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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in oysters from the northwestern coast of Mexico and to identify the serotypes, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance of the strains. Oyster samples were collected from 2012 to 2020 from the northwest coast of Mexico; biochemical and molecular methods were used to identify V. parahaemolyticus from oysters; antiserum reaction to determine V. parahaemolyticus serotypes, and PCR assays were performed to identify pathogenic (tdh and/or trh) or pandemic (toxRS/new, and/or orf8) strains and antibiotic resistance testing. A total of 441 oyster samples were collected and tested for V. parahaemolyticus. Forty-seven percent of oyster samples were positive for V. parahaemolyticus. Ten different O serogroups and 72 serovars were identified, predominantly serotype O1:KUT with 22.2% and OUT:KUT with 17.3%. Twenty new serotypes that had not been previously reported in our region were identified. We detected 4.3% of pathogenic clones but no pandemic strains. About 73.5% of strains were resistant to at least one antibiotic, mainly ampicillin and ciprofloxacin; 25% were multi-drug resistant. In conclusion, the pathogenic strains in oysters and antibiotic resistance are of public health concern, as the potential for outbreaks throughout northwestern Mexico is well established.
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Antibacterianos , Ostreidae , Frutos do Mar , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Fatores de Virulência , Animais , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/genética , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/efeitos dos fármacos , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/isolamento & purificação , México/epidemiologia , Ostreidae/microbiologia , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Frutos do Mar/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Sorogrupo , Virulência/genética , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Elasmobranchs are good indicators of marine pollution as they accumulate pollutants from water and food, and occupy different trophic levels. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorpyrifos were quantified in muscle, liver, gonads, gills, and brain in both sexes and maturity stages of the Southern Eagle Ray, Myliobatis goodei, captured in Argentine coastal waters. Moreover, possible histological alterations in the liver and gonads were analyzed. Pollutant concentrations were pervasive across all tissues, with PCBs > OCPs > chlorpyrifos. Elevated pollutant levels were notably found in the liver and gills. We identified thirty-six PCB congeners in tissues, with low-chlorine congeners prevailing. Among OCPs, ∑DDT and ∑endosulfan were predominant. Females exhibited higher pollutant levels in most tissues compared to males, except in the gonads, and adults generally displayed elevated pollutant levels. Histological analysis revealed the presence of atretic follicles and melanomacrophages (MM). Continuous monitoring of pollutant levels, alongside their effects on physiological and ecological traits, is imperative for effective management and conservation efforts.
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Clorpirifos , Monitoramento Ambiental , Gônadas , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados , Bifenilos Policlorados , Rajidae , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Clorpirifos/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Bifenilos Policlorados/metabolismo , Bifenilos Policlorados/análise , Feminino , Masculino , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/metabolismo , Praguicidas/metabolismo , Fígado , Brânquias , ArgentinaRESUMO
Our study aimed to establish reference values for nesting females and compare them with those previously reported to understand olive ridley turtles' health status and contribute to long-term health assessment and monitoring in foraging and nesting areas from the state of Sinaloa, Mexico. In August and September 2018, morphometric data and biochemical profiles were collected from 33 nesting olive ridley turtles from Ceuta Beach Sanctuary (CBS) and 14 foraging female turtles captured at the foraging site, Navachiste Marine Area (NMA). Nesting turtles sampled had greater CCL (65.86 ± 1.70 cm) than those from the foraging area (61.54 ± 1.22) (p < 0.05). Regarding biochemical profiles, post-nesting turtles had higher packed cell volume (PCV), albumin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), cholesterol, triglycerides, and calcium than turtles from the foraging area (p < 0.05). Phosphorus levels were higher in foraging turtles than in nesting turtles (p = 0.001), while the remaining parameters showed no significant differences. The present study describes for the first time the blood biochemical values of nesting turtles from the Ceuta Beach Sanctuary in southern Sinaloa, Mexico, similar to those of foraging turtles from the north of the state. The significant differences observed between the two analysis groups may be due to the energy reserves and reproductive and nesting activity of the nesting turtles, so the blood biochemistry values described in this study can be used as a standard reference blood value for the olive ridley turtle population of Sinaloa, Mexico.
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Comportamento de Nidação , Tartarugas , Animais , Tartarugas/sangue , Tartarugas/fisiologia , México , Feminino , Monitoramento Ambiental , Nitrogênio da Ureia Sanguínea , Valores de Referência , HematócritoRESUMO
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cyclomodulins (cdt, cnf, pks and cif) in Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from clinical and environmental samples, the presence of supplementary virulence genes (SVG), antibiotic resistance, and in vitro cytotoxicity. 413 E. coli were isolated from clinical (stool from obese subjects, normal weight subjects, children with diarrhea, and children without diarrhea; and urine from pregnant and non-pregnant women with urinary tract infections) and environmental (water and different foods) samples. PCR was performed to identify E. coli pathotypes, the four cyclomodulins, and 18 SVG; virulence score, cytotoxic assay, and antibiotic resistance assay were performed. Fifteen percent of E. coli were positive for cyclomodulins and were found in all isolation sources; however, in children with diarrhea, they were more frequent. The most frequent cyclomodulin was cdt. More DEC strains harbor cyclomodulins than non-DEC, and cyclomodulins were most frequent among aEPEC pathotype. SVG ehaC was associated with cyclomodulin-positive strains. Cyclomodulin-positive E. coli had a higher virulence score but no significant cytotoxic activity. They were slightly more resistant to antibiotics. In conclusion, cyclomodulins-positive E. coli was widely distributed in humans, food, and the environment, and they were associated with SVG ehaC, suggesting that these genes may play a role in the pathogenesis of the cyclomodulins. However, more research is needed.
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Diarreia , Infecções por Escherichia coli , Proteínas de Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli , Fatores de Virulência , Humanos , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/patogenicidade , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Feminino , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Diarreia/microbiologia , Virulência/genética , Criança , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Gravidez , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologia , Microbiologia Ambiental , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Masculino , AdultoRESUMO
The short-tail yellownose skate, Zearaja brevicaudata, occurs off southern Brazil and along the Argentine continental shelf, including waters surrounding the Islas Malvinas and the upper slope, and is very frequently caught by trawl fisheries throughout its range. The age, growth, and maturity of Z. brevicaudata were investigated using 204 individuals collected by commercial fishing vessels from northern Argentina, between March 2016 and September 2019. Age was determined on a sample comprising vertebrae from 151 individuals, 60 males, ranging in size from 391 to 956 mm total length (TL), and 91 females, ranging in size from 324 to 1060 mm TL. Maximum ages determined for males and females were 22 and 29 years, respectively. A Bayesian framework was employed with a set of three candidate models to estimate growth parameters (von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, and Logistic). The von Bertalanffy model had the best fit, and the sexes showed undistinguishable growth parameters. For sexes combined, derived growth mean parameters (± S.D.) were L∞ = 1081 mm ± 64.34 mm, k = 0.09 ± 0.01 years-1, and L0 = 248 mm ± 23.52 mm. The age at maturity was estimated at 13.15 and 14.66 years for males and females, respectively.
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Rajidae , Animais , Rajidae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , Feminino , Argentina , Características de História de Vida , Pesqueiros , Teorema de Bayes , Brasil , Maturidade Sexual , Tamanho CorporalRESUMO
Bovine brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic contagious disease. According to World Animal Health Information System reports Ecuador has presented an increasing number of bovine brucellosis outbreaks in the continental territory over the past years (756 in 2018 versus 964 in 2021), generating economic losses for producers and causing a risk to public health. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis and associated risk or protective factors between May and June 2018. This stratified random study was implemented in 290 cattle herds located in the 23 provinces of continental Ecuador, which represents a total of 3737 cows aged 24 months or older. A competitive ELISA was used to detect Brucella antibodies. Simultaneously, an epidemiological survey was implemented to assess the brucellosis risk or protective factors. The apparent prevalence of bovine brucellosis at the herd level was 21.3% (95% CI: 16.8-26.6) and 6.2% (95% CI: 5.5-7) at the animal level. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between the potential factors associated with the presence of bovine brucellosis. The risk factors identified after multivariate analysis were a surface in ha per herd > 70 ha (OR = 2.73; 95% CI: 1.18-6.32) and the number of parturitions per animal (two or more with OR ≥ 1.8 and p-value ≤ 0.047). On the contrary, the protective factors were the region (farms located in the eastern region) and the absence of reported clinical signs. In addition, in herds where extensive production predominates, farmers have a low level of knowledge, and the farm biosecurity level is low. These results can guide the authorities in managing the risk factors identified, understanding the current epidemiological situation in Ecuador, improving the bovine brucellosis control program and food safety, as well as increase the one-health approach.
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Metabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, are among the most important public health challenges worldwide. Metabolic diseases are classified as multifactorial diseases in which genetic variants such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may play an important role. The present study aimed to identify associations linking allelic variants of the PCSK1, TMEM18, GPX5, ZPR1, ZBTB16, and PPARG1 genes with anthropometric and biochemical traits and metabolic diseases (obesity or metabolic syndrome) in an adult population from northwestern Mexico. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 523 subjects, including 247 with normal weight, 276 with obesity, and 147 with metabolic syndrome. Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics were recorded, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped by real-time PCR. RESULTS: PCSK1 was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with BMI, weight, and waist-to-hip ratio; TMEM18 was significantly associated with systolic blood pressure and triglyceride levels; GPX5 was significantly associated with HDL cholesterol levels. In addition, PCSK1 was associated with obesity (p = 1.0 × 10-4) and metabolic syndrome (p = 3.0 × 10-3), whereas PPARG1 was associated with obesity (p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: The associations found in this study, mainly between allelic variants of PCSK1 and metabolic traits, obesity, and metabolic syndrome, may represent a risk for developing metabolic diseases in adult subjects from northwestern Mexico.
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Síndrome Metabólica , Adulto , Humanos , Síndrome Metabólica/genética , México/epidemiologia , Alelos , Obesidade/genética , Genótipo , PPAR gama/genética , Pró-Proteína Convertase 1RESUMO
Trypanosoma theileri is a worldwide distributed haemoparasite that has been reported throughout the American continent in various species, including bovines, buffaloes and bats. In bovines, high incidence of T. theileri can be harmful when associated with other infections or under stress situations. There is little information on this hemoflagellate in Ecuador, which prompted the study and molecular identification of the trypanosomes collected in two slaughtering centers. Between February and April 2021, a total of 218 samples of bovine blood were collected in abattoirs located in the Andean region of Quito (n = 83) and in the coastal region, in Santo Domingo (n = 135). Quito public Slaughterhouse is the biggest in Ecuador, and for that, they receive animals from all country; on the other hand, Santo Domingo's Slaughterhouse is a small one where mainly females from the region are sacrificed and some males. The samples were evaluated using two molecular tests, the PCR cathepsin L-like (CatL) specific for T. theileri and for the positive samples, a Nested PCR that targets the ITS of the 18S gene. The corresponding PCR products were sequenced, analyzed by BLAST/NCBI and the sequences were used to build a concatenated phylogenetic tree, using the MEGA XI software. Overall, 34 out of the 218 samples, (15.6%) were positive to T. theileri by PCR CatL, resulting from 20/83 (24.1%) positives from the Quito abattoir and 14/135 (10.4%) from the Santo Domingo slaughterhouse. These prevalence rates were found to be significantly different (p = 0.006). According to the phylogenetic tree based on the CatL and ITS concatenated sequences (n = 13), the two novel Equatorial T. theileri isolates, ThI (n = 7) and ThII (n = 6) are closely related and associated to the IC, IB and IIB genotypes, present in Brazil, Venezuela and Colombia. Thirty-one out of the thirty-four T. theileri-positive bovines were co-infected with other haemotropic pathogens, Anaplasma marginale Babesia spp and T. vivax. This coinfection could be responsible for additional pathologies and harmful effects on the affected cattle. This study presents the molecular identification and genotypification of T. theileri isolated from cattle in Ecuador through the analysis of CAtL and ITS sequences, and the high frequency of coinfection of this hemoflagellate with other blood haemotropic organisms.
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Liver cancer and leukemia are the fourth and first causes, respectively, of cancer death in children and adults worldwide. Moreover, cancer treatments, although beneficial, remain expensive, invasive, toxic, and affect the patient's quality of life. Therefore, new anticancer agents are needed to improve existing agents. Because bovine lactoferrin (bLF) and its derived peptides have antitumor properties, we investigated the anticancer effect of bLF and LF peptides (LFcin17-30, LFampin265-284 and LFchimera) on liver cancer HepG2 cells and leukemia Jurkat cells. HepG2 and Jurkat cells were incubated with bLF and LF peptides. Cell proliferation was quantified by an MTT assay, and cell morphology and damage were visualized by light microscopy or by phalloidin-TRITC/DAPI staining. The discrimination between apoptosis/necrosis was performed by staining with Annexin V-Alexa Fluor 488 and propidium iodide, and the expression of genes related to apoptosis was analyzed in Jurkat cells. Finally, the synergistic interaction of bLF and LF peptides with cisplatin or etoposide was assessed by an MTT assay and the combination index. The present study demonstrated that bLF and LF peptides inhibited the viability of HepG2 and Jurkat cells, inducing damage to the cell monolayer of HepG2 cells and morphological changes in both cell lines. bLF, LFcin17-30, and LFampin265-284 triggered apoptosis in both cell lines, whereas LFchimera induced necrosis. These results suggested that bLF and LF peptides activate apoptosis by increasing the expression of genes of the intrinsic pathway. Additionally, bLF and LF peptides synergistically interacted with cisplatin and etoposide. In conclusion, bLF and LF peptides display anticancer activity against liver cancer and leukemia cells, representing an alternative or improvement in cancer treatment.
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Lactoferrina , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Criança , Humanos , Lactoferrina/farmacologia , Lactoferrina/química , Células Jurkat , Células Hep G2 , Cisplatino , Etoposídeo , Qualidade de Vida , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , NecroseRESUMO
El presente trabajo muestra la importancia que se le debe dar a la atención integral de las niñas y niños menores de 48 a 72 meses de edad, del Distrito 8 Senkata de la ciudad de El Alto, es por eso que se pide el asesoramiento de la USB a través de una consultoría con el fin de elaborar la Guia de Desarrollo infantil temprano con un enfoque comunitario.
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Stingless bees are effective pollinators of native tropical flora. Their environmental service maintains flow of pollen through pollination, increase reproductive success and influence genetic structure in plants. The management of stingless bees "meliponiculture", is an activity limited to the countryside in Ecuador. The lack of knowledge of their managers about pollen resources can affect the correct maintenance/production of nests. The objective is to identify botanical families and genera of pollen grains collected by stingless bees by morphological features and differentiate potential species using geometric morphometry. Thirty-six pot pollen samples were collected from three Ecuadorian provinces located in two climatically different zones. Pollen type identification was based on the Number, Position, Character system. Using morphological features, the families and genera were established. Morphometry landmarks were used to show variation for species differentiation. Abundance, diversity, similarity and dominance indices were established by counting pollen grains, as well as spatial distribution relationships by means of Poisson regression. Forty-six pollen types were determined in two study areas, classified into 27 families and 18 genera. In addition, it was possible to identify more than one species, classified within the same family and genus, thanks to morphometric analysis. 1148 ± 799 (max 4211; min 29) pollen grains were counting in average. The diversity showed a high richness, low dominance and similarity between pollen resources. Families Melastomataceae and Asteraceae, genera Miconia and Bidens, were found as the main pollen resources. The stingless bee of this study are mostly generalist as shown the interaction network. The results of the present survey showed that stingless bees do not collect pollen from a single species, although there is evidence of a predilection for certain plant families. The diversity indexes showed high richness but low uniformity in the abundance of each family identified. The results of the study are also meaningful to the meliponiculture sector as there is a need to improve management practices to preserve the biodiversity and the environment.
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Melastomataceae , Pólen , Animais , Abelhas , Equador , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Plantas , PolinizaçãoRESUMO
In the present study, we conducted surveillance of the V. parahaemolyticus strains present in clinical samples from six geographical regions of Mexico (22 states) from 2004 to 2011. The serotype dominance, virulence genes, presence of pandemic O3:K6 strains, and antibiotic resistance of the isolates were investigated. In total, 144 strains were isolated from the clinical samples. Seven different O serogroups and twenty-five serovars were identified. Most clinical isolates (66%, 95/144) belonged to the pandemic clone O3:K6 (tdh+, toxRS/new+ and/or orf8+) and were detected in 20 of the 22 states. Among the pandemic clones, approximately 17.8% (17/95) of the strains cross-reacted with the antisera for the K6 and K59 antigens (O3:K6, K59 serotype). Other pathogenic strains (tdh+ and/or trh+, toxRS/new-, orf8-) accounted for 26.3%, and the nonpathogenic strains (tdh- and/or trh-) accounted for 7.6%. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that most of the strains were resistant to ampicillin (99.3%) but were sensitive to most tested antibiotics. The level of multidrug resistance was 1.3%. Our results indicate that pandemic O3:K6 is present in most Mexican states, thus, constant surveillance of V. parahaemolyticus strains in diarrhea patients is a public health priority and is useful for conducting risk assessments of foodborne illnesses to prevent V. parahaemolyticus outbreaks. Overall, our observations indicate that the pandemic O3:K6 clone of V. parahaemolyticus has become a relatively stable subpopulation and may be endemically established in Mexico; therefore, constant surveillance is needed to avoid new outbreaks of this pathogen.
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Vibrioses , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Células Clonais , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Pandemias , Sorotipagem , Vibrioses/epidemiologia , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/genéticaRESUMO
Resumen: Introducción: Las fuerzas mecánicas generadas durante la ventilación mecánica por la interacción entre el ventilador y el sistema respiratorio pueden dañar al pulmón en un proceso que se ha denominado lesión inducida por el ventilador. El grado de lesión se ha relacionado con la cantidad de energía transferida desde el ventilador mecánico al sistema respiratorio dentro de un periodo de tiempo determinado, denominado poder mecánico; datos experimentales basados en tomografías sugieren que el poder mecánico mayor de 12 J/min podría generar lesión. Se proyecta como otra de las variables a controlar dentro de las estrategias de protección pulmonar, determinado en estudios experimentales como un umbral de energía a partir del cual inician los cambios mecánicos en el pulmón que pueden conducir a lesión inducida por el ventilador. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, analítico, comparativo, se incluyeron todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de neumonía por SARS-CoV-2 que requieren ventilación mecánica invasiva; en un periodo de tiempo comprendido de marzo-agosto de 2021 que ingresaron a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos y utilizaron el poder mecánico como variable para predecir la mortalidad. Resultados: La población estudiada se compuso de 67 pacientes; se evaluó la asociación entre el poder mecánico alto a las 48 horas y la mortalidad, se documentó que 49.25% (n = 33) de los casos que mantuvieron el poder mecánico alto en 48 horas murieron, 28.35% (n = 19) con poder mecánico alto no se asoció con mortalidad, 8.95% (n = 6) que no mantuvieron cálculo de poder mecánico alto murieron y 13.43% (n = 9) de los pacientes con poder mecánico menor a 12 J/min no murieron. Se realizó una prueba de asociación con χ2 de Pearson en la que se obtiene un valor de p = 0.105, por lo que no existe diferencia estadísticamente significativa y no se corrobora la asociación entre la mortalidad de los pacientes con poder mecánico alto (> 12 J/min) a las 48 horas. Conclusión: El poder mecánico puede considerarse como otra variable a controlar como estrategia de protección pulmonar del paciente con infección por SARS-CoV-2, basado en que la energía transmitida al pulmón tiene mayor impacto en los pacientes que reciben ventilación mecánica por un intervalo de tiempo mayor de siete días, con un promedio de estancia en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos 12.3 + 6.2 días y el promedio de días de ventilación mecánica invasiva 9.2 + 5.6.
Abstract: Introduction: The mechanical forces generated during mechanical ventilation by the interaction between the ventilator and the respiratory system can damage the lung in a process that has been called ventilator induced injury. The degree of injury has been related to the amount of energy transferred from the mechanical ventilator to the respiratory system within a given period of time, called mechanical power, experimental data based on tomographies suggest that mechanical power greater than 12 J/min could generate injury. It is projected as another variables to control within lung protection strategies, determining in experimental studies as an energy threshold from which mechanical changes in the lung begin that can lead to ventilator induced injury. Material and methods: A retrospective, analytical, comparative study was carried out. All patients with a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia who required invasive mechanical ventilation were admitted; In a period of time between March-August 2021, they were admitted to the intensive care unit and used mechanical power as a variable to predict mortality. Results: The studied population consisted of 67 patients; the association between high mechanical power at 48 hours and mortality was evaluated, it was documented that 49.25% (n = 33) of the patients who maintained high mechanical power in 48 hours died, 28.35% (n = 19) with power high mechanical was not associated with mortality, 8.95% (n = 6) who did not have high mechanical power calculation died and 13.43% (n = 9) of patients with mechanical power less than 12 J/min survived. An association test was performed with Pearson's χ2 in which a p value of 0.105 was obtained, so there is no statistically significant difference and the association between the mortality of the patients is not corroborated. with high mechanical power (> 12 J/min) at 48 hours. Conclusion: Mechanical power can be considered as another variable to control as a lung protection strategy for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, based on the fact that the energy transmitted to the lung has a greater impact on patients who receive mechanical ventilation for an interval time greater than seven days, with an average stay in the intensive care unit 12.3 + 6.2 days and the average days of invasive mechanical ventilation 9.2 + 5.6.
Resumo: Introdução: As forças mecânicas geradas durante a ventilação mecânica pela interação entre o ventilador e o sistema respiratório podem lesar o pulmão em um processo que tem sido chamado de lesão induzida pelo ventilador. O grau de lesão tem sido relacionado à quantidade de energia transferida do ventilador mecânico para o sistema respiratório em um determinado período de tempo, denominado potência mecânica. Dados experimentais baseados em tomografia sugerem que potência mecânica superior a 12 J/min pode gerar lesão. Ele é projetado como mais uma das variáveis a serem controladas dentro das estratégias de proteção pulmonar, determinando em estudos experimentais como um limiar de energia a partir do qual se iniciam as alterações mecânicas no pulmão que podem levar à lesão induzida pelo ventilador. Material e métodos: Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo, analítico e comparativo, foram admitidos todos os pacientes com diagnóstico de pneumonia por SARS-CoV-2 que necessitaram de ventilação mecânica invasiva; em um período de março a agosto de 2021 que foram internados na unidade de terapia intensiva e utilizaram a potência mecânica como variável para predizer mortalidade. Resultados: A população do estudo foi composta por 67 pacientes; Foi avaliada a associação entre alta potência mecânica em 48 horas e mortalidade, foi documentado que 49.25% (n = 33) dos pacientes que mantiveram potência mecânica alta em 48 horas morreram, 28.35% (n = 19) com potência mecânica alta não foi associado à mortalidade, 8.95% (n = 6) que ñao mantiveran o calculo de alta potencia mecanoca morreram e 13.4% (n = 9) dos pacientes com potencia mecanica menor que 12 J/min nao morreram. Realizou-se um teste de associação com o χ2 de Pearson, no qual se obtém um valor de p de 0.105, portanto não há diferença estatisticamente significante e a associação entre mortalidade do paciente não é corroborada com alta potência mecânica (> 12 Joul/min) em 48 horas. Conclusão: A potência mecânica pode ser considerada mais uma variável a ser controlada como estratégia de proteção pulmonar para pacientes com infecção por SARS-CoV-2, tendo em vista que a energia transmitida ao pulmão tem maior impacto em pacientes que recebem ventilação mecânica por um intervalo de tempo superior a 7 dias, com média de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva 12.3 + 6.2 dias e média de dias de ventilação mecânica invasiva 9.2 + 5.6.
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INTRODUCTION: The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, has spread quickly worldwide, causing millions of cases and thousands of deaths. Some risk factors in the general population are related to the development of severe COVID-19 or death, but in pregnant women and neonates, the information is limited. OBJECTIVE: To determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pregnant women and neonates diagnosed with COVID-19 by RT-PCR and serological tests, and analyze the relationship between the influenza vaccination and COVID-19 symptoms in infected pregnant women in Sinaloa state. METHODS: We collected samples from 116 pregnant women and 84 neonates from the Women´s Hospital of Sinaloa. They were diagnosed with COVID-19 by RT-PCR and serological tests (IgG), and sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory parameters were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 11.2% (13/116) of the pregnant women were RT-PCR+, 25% (29/116) were IgG+ and 4.3% (5/116) were positive for both tests. Symptoms such as rhinorrhea (P = .04), cough (P = .02) and polypnea (P = .04) in pregnant women were related to COVID-19, also leukocyte index was higher in pregnant women with COVID-19 (P = .03), but the associations were lost after the Bonferroni correction. No laboratory parameters or underlying diseases were associated with COVID-19, and most infected pregnant women had mild cases. We found an association between the influenza vaccine and less common COVID-19 symptoms in pregnant women who were infected (P = .01). A total of 7.2% (6/84) of neonates were RT-PCR+, 35.7% (30/84) were IgG+, and there were no symptoms or underlying diseases associated with neonates who were infected. In conclusion, this work demonstrated that some symptoms were related to COVID-19, most pregnant women and neonates had mild cases, and the influenza vaccine could decrease the severity of COVID-19 cases in pregnant women.
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COVID-19 , Vacinas contra Influenza , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G , Recém-Nascido , México/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Gestantes , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Bacterial infections have been documented in marine mammals for decades, and some are considered emerging pathogens with zoonotic potential. The aerobic oral (n=16) and rectal (n=17) bacterial microbiota and their antimicrobial resistance were characterized for 17 apparently healthy California sea lion pups (Zalophus californianus) captured with a hoop net in Farallon Island, Sinaloa, Mexico, in 2016. Bacteriologic cultures, Analytical Profile Index, and PCR were used to identify bacterial species. The Escherichia coli phylogenetic groups were identified by PCR, Salmonella serotypes were identified, and resistance to antibiotics was evaluated. Overall, 39 bacterial species were isolated, including E. coli and Salmonella spp. (35.9% each) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (28.2%). For E. coli, UNKNOWN phylogroup was the most prevalent (57.7%), followed by the A phylogroup (37.1%). Most Salmonella serotypes were identified as Newport (92.8%); serotype Saintpaul was also identified (7.2%). Sea lions with bacterial co-colonization included 24.2%, from which two bacterial species were isolated, and 3% with three species. Overall, 59% of bacteria were resistant to at least one antibiotic tested, and 25.6% were extensively drug resistant. Bacteria were highly resistant to ampicillin and cefotaxime. This study demonstrates the importance of characterizing the microbiome of sea lions, and the potential effect of pathogens with antimicrobial resistance on wildlife conservation and public health.
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Leões-Marinhos , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Escherichia coli , México/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Salmonella , Leões-Marinhos/microbiologiaRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: El porcentaje de pacientes gravemente enfermos por COVID-19 que toleran el retiro de la ventilación mecánica es mínimo, por lo cual es fundamental determinar cuáles son los predictores de éxito en el retiro de la ventilación mecánica. Objetivos: Determinar si los índices de oxigenación, tiempo en presión soporte e índice de choque diastólico son predictores de éxito en el retiro de la ventilación mecánica en pacientes críticamente enfermos por COVID-19. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo en pacientes con COVID-19 que ingresaron a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos y fueron sometidos a pruebas de ventilación espontánea, siendo posteriormente liberados del ventilador mecánico. Se recolectaron datos demográficos, resultados de laboratorio y parámetros ventilatorios con la finalidad de analizar y determinar predictores de éxito en el retiro de la ventilación mecánica. Resultados: Se observó una diferencia significativa entre los pacientes que toleraron y los que no toleraron el retiro de la ventilación mecánica en las siguientes variables: índice de respiración rápida superficial 47 ± 17.9 vs 90 ± 20.2 (p = 0.08), días de ventilación mecánica 5.8 vs 9.3 (p = 0.03), sesiones de prono 1.36 vs 2.33 (p = 0.058) y presión arterial diastólica 57 ± 3.6 (p = 0.027). Conclusión: En los pacientes críticamente enfermos por COVID-19 que son candidatos a retiro de la ventilación mecánica sugerimos usar como predictores de éxito: el índice de respiraciones rápidas superficiales < 64, días de ventilación mecánica < 8, presión arterial diastólica > 57 mmHg y haber tenido máximo dos sesiones de prono como predictores de éxito en el retiro de la ventilación mecánica.
Abstract Introduction: The percentage of critically ill patients due to COVID-19 who tolerate the withdrawal of mechanical ventilation is minimal. It is essential to determine which are the predictors of success in weaning. Objectives: To determine if the oxygenation indices, time in pressure support, and diastolic shock index are predictors of success in the withdrawal of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients due to COVID-19. Material and methods: Prospective cohort study in patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to the ICU and underwent tests of spontaneous ventilation, being later released from the mechanical ventilator. Demographic data, laboratory results, ventilatory parameters were collected in order to analyze and determine predictors of success in weaning. Results: A significant difference was found between those who tolerated and those who did not tolerate the withdrawal of mechanical ventilation in the following variables: rapid shallow breathing index 47 ± 17.9 vs 90 ± 20.2 (p = 0.08), days of mechanical ventilation 5.8 vs 9.3 (p = 0.03), prone sessions 1.36 vs 2.33 (p = 0.058), diastolic blood pressure 57 ± 3.6 (p = 0.027). Conclusion: In critically ill patients due to COVID-19 who are candidates for withdrawal from mechanical ventilation, we suggest using as predictors of success: Index of rapid shallow breaths < 64, days of mechanical ventilation < 8, diastolic blood pressure > 57 mmHg and having had a maximum two prone sessions as predictors of success in the withdrawal of mechanical ventilation.
Resumo Introdução: A porcentagem de pacientes graves com COVID-19 que toleram a retirada da ventilação mecânica é mínima, por isso é essencial determinar os preditores de sucesso na retirada da ventilação mecânica. Objetivos: Determinar se os índices de oxigenação, tempo em pressão suporte, índice de choque diastólico são preditores de sucesso no desmame da ventilação mecânica em pacientes críticos com COVID-19. Material e métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo em pacientes com COVID-19 admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva e submetidos a testes de ventilação espontânea e posteriormente liberados do ventilador mecânico. Foram coletados dados demográficos, resultados laboratoriais e parâmetros ventilatórios para analisar e determinar os preditores de sucesso no desmame da ventilação mecânica. Resultados: Observou-se uma diferença significativa entre os pacientes que toleraram e os que não toleraram a retirada da ventilação mecânica nas seguintes variáveis: índice de respiração rápida e superficial 47 ±17.9 vs 90 ± 20.2 (p = 0.08), dias de ventilação mecânica 5.8 vs 9.3 (p = 0.03), sessões de prona 1.36 vs 2.33 (p = 0.058) e pressão arterial diastólica 57 ± 3.6 (p = 0.027). Conclusão: Em pacientes em estado crítico com COVID-19 candidatos à retirada da ventilação mecânica, sugerimos usar como preditores de sucesso: índice de respirações rápidas e superficiais < 64, dias de ventilação mecânica < 8, pressão arterial diastólica > 57 mmHg e ter realizado no máximo 2 sessões em decúbito ventral como preditores de sucesso no desmame da ventilação mecânica.
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BACKGROUND: Babesia species are intraerythrocytic protozoa, distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, causing anemic diseases in many animals, including cattle. This disease, called babesisosis, is transmitted from one animal to another through ticks (Tick Borne-Disease or TBD). On the other hand, Ecuador has a tropical climate that allows the development of the vector Rhipicephalus microplus, and therefore favors the transmission of Babesia spp. in cattle. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We determined the presence of Babesia spp. by PCR using 18s ribosomal gene as target (18s PCR) in 20 farms in the area of El Carmen (zone below 300 m above sea level) and 1 farm in Quito (2469 m.a.s.l.). In addition, we analyzed parameters such as age, sex, and packed cell volume (PCV) as explanatory variable associated with the disease. RESULTS: The 18s PCR test showed that 18.94% (14.77% Babesia bovis and 4.17% Babesia bigemina) and 20.28% (14.69% B. bovis and 5.59% B. bigemina) of the cattle were positive for Babesia spp in farms sampled in El Carmen and in Quito, respectively. Age influenced the presence of animals positive for Babesia spp., but sex and PCV did not. The phylogenetic analysis of sequences showed 4 isolates of B. bovis and 3 isolates of B. bigemina in the 2 study zones, with similarities between 99.73 and 100% with other sequences. One B. bovis isolate was similar in the zone of El Carmen and Quito. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE: This work is the first molecular characterization of B. bigemina and B. bovis in Ecuador, and it is also the first evidence of Babesia spp. in cattle in the area of Quito at an altitude of 2469 m.a.s.l., being the highest altitude reported for animals with babesiosis and for the tick R. microplus. Climatic factors as well as mobility of tick-carrying animals without any control allow the presence of Babesiosis outbreaks in new geographical areas.
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In Ecuador, a national program for bovine brucellosis control has been in implementation since 2008. Given the costs, small- and medium-sized livestock holders are not completely committed to it. The objective of this study was to determine true prevalence (TP) of bovine brucellosis in small- and medium-sized herd populations, as well as the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the Rose Bengal (RB) test and the sero-agglutination test (SAT)-EDTA using a Bayesian approach. Between 2011 and 2016, 2733 cattle herds were visited, and 22,592 animal blood samples were taken in nineteen provinces on mainland Ecuador. Bayes-p and deviance information criterion (DIC) statistics were used to select models. Additionally, risk-factor analysis was used for herds according to their brucellosis test status. True prevalence (TP) in herds was estimated by pool testing. National seroprevalence of farms was 7.9% (95% CI: 6.79-9.03), and TP was 12.2% (95% CI: 7.8-17.9). Apparent prevalence (AP) in animals was 2.2% (95% CI: 1.82-2.67), and TP was 1.6% (95% CrI: 1.0-2.4). Similarly, the sensitivity of the RB was estimated at 64.6% (95% CrI: 42.6-85.3) and specificity at 98.9% (95% CrI: 98.6-99.0); for the SAT-EDTA test, sensitivity was 62.3% (95% CrI: 40.0-84.8) and 98.9% (95% CrI: 98.6-99.1) for specificity. Results of the two tests were highly correlated in infected and uninfected animals. Likewise, high spatial variation was observed, with the Coastal Region being the zone with the highest TP at 2.5%. (95% CrI: 1.3-3.8%) in individual animals and 28.2% (95% CI: 15.7-39.8) in herds. Risk factors include herd size, type of production (milk, beef, and mixed), abortions recorded, and vaccination. The results of this study serve to guide authorities to make decisions based on parallel testing at the beginning of a bovine brucellosis program for small livestock holders to increase sensitivity level of the screening tests in Ecuador.
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AIM: To identify associations among allelic variants of the genes FTO, ABCA1, ADRB3, and PPARG with anthropometric and biochemical traits, metabolic diseases (obesity, T2D or metabolic syndrome) in an adult population from Northwest Mexico. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 846 subjects including 266 normal weight subjects, 285 with obesity, and 295 with T2D. Of the 846 persons in the study, 365 presented metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria. Anthropometric and biochemical traits were recorded and 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): FTO rs9939609 A-allele, ABCA1 rs9282541 A-allele, ADRB3 rs4994 G-allele, and PPARG rs1801282 G-allele were genotyped by real-time PCR. RESULTS: FTO rs9939609 A-allele was significantly associated with obesity (p: 8.3 × 10-4), and metabolic syndrome (p: 0.001), but no individual SNPs were significantly associated with T2D. Finally, the cumulative risk of the four SNPs was significantly associated with obesity (p: 1.95 × 10-4). CONCLUSION: Associations in FTO, ABCA, ADRB3, and PPARG SNPs presented in this study with obesity and metabolic syndrome could represent a risk for developing metabolic diseases in Northwest Mexican adult subjects.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Síndrome Metabólica , Obesidade , Transportador 1 de Cassete de Ligação de ATP , Adulto , Dioxigenase FTO Dependente de alfa-Cetoglutarato/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Humanos , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Síndrome Metabólica/genética , México/epidemiologia , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/genética , PPAR gama/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 3/genéticaRESUMO
The spotback skate Atlantoraja castelnaui (Arhynchobatidae) is a large and threatened skate species subjected to fishing pressure, endemic to the Southwest Atlantic that occurs from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to San Jorge Gulf, Argentina. The age, growth, age at maturity and the maximum intrinsic rate of population increase rmax of A. castelnaui were studied using 152 specimens collected from off Uruguay and north Argentina (35°-42° S), between June 2013 and February 2020. Vertebrae from 143 individuals were used for ageing (females: n = 83, size range 404-1300 mm total length, TL; males: n = 60, size range 400-1270 mm TL). Maximum ages determined for females and males were 30 and 28 years, respectively. To fit growth models, non-linear and Bayesian estimation approaches were considered. For the first approach, a set of four candidate growth (size-at-age) models were fitted: three-parameter von Bertalanffy, two-parameter von Bertalanffy with fixed L0 , Gompertz and Logistic. In the second approach, von Bertalanffy, Gompertz and Logistic were fitted. For non-linear estimation, model selection indicated that the entire set of candidate growth models were supported by the data. The von Bertalanffy was selected as the best model for Bayesian estimation. There were no differences in growth between sexes. For the sexes combined, the von Bertalanffy growth model by Bayesian method was considered the most adequate to describe the growth of A. castelnaui (growth mean parameters ± S.D.: L∞ = 1210.29 ± 40.68 mm; k = 0.12 ± 0.01 years-1 ; L0 = 179.20 ± 11.62 mm). The age at maturity was estimated at 16.21 and 14.04 years for females and males, respectively. The maximum intrinsic rate of population increase rmax was estimated as 0.252 years-1 . Life-history traits and rmax provided in the present study suggest that this species has a relatively low productivity and may be vulnerable to an intense fishing pressure.