orthodontic treatment. The null hypotheses were: 1-that there is no correlation between proximity of the MI to the root and peri-implantitis or mobility; 2-that peri-implantitis does not interfere with mobility; 3-that the pain is not related to mobility or peri-implantitis. Forty (40) patients were selected and the MI were evaluated for each patient. MI in the upper and lower arch were evaluated for a period of approximately 6 months with relationship to the distance MI - root, peri-implantitis, mobility, biological damage and pain through the analysis of periapical radiography and clinical/periodontal evaluation. The evaluations were performed out by means of scores and a correlation was made between the variables. No statistically significant differences were found between the upper and lower arch in the variables evaluated, except for the mobility that was more present in the lower arch (p = 0.0336). There was a correlation between peri-implantitis and mobility (p = 0.0003) and between pain and mobility (p = 0.0443). However, there was no correlation between a greater degree of peri-implantitis and greater mobility (p = 0.7054). In addition, the MI placed too close to the root showed peri-implantitis (p = 0.0142). The null hypotheses were rejected because there was a positive correlation between the analyzes. The placement of MI close to the root led to greater peri-implantitis. Patients who reported pain had greater mobility of the MI and peri-implantitis led to greater mobility.

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BACKGROUND: This study aimed to verify the effects of bleaching toothpaste on colour stability, elastic properties, surface topography between aesthetic polyurethane and silicone elastomeric ligatures from different brands. METHODS: Elastomeric ligatures tested were: 1-Mini Single Case Ligature Stick (RMO-polyurethane); 2-Ligature "S" Shaped Dispenser (RMO-Silicone); 3-Sany-tie (GAC-translucent polyurethane); and 4-Sili-tie (GAC-translucent silicone). The ligatures were randomly assigned from the brackets of canines and lower incisors of 40 patients. The study had two phases of 30 days in which a different toothpaste was used, followed by a washout period of 30 days. After each phase, ligatures were submitted to colour checking, tensile strength, and SEM. RESULTS: The average of the ultimate tensile strength (m = 2.59; DP = 0.014) was higher in the control ligatures if compared to the tested ones (m = 2.24; DP = 0.014). There were no statistically significant differences between toothpastes regarding the type of ligature. Also, no interaction was observed between toothpastes in ligature's ultimate tensile strength and strain. The type of toothpaste did not minimize colour changes. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, there was no difference in colour stability and elastic properties between polyurethane or silicone aesthetic elastomeric modules. Whitening toothpastes had no impact on ligatures performance after 30 days in the oral cavity.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of vomer position and prevalence of periodontal dehiscence in patients who underwent surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion (SARPE). The null hypotheses were the following: (1) vomer position in the coronal plane does not influence the degree of skeletal and dental expansion; and (2) there is no association between expansion, periodontal dehiscence and vomer position. METHODS: Twenty-one patients were evaluated before treatment (T0) and immediately after SARPE expansion (T1). After SARPE, the vomer was in the right side in 11 patients and in the left in 10 patients. Skeletal and dental effects were evaluated using CBCT, landmarks and measurements. RESULTS: The maxilla and the nasal cavity expanded asymmetrically. The side containing the vomer had less skeletal expansion but more dental tipping. Dehiscence increased significantly from T0 to T1 and was associated with the amount of skeletal displacement, especially when greater than 3.20 mm. In the first premolars region, there was more than 2 mm of asymmetric expansion observed in 38.5% of the patients. CONCLUSION: The null hypotheses were rejected. The side containing the vomer had less skeletal expansion of the maxilla and nasal cavity but more dental tipping. Dehiscence increased after expansion, but there were no differences between sides.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Surgically Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (SARPE) promote maxillary expansion in skeletally mature patients. This technique is effective; however, some side effects are still unknown. Objectives: evaluate the presence of alveolar defects (dehiscences and fenestrations) in patients submitted to the SARPE. The null hypothesis tested was: SARPE does not influence the number of dehiscences and fenestrationss. Methods: A retrospective quasi-experiment study of a convenience sample of 279 maxillary teeth, in 29 patients evaluated with Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) at T1 (before SARPE), T2 (after expansion) and T3 (after retention), was performed. The examined teeth were: canines, first and second premolars, first and second molars. in axial, coronal, and cross-sectional views. The evaluations involved viewing slices from mesial to distal of the buccal roots. Results: All statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.3 and SUDAAN softwares. Alpha used in the study was 0.05. Alveolar defects increased statistically from T1 (69.0%) to T2 (96.5%) and T3 (100%). Dehiscences increased 195% (Relative Risk 2.95) at the end of expansion (T2). After retention (T3), individuals were on average 4.34 times more likely to develop dehiscences (334% increase). Fenestrations did not increase from T1 to T2 (p = 0.0162, 7.9%) and decreased from T2 to T3 (p = 0.0259, 4.3%). Presence of fenestrations at T1 was a significant predictor for the development of dehiscences in T2 and T3. Dehiscences increased significantly in all teeth, except second molars. Conclusion: The null hypothesis was rejected. After SARPE the number of dehiscences increased and fenestrations decreased. Previous alveolar defects were predictor for dehiscences after SARPE.

RESUMO Introdução: A expansão rápida da maxila assistida cirurgicamente (ERMAC) promove expansão em pacientes esqueleticamente maduros. Essa técnica é efetiva; entretanto, alguns efeitos colaterais ainda são desconhecidos. Objetivos: Avaliar a presença de defeitos alveolares (deiscência e fenestração) em pacientes submetidos à ERMAC. A hipótese nula testada foi que a ERMAC não influenciaria o número de deiscências e fenestrações. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo quase-experimental de uma amostra de conveniência de 279 dentes superiores, de 29 pacientes que foram avaliados por meio de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) em T1 (antes da ERMAC), T2 (após expansão) e T3 (após contenção). Caninos, primeiros e segundos pré-molares, primeiros e segundos molares foram examinados em cortes axiais, coronais e sagitais. As raízes vestibulares desses dentes foram avaliadas da face mesial até a distal. Resultados: Todas as análises estatísticas foram realizadas usando os softwares SAS 9.3 e SUDAAN. O alfa usado no estudo foi de 0,05. Os defeitos alveolares aumentaram significativamente de T1 (69,0%) para T2 (96,5%) e T3 (100%). Deiscências aumentaram 195% (risco relativo de 2,95%) no final da expansão (T2). Após contenção (T3), os pacientes tiveram, em média, 4,34 vezes mais chance de desenvolver deiscência (334% de aumento). As fenestrações não aumentaram de T1 para T2 (p= 0.0162, 7.9%) e diminuíram de T2 para T3 (p = 0.0259, 4,3%). A presença de fenestrações em T1 foi um preditor significativo para o desenvolvimento de deiscências em T2 e T3. Deiscências aumentaram significativamente em todos os dentes, exceto nos segundos molares. Conclusão: A hipótese nula foi rejeitada. Após a ERMAC, o número de deiscências aumentou e o de fenestrações diminuiu. Defeitos alveolares prévios foram preditores de deiscências após a ERMAC.

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INTRODUCTION: Although self-ligating brackets presumably provide better hygiene conditions, no consensus has been reached so far. OBJECTIVE: Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate, in an in vitro experimental design, the adherence of Streptococcus mutans (SM) in self-ligating and conventional brackets of different manufacturers and ligature types. METHODS: Four commercial brands of maxillary premolar metal brackets were tested (Abzil®; Morelli®; 3M Unitek®; and GAC®). Each one was subdivided into three groups, which varied according to the type of ligature and bracket model (metallic, elastic, and self-ligating), totalizing twelve groups, composed of six brackets each. Previously sterilized brackets were initially immersed in saliva for one hour, and subsequently washed and added in a bacterial suspension, maintained in aerobiosis for 72 hours. The adhered bacteria were then separated and quantified by colony forming units (CFU/mL) counting after 48 hours of growth. The groups were compared by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn post-hoc tests (p< 0.05). RESULTS: Regardless of the commercial brand, self-ligating brackets had significantly less CFU/mL. However, according to comparisons performed within each commercial brand, only Abzil® self-ligating brackets had significantly lower biofilm adhesion. Among all of the self-ligating models, GAC® brackets presented the highest bacterial adhesion rate. CONCLUSIONS: Self-ligating brackets are likely to present lower rates of biofilm adhesion. Particularly, Abzil® and GAC® self-ligating brackets are less likely to accumulate biofilm. Although such results are derived from an in vitro study, practitioners might acknowledge findings concerning bacterial adhesion as one of the relevant features to be considered during bracket selection.

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This study evaluated shear bond strength (SBS), adhesive remnant index (ARI) and fracture mode of chemically and mechanically retained ceramic brackets bonded with different composite resins and irradiated with CO2 laser. The null hypothesis was that ceramic brackets bonded with different composite resins and irradiated with CO2 laser would have similar SBS values. Ninety human premolars were divided into four experimental groups according to the combination of type of composite resin (Transbond XT and Z 250) and type of ceramic bracket (Fascination and Mystique), and two control groups (n=15). In the four experimental groups, the brackets were irradiated with CO2 laser at 10 W for 3 seconds before SBS testing. Enamel surface ARI was calculated after debonding under electron microscopy scanning. ANOVA and the Mann-Whitney test were used for statistical analysis. The laser groups had lower SBS values than the non-irradiated groups (control) (p<0.05). The mechanically retained brackets (Mystique) had the higher (p<0.05) and Z250 had the lower SBS values after CO2 laser irradiation. The groups bonded with Z250 had the highest ARI. Adhesive fractures were the most prevalent. The null hypothesis was rejected. CO2 laser decreased SBS efficiently and facilitated debonding of mechanically and chemically retained ceramic brackets.

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BACKGROUND/AIM: The high rate of root resorption resulting from tooth replantation represents a serious clinical problem. In order to prevent ankylosis and replacement resorption, the contemporary literature highlights the importance of using a flexible stabilization for traumatized teeth. For this purpose, orthodontic devices may be promising for obtaining a better prognosis and periodontal repair. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an active splinting protocol with controlled force in dog's teeth following replantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty premolar roots from three dogs were used. They were submitted to endodontic treatment, hemisected, atraumatically extracted and subsequently replanted. They were divided into four groups: Passive Stabilization (n = 20)-after 20 min in a dry medium; Active Stabilization (n = 20)-after 20 min in a dry medium; Negative control (n = 10)-immediate replantation and passive Stabilization; and Positive control (n = 10)-90 min of extra-alveolar time and passive Stabilization. The samples were collected and submitted to histologic processing. They were then evaluated for the count of inflammatory cells, expression of neurotrophin 4, osteoclasts, apoptotic cells and collagen fibres. The results were submitted to ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests followed by Tukey or Dunn post-tests (α = 5%). RESULTS: Passive Stabilization with orthodontic brackets without traction used after replantation had the highest number of inflammatory cells (p = .0122), osteoclasts (p = .0013) and percentage of collagen fibres in the periodontal ligament (p < .0001) when compared to Active Stabilization with orthodontic brackets applying amild tensile force. Neurotrophin 4 had no statistically significant difference (p = .05), regardless of the treatment. The apoptotic cells count revealed statistical differences (p < .0001) between Active Stabilization (189.70 ± 47.99) and Positive Control (198.90 ± 88.92) when compared to Passive Stabilization (21.19 ± 32.94). CONCLUSION: The active splinting protocol using orthodontic appliances generating a light and controlled force favoured periodontal ligament repair of replanted teeth.

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In this report, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the InvisalignⓇ system in the treatment of severe gingival recession and bone dehiscence through torque, translation, and intrusion movements in a young woman. Cone-beam computed tomography was used to assess bone parameters and check the teeth during treatment. The root of the mandibular right central incisor, which was buccally positioned and exhibited bone dehiscence of 9.4 mm, was moved toward the center of the alveolar process by using the InvisalignⓇ system and SmartForceⓇ features. The patient was monitored by a periodontist throughout the orthodontic treatment period. Her gingival recession reduced, while the bone dehiscence reduced from 9.40 mm to 3.14 mm. Thus, movement of the root into the alveolus promoted bone neoformation and treated the gingival recession. The findings from this case suggest that orthodontic treatment using the InvisalignⓇ system, along with periodontal monitoring, can aid in the treatment of gingival recession and alveolar defects.

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INTRODUCTION: Skeletal posterior crossbite (SPCB) has a multifactorial etiology, as it may be caused by parafunctional habits, atypical position of the tongue, tooth losses and maxillary or mandibular transverse skeletal asymmetries. Skeletal involvement may lead to facial changes and an unfavorable aesthetic appearance. The treatment of SPCB diagnosed in an adult patient should be correctly approached after the identification of its etiologic factor. Surgically-assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME), one of the techniques used to correct SPCB in skeletally mature individuals, is an efficient and stable procedure for the correction of transverse discrepancies that may be performed in the office or in a hospital. OBJECTIVE: This study discusses the results of asymmetrical SARME used to correct unilateral SPCB associated with transverse mandibular asymmetry. CONCLUSION: The treatment alternative used in the reported case was quite effective. At the end of the treatment, the patient presented adequate occlusion and facial aesthetics.

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Abstract This study evaluated shear bond strength (SBS), adhesive remnant index (ARI) and fracture mode of chemically and mechanically retained ceramic brackets bonded with different composite resins and irradiated with CO2 laser. The null hypothesis was that ceramic brackets bonded with different composite resins and irradiated with CO2 laser would have similar SBS values. Ninety human premolars were divided into four experimental groups according to the combination of type of composite resin (Transbond XT and Z 250) and type of ceramic bracket (Fascination and Mystique), and two control groups (n=15). In the four experimental groups, the brackets were irradiated with CO2 laser at 10 W for 3 seconds before SBS testing. Enamel surface ARI was calculated after debonding under electron microscopy scanning. ANOVA and the Mann-Whitney test were used for statistical analysis. The laser groups had lower SBS values than the non-irradiated groups (control) (p<0.05). The mechanically retained brackets (Mystique) had the higher (p<0.05) and Z250 had the lower SBS values after CO2 laser irradiation. The groups bonded with Z250 had the highest ARI. Adhesive fractures were the most prevalent. The null hypothesis was rejected. CO2 laser decreased SBS efficiently and facilitated debonding of mechanically and chemically retained ceramic brackets.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a resistência de união ao cisalhamento da colagem (RCC), o índice de remanescente de adesivo (IRA) e o modo de fratura de bráquetes cerâmicos com retenção química e mecânica colados com diferentes compositos e irradiados com laser de CO2. A hipótese nula testada foi que bráquetes colados com diferentes compósitos e irradiados com laser de CO2 apresentam valores semelhantes de RCC. Noventa pré-molares humanos foram divididos em 6 grupos (n=15): 2 controles e 4 experimentais que se diferenciaram pelo tipo de bráquete ceramic (Fascination and Mystique) e pelo compósito de fixação (Transbond XT e Z 250). Nos quatro grupos experimentais, os bráquetes foram irradiados com laser de CO2 com 10W por 3 segundos anteriormente ao teste de RCC. O IRA das superficies de esmalte foram avaliados após a descolagem e submetidos a análise em microscopia electrônica de varredura (MEV). Para análise estatística foram utilizados ANOVA e o teste de mann-Whitney. Os grupos laser mostraram valores de RCC menores que os grupos não irradiados (controles) (p<0.05). Os bráquetes com retenção mecânica (Mystique) mostraram alta RCC (p<0.05) e o compósito Z 250 obteve os mais baixos valores de RCC após irradiação com laser. Os grupos colados com o compósito Z 250 apresentaram os mais altos escores do IRA. O modo de fratura mais prevalente foi a adesiva. A hipótese nula foi rejeitada. O laser de CO2 foi eficaz para diminuir os valores de RCC e facilitou a descolagem dos bráquetes cerâmicos de retenção química e mecânica

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To evaluate the efficiency of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in the midpalatal suture (MPS) and pain sensation in patients undergoing rapid palatal expansion (RPE). Thirty-four individuals with the diagnosis of skeletal maxillary hypoplasia were divided in two groups: laser (n = 18) and control (n = 16). Treatment plan consisted of the use of the Hyrax expander in all patients. Subjects in the laser group were irradiated with diode laser (980 nm, 0.3 W) in six spots bilaterally distributed along the MPS for 10 s during the active phase of treatment and after overcorrection (passive phase of RPE). Control group received sham irradiations with the laser in standby mode to characterize the placebo effect. Digital occlusal radiographs were performed at different time-points for bone formation evaluation in both groups. The effects of laser irradiation on pain were assessed by the visual analog scale (Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale). Bone formation between groups was not significantly different (p = 0.2273). At 3 months, bone formation was not yet complete in both groups. Pain sensation was similar between groups (p = 0.3940). However, pain was significantly higher for the first 7 days of treatment compared with the 14th day. PBMT did not accelerate bone regeneration in the MPS and pain sensation was similar.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Skeletal posterior crossbite (SPCB) has a multifactorial etiology, as it may be caused by parafunctional habits, atypical position of the tongue, tooth losses and maxillary or mandibular transverse skeletal asymmetries. Skeletal involvement may lead to facial changes and an unfavorable aesthetic appearance. The treatment of SPCB diagnosed in an adult patient should be correctly approached after the identification of its etiologic factor. Surgically-assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME), one of the techniques used to correct SPCB in skeletally mature individuals, is an efficient and stable procedure for the correction of transverse discrepancies that may be performed in the office or in a hospital. Objective: This study discusses the results of asymmetrical SARME used to correct unilateral SPCB associated with transverse mandibular asymmetry. Conclusion: The treatment alternative used in the reported case was quite effective. At the end of the treatment, the patient presented adequate occlusion and facial aesthetics.

RESUMO Introdução: A mordida cruzada posterior esquelética (MCPE) apresenta etiologia multifatorial, podendo ser causada por hábitos parafuncionais, posição atípica da língua, perdas dentárias e assimetrias esqueléticas transversais da maxila ou da mandíbula. Alterações faciais podem estar presentes quando há envolvimento esquelético, levando a estética desfavorável. O tratamento da MCPE, quando diagnosticada no paciente adulto, requer abordagem correta, com identificação do fator etiológico. Entre as técnicas utilizadas para correção da MCPE em pacientes esqueleticamente maduros, cita-se, em especial, a Expansão Rápida de Maxila Assistida Cirurgicamente (ERMAC). Essa modalidade tem se mostrado bastante eficiente na correção dos problemas transversais, apresenta estabilidade e pode ser realizada em ambiente ambulatorial ou hospitalar. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente trabalho será discutir os resultados da ERMAC assimétrica para correção da MCPE unilateral associada a assimetria transversal da mandíbula. Conclusão: A alternativa de tratamento utilizada no caso relatado mostrou-se bastante eficiente. Ao fim do tratamento, o paciente apresentou adequada oclusão e boa estética facial.

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INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms in the growth hormone receptor (GHR) and insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R) genes are associated with different craniofacial phenotypes. METHODS: A total of 596 orthodontic and 98 orthognathic patients from 4 cities in Brazil were included for analyses. Angular and linear cephalometric measurements were obtained, and phenotype characterizations were performed. Genomic DNA was collected from buccal cells and single nucleotide polymorphisms in GHR (rs2910875, rs2973015, rs1509460) and IGF2R (rs2277071, rs6909681, rs6920141) were genotyped by polymerase chain reactions using TaqMan assay. Genotype-phenotype associations were assessed in the total sample (statistical significance was set at P <8.333 × 10-3) and by a meta-analytic approach implemented to calculate the single effect size measurement for the different cohorts. RESULTS: Rare homozygotes for the GHR rs2973015 showed increased measurements for the lower anterior facial height (ANS-Me) and mandibular sagittal lengths (Co-Gn and Go-Pg). In contrast, common homozygotes for the IGF2R rs6920141 presented reduced measurements for these dimensions (ANS-Me and Go-Pg). Furthermore, the less common homozygotes for IGF2R rs2277071 had reduced maxillary sagittal length (Ptm'-A'). The meta-analytical approach replicated the associations of rs2973015 with ANS-Me, rs2277071 with Ptm'-A', and rs6920141 with Go-Pg. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide further evidence that GHR contributes to the determination of mandibular morphology. In addition, we report that IGF2R is a possible gene associated with variations in craniofacial dimensions. Applying meta-analytical approaches to genetic variation data originating from likely underpowered samples may provide additional insight regarding genotype and/or phenotype associations.

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