RESUMO
This cross-sectional study explores the different conditions related to the infestation of ticks in households and the potential risks for rickettsial transmission in Urabá, Colombia. The main outcome of interest was villagers' perception of tick infestation. The data were analyzed using a clog-log mixed regression model. Ticks were collected from infested humans to diagnose infection by spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR). In addition, a thematic analysis of qualitative data from key informants concerning knowledge about ticks was conducted. The prevalence of infestation of ticks in households was estimated at 60.99% (95% CI: 51.58-93.51). The multivariate model suggested that households with palm leaf roofs (PR = 1.95; 95% CI: 1.19-2.95), canines (PR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.21-2.46), rats (PR = 2.19; 95% CI: 1.45-3.08), and with the presence of opossums in areas surrounding the households (PR = 1.51; 95% CI: 1.05-2.10) had a higher prevalence of tick infestation. Two samples of the tick species Amblyomma patinoi were found infected with Rickettsia amblyommatis and Candidatus Rickettsia colombianensi. A thematic analysis provided the names that local community members give to ticks, areas where ticks are common, and the individuals at risk of infestation. The presence of domestic, synanthropic, and wild animals suggests a high risk of the dissemination of ticks inside dwellings and close to them in these rural areas.
Assuntos
Habitação , Ixodidae/microbiologia , Infecções por Rickettsia/transmissão , Rickettsia/fisiologia , Infestações por Carrapato/epidemiologia , Animais , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Modelos Biológicos , Prevalência , Análise de Regressão , Infestações por Carrapato/parasitologiaRESUMO
Rickettsiosis is a re-emergent infectious disease without epidemiological surveillance in Colombia. This disease is generally undiagnosed and several deadly outbreaks have been reported in the country in the last decade. The aim of this study is to analyze the eco-epidemiological aspects of rickettsial seropositivity in rural areas of Colombia where outbreaks of the disease were previously reported. A cross-sectional study, which included 597 people living in 246 households from nine hamlets in two municipalities of Colombia, was conducted from November 2015 to January 2016. The survey was conducted to collect sociodemographic and household characteristics (exposure) data. Blood samples were collected to determine the rickettsial seropositivity in humans, horses and dogs (IFA, cut-off = 1/128). In addition, infections by rickettsiae were detected in ticks from humans and animals by real-time PCR targeting gltA and ompA genes. Data was analyzed by weighted multilevel clog-log regression model using three levels (person, household and hamlets) and rickettsial seropositivity in humans was the main outcome. Overall prevalence of rickettsial seropositivity in humans was 25.62% (95%CI 22.11-29.12). Age in years (PR = 1.01 95%CI 1.01-1.02) and male sex (PR = 1.65 95%CI 1.43-1.90) were risk markers for rickettsial seropositivity. Working outdoors (PR = 1.20 95%CI 1.02-1.41), deforestation and forest fragmentation for agriculture use (PR = 1.75 95%CI 1.51-2.02), opossum in peridomiciliary area (PR = 1.56 95%CI 1.37-1.79) and a high proportion of seropositive domestic animals in the home (PR20-40% vs <20% = 2.28 95%CI 1.59-3.23 and PR>40% vs <20% = 3.14 95%CI 2.43-4.04) were associated with rickettsial seropositivity in humans. This study showed the presence of Rickettsia antibodies in human populations and domestic animals. In addition, different species of rickettsiae were detected in ticks collected from humans and animals. Our results highlighted the role of domestic animals as sentinels of rickettsial infection to identify areas at risk of transmission, and the importance of preventive measures aimed at curtailing deforestation and the fragmentation of forests as a way of reducing the risk of transmission of emergent and re-emergent pathogens.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Ecossistema , Vigilância Imunológica , Infecções por Rickettsia/epidemiologia , Infecções por Rickettsia/imunologia , Rickettsia/imunologia , Carrapatos/microbiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Animais Domésticos/microbiologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Estudos Transversais , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/imunologia , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Cães , Características da Família , Feminino , Doenças dos Cavalos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/imunologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/microbiologia , Cavalos/imunologia , Cavalos/microbiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Rickettsia/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Rickettsia/transmissão , Infecções por Rickettsia/veterinária , Fatores de Risco , População Rural , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Infestações por Carrapato/epidemiologia , Infestações por Carrapato/veterinária , Adulto JovemRESUMO
RESUMEN La intención de este artículo es evidenciar la importancia de los grupos focales de discusión como estrategia metodológica para la recolección de información en el trabajo con adolescentes institucionalizados con experiencia de vida en calle y, al mismo tiempo, mostrar su valor en el abordaje de la salud sexual con esta población, en tanto que permite una interacción flexible y reflexiva entre investigadores y participantes, así como de los participantes entre sí. El valor de esta estrategia metodológica es sustentado en este artículo mediante testimonios y resultados obtenidos durante su implementación en el estudio llevado a cabo con adolescentes institucionalizados entre 2013 y 2014 en Medellín. Se espera con este reducir las creencias de profesionales con respecto a las limitaciones de la estrategia para abordar temáticas relacionadas con la salud sexual de este grupo poblacional. Los resultados se articulan en cuatro categorías: conocimientos y percepciones sobre VIH e ITS, salud sexual y reproductiva (SSR), el lenguaje en la SSR, y acceso y uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC). De esta manera se deja de manifiesto el aporte y potencial de la estrategia para el abordaje del tema y para el acercamiento e interacción con adolescentes con experiencia de vida en calle.
ABSTRACT This paper aims to show the importance of discussion focus groups as a methodological strategy for the compilation of information in studies with institutionalized adolescents who have lived on the streets. At the same time, it aims to show the value of this technique in approaching the topic of sexual health with this population, since it allows for flexible and reflexive researcherparticipant and participant-participant interaction. The value of this methodological strategy is supported in this article through accounts and results obtained during the implementation of a study conducted with institutionalized adolescents between 2013 and 2014. We expect these results will reduce the beliefs of professionals regarding the limitations of the strategy to address issues related to the sexual health of this type of population. The results are divided into four categories: knowledge and perceptions of HIV and STIs, sexual and reproductive health (SRH), the language used in SRH, and access to and use of information and communications technology (ICT). Thus, this paper clearly shows the contribution and potential of the strategy for addressing the issue, approaching and interacting with adolescents who have lived on the street.
RESUMO A intenção deste artículo é evidenciar a importância dos grupos focais de discussão como estratégia metodológica para a recolecção de informação no trabalho com adolescentes institucionalizados com experiência de vida na rua e, ao mesmo tempo, mostrar o seu valor na abordagem da saúde sexual com esta população, entanto que permite uma interação flexível e reflexiva entre investigadores e participantes, assim como dos participantes entre eles. O valor desta estratégia metodológica é sustentado neste artigo mediante testemunhos e resultados obtidos durante a sua implementação em estudo levado a cabo com adolescentes institucionalizados entre 2013 e 2014 em Medellín. Espreitando com isto reduzir as crenças de profissionais com respeito ás limitações da estratégia para abordar temáticas relacionadas com a saúde sexual de este grupo populacional. Os resultados se articulam em quatro categorias: conhecimentos e percepções sobre VIH e ITS, saúde sexual e reprodutiva (SSR), a linguajem na SSR, e acesso e uso das tecnologias da informação e a comunicação (TIC). Desta maneira se deixa de manifesto o aporte e potencial da estratégia para a abordagem do tema e para a proximidade e interação com adolescentes com experiência de vida na rua.
RESUMO
La tuberculosis continúa siendo una de las enfermedades con mayor impacto sobre la salud pública, el cual ha aumentado mediante la coinfección con el virus de inmunodeficiencia adquirida. El papel preventivo de la terapia antirretroviral altamente efectiva (HAART), para que ocurra la tuberculosis activa, se considera insuficiente si no se brinda de una manera regular y con un nivel de adherencia por parte de los pacientes. Desde la implementación mundial de esta terapia HAART, la morbilidad por la coinfección tuberculosa ha disminuido de manera importante, pero no es el único factor para controlar la TB en este grupo de alto riesgo. Objetivos: determinar la tendencia de la enfermedad tuberculosa en pacientes VIH positivos durante los años de implementación del tratamiento antirretroviral en dos cohortes de pacientes VIH positivos provenientes de diferentes centros de salud de la ciudad de Medellín. Metodología: estudio descriptivo basado en los registros de la base de datos del programa de atención para VIH en un programa de referencia para manejo de pacientes con VIH/sida de diferentes instituciones de salud durante los años 1996 a 2002 y una cohorte retrospectiva conformada para evaluar la incidencia de la TB, en comparación con pacientes que recibían quimioprofilaxis en un estudio realizado durante los años 2003 a 2005. Resultados: se encontró una tendencia progresiva al aumento de la proporción de terapia HAART en el período de estudio, con suministro irregular de esta terapia de 60% entre los años 2003-2005. Se presentó una incidencia anual de TB entre 0,1 y 5,1%. La proporción de casos de TB entre quienes no recibieron HAART fue significativamente mayor: 29,5% en el período 1996-2001. El nivel de efectividad contra la tuberculosis de esta terapia fue de 60% (RR = 0,4). Conclusión: se debe garantizar una terapia altamente efectiva a los pacientes con VIH/sida en el momento en que se les indique por el alto riesgo de desarrollar TB. ...
Tuberculosis (TB) is still an important disease with public health impact. Which has increased since HIV epidemic emergence. The preventive role of highly effective antiretroviral (HAART) against TB disease is not enough to control TB because it requires regular administration and adherence to therapy. Since HAART implementation around the world, de TB, co morbidity has decreased, but is no the only factor to control it. Objectives: to determine TB trend in HIV infected patients, during HAART implementation in two patient cohorts coming from different health centers of Medellín. Methods: a descriptive study was conducted based on registries and data bases from a referral program to care HIV/AIDS patiens in different health centers in the city during 1996 to 2002, and a retrospective cohort of HIV patients with data from clinical registries which was comprised in order to compare TB risk in a prophylaxis study during 2003-2005. Results: we report an increasing trend of HAART therapy use during the period of study, with 60% of HIV patients with irregular therapy during the last period (2003-2005). The annual TB incidence was between 0.1 to 5.1%. The TB proportion among the HIV patients who did not received haart effectiviness was 60% (RR=0.4). Conclusion: HAART therapy must be administered at each HIV/AIDS patients when the risk of developing TB is high, according to this results, HAART therapy is effective but is not the only factor to control TB in this population.