RESUMO
How organisms adapt to unfavorable environmental conditions by means of plasticity or selection of favorable genetic variants is a central issue in evolutionary biology. In the Maipo River basin, the fish Basilichthys microlepidotus inhabits polluted and non-polluted areas. Previous studies have suggested that directional selection drives genomic divergence between these areas in 4% of Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) loci, but the underlying genes and functions remain unknown. We hypothesized that B. microlepidotus in this basin has plastic and/or genetic responses to these conditions. Using RNA-Seq, we identified differentially expressed genes in individuals from two polluted sites compared with fish inhabiting non-polluted sites. In one polluted site, the main upregulated genes were related to cellular proliferation as well as suppression and progression of tumors, while biological processes and molecular functions involved in apoptotic processes were overrepresented in the upregulated genes of the second polluted site. The ornithine decarboxylase gene (related to tumor promotion and progression), which was overexpressed in both polluted sites, was sequenced, and a parallel pattern of a heterozygote deficiency and increase of the same homozygote genotype in both polluted sites compared with fish inhabiting the non-polluted sites was detected. These results suggest the occurrence of both a plastic response in gene expression and an interplay between phenotypic change and genotypic selection in the face of anthropogenic pollution.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Peixes/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Marcadores Genéticos , Ornitina Descarboxilase/genética , Seleção Genética , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Evolução Biológica , Poluição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Genótipo , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala/métodos , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMO
A new genus and species of nematode, Tziminema unachi n. gen., n. sp. is described from the caecum and colon of Baird's tapir Tapirus bairdii (Gill, 1865), found dead in the Reserva de la Biósfera El Triunfo, Chiapas State, in the Neotropical realm of Mexico. Tziminema n. gen. differs from the other nine genera included in the Strongylinae by two main characteristics: having 7-9 posteriorly directed tooth-like structures at the anterior end of the buccal capsule, and the external surface of the buccal capsule being heavily striated. Phylogenetic analyses of the DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase and nuclear DNA, including a partial sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 1, 5.8S and a partial sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 2 of the new taxon, confirmed its inclusion in Strongylinae and its rank as a new genus.
Assuntos
Perissodáctilos/parasitologia , Strongyloidea/classificação , Strongyloidea/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Ceco/parasitologia , Análise por Conglomerados , Colo/parasitologia , DNA de Helmintos/química , DNA de Helmintos/genética , DNA Ribossômico/química , DNA Ribossômico/genética , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/química , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/genética , México , Microscopia , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 5,8S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Strongyloidea/anatomia & histologia , Strongyloidea/genéticaRESUMO
Fifty circulating strains of Staphylococcus aureus of clinical origin were characterized by their drug susceptibility to 15 antimicrobials through the method of radial diffusion in Mueller Hinton medium. Also, beta-lactam production was determined by acidimetric and chromogenic methods as well as the presence of methicillin-resistant strains. It was confirmed that 32% of strain was susceptible to tested antimicrobials, the most effective of which were imipenem, norfloxacyn, and amikacyn for 98, 96 and 92% susceptibility respectively. Twenty-seven different drug resistance patterns were found in the studied strains. 22% of the total strains was beta-lactam producers whereas 27% of the latter turned out to be methicilline-resistant.
Assuntos
Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Se aplicó el test de Letunov a 78 estudiantes de Medicina al comienzó y a los cinco meses de entrenamientos en el nuevo programa de Educación Física, se recogieron pulso y presión arterial en reposo, después de realizar cuclillas, carreras de 15 segundos y 2 minutos de resistencia, ubicándose en tablas a las que se les aplicó el análisis estadístico del Te de Students para muestras variadas concluyendo como eficaz dicho método. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Sistema Cardiovascular , Exercício FísicoRESUMO
In pursuing the study of the antimicrobial properties of alkaloids prepared from Cuban plants the activity of 10 indol alkaloids and 4 semisynthetic variables obtained from three plants--Catharanthus roseus G. Don., Vallesia antillana Wood and Ervatamia coronaria Staph, of the family Apocynaceae--growing in Cuba was assessed in vitro. The alkaloids and the variables used were catharantine, vindoline, vindolinine, perivine, reserpine, tabernaemontanine, tetrahydroalstonine, aparicine, vindolinic acid, reserpic acid and vindolininol. These were faced to 40 bacterial strains from the genera Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium as well as to fungi and yeasts from the genera Aspergillus, kCunnighamella, kCandida and Saccharomyces. The method involving cylindric sections in a double agar layer was applied and lectures were obtained at 24-48 hours of incubation at 25 degrees C for fungi and yeasts and 37 degrees C for bacteria. Inhibition zones are reported in millimeters.
Assuntos
Alcaloides/farmacologia , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Indóis/farmacologia , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologiaRESUMO
The cytostatic activity of aqueous, alcoholic and ketonic extracts of 9 species of superior plants of the families Fitolacaceae, Compositae, Moraceae, Zingiberaceae, Martiniaceae, Mirtaceae, Verbenaceae and Annonaceae was assessed. The Kubas microbiologic method and the fungus Ascomiceto Neurospora crassa were used in the assessment. The fungus growth was measured in millimeters. Inhibition percentages for every case regarding control are reported. The best results were obtained from Annona muricata, Costus spiralis, Cecropia peltata, Xanthium chinense and Pluchea adorata extracts.
Assuntos
Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Divisão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cuba , Neurospora crassa/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The study of the cytostatic activity of aqueous, alcoholic and ketonic extracts from 18 parts of 9 species of superior plants of the families Araceae, Borraginacease, Burseraceae, Cesalpinaceae, Meliaceae, Compositae, Rebiaceae, Cruciferaceae and Verbenaceae using the microbiologic method of described by Kubas in 1972 is pursued. The best results were obtained from Hamelia patens. Lippia alba, Lepidium virginicum, Cassia ligustrina, Bursera simaruba and Heliotropium campechianum extracts.
Assuntos
Divisão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Cuba , Neurospora crassa/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The study of the antimicrobial activity of aqueous, alcoholic and ketonic extracts from different parts of five superior, dried, grinded and defatted plants of the families Myrtaceae, Polypodiaceae and Zingiberaceae is pursued. Good results were obtained from Psidium guajaba leave and stem ketonic extracts as well as from Costus spicatus leave and root alcoholic extracts.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Plantas Medicinais , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Cuba , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Aqueous, alcoholic and ketonic extracts were prepared from different parts of species of the families Martiniaceae, Caricaceae, Umbeliferae, Nictaginaceae and Fitolacaceae in order to prove their antimicrobial action on bacteria which have a clinical interest in humans and live in our environment. The gel double-layer diffusion method was applied. The best results were obtained from Carica papaya leave extracts.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Plantas Medicinais , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Cuba , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
The study of the antimicrobial activity of aqueuos, alcoholic and ketonic extracts from plants growing in Cuba is pursued. Six species of the families Rutaceae, Portulacaceae, Borraglinaceae and Jasminaceae were analyzed, and their activity on bacteria with a human clinical interest was assessed. The best results were obtained from Heliotropium campechianum, Jazminum sambac and Portulaca oleracea.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Plantas Medicinais , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Cuba , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Aqueous, alcoholic and ketonic extracts from leaves and stems of plants of the families Malvaceae, Anonaceae, Punicaceae, Verbenaceae and Urticaceae were analyzed in order to prove their antibacterial proprieties. The best results were obtained from Punica granatum extracts which inhibited over a 50% of bacteria.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Plantas Medicinais , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Cuba , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Aqueous, alcoholic and ketonic extracts from five species of superior plants of the families Papilonaceae, Euforbiaceae, Moraceae, Piperaceae and Solanaceae were assessed from an antibacterial viewpoint using the gel double-layer diffusion method with cylindric sections. Values of inhibition areas are depicted in diameter millimeters. The best results were obtained from Desmodium barbatum extracts.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Plantas Medicinais , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Cuba , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
The study of the antibacterial activity of plants growing in Cuba is pursued. Aqueous, alcoholic and ketonic extracts were prepared from five species, and it was found that the best inhibitions corresponded to the species Hamelia patens, Nephrolepis acuminata, Calocarpum sapota and Colocasia antiquorum.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Plantas Medicinais , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Cuba , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
A study on the antibacterial properties of alkaloidal fractions of Vallesia antillana Wood, a Cuban plant belonging to the Apocynaceae family, is performed for the first time. Four partial fractions from bark of stems were prepared according to a classical extraction of total alkaloids and a partial fractionation of these, with the use of tartaric acid and ethyl ether and by a pH gradient with values of 2.5, 5.0, 7.0 and alkaline one. Data from thin layer chromatography on the alkaloidal content of different fractions are added and an assessment of antibacterial activity was made; for this, a method of sections in agar medium with bacterial species of human clinical interest was used; inhibitory halos found within 24 hours of incubation at 37 degrees C are reported in millimeters.
Assuntos
Alcaloides/análise , Cromatografia em Camada Fina/métodos , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Plantas Tóxicas/análise , Alcaloides/farmacologia , Antibacterianos , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Avaliação de MedicamentosRESUMO
Aqueous and alcoholic extracts are obtained from the roots, leaves and stems of ruddy mangrove-tree (Rhizophora mangle L.), a very common plant in Cuban coasts and to which different curative properties are attributed in our popular medicine. The inhibitory activity of these extracts on the growth of different human pathogenic organisms, among which are bacteria, fungii and yeasts, is reported. For this determination, a method of diffusion in an agar medium with holes in which 50 ml of each extract in question were poured was used; the size in millimeters of the inhibitory halo found in each species and the concentration of the dilution in broth for Mycobacterium strains are reported.
Assuntos
Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Métodos , Extratos Vegetais/efeitos adversos , Extratos Vegetais/análiseRESUMO
Evaluation is made of the fungal activity of ajmalicine, aparacine, catarantine, reserpine, tetrahydroalstonine, vincubine, vindoline and vindolinina--alkaloids isolated from C. roseus growing in Cuba--on new fungi strains and yeasts which include some of human clinical interest. The method employed was the diffusion in an agar mean with sections or cylinders containing solutions of the alkaloids at 2% and 3% concentrations. The best results are obtained with an aparicine base, while tetrahydroalstonine, vincubine and vindolinine solutions did not inhibit the growth in any of the germs tested.
Assuntos
Alcaloides/farmacologia , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Plantas Medicinais , Alcaloides/isolamento & purificação , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Imunodifusão , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Bacteriostatic properties of vindolinina (an alkaloid isolated from Catharanthus roseus that has an ester group within its molecule) as well as of its alkaline-hydrolysis product (vindolininic acid) crystallized as chlorhydrate, and of the product of its reduction with lithium and aluminum hydrides (vindolininol) are compared. Several strains of bacteria pathogenic to man (Proteus, Escherichia, Shigella, Staphylococcus, and Pseudomonas) cultured in nutritive-agar dishes containing disks and incubated at 37 degrees C were used and results were assessed 24 hours later. Data obtained show that bacterial growth inhibition is closely related to the structure of the compound as well as to its type of grouping.